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DÖNME Skip to content Osmanlı tebaasından olup dinî ve siyasî ideallerine daha rahat ulaşabilmek için İslâm’ı kabul etmiş görünen bir yahudi cemaati.
Türkçe dönmek fiilinden gelen dönme kelimesi terim olarak genellikle “din değiştiren, müslüman olan, ihtida eden” anlamında, özellikle de XVII. yüzyıldan itibaren Osmanlı idaresinde yaşayan yahudilerden, dinî ve siyasî düşüncelerle asıl dinlerini gizleyip kendilerini müslüman olmuş gösteren, müslüman ismi alan ve müslümanların kıyafetlerini benimseyen cemaat mensupları için kullanılmaktadır. Bu yahudi cemaati Arapça’da ve Batı dillerinde de çoğunlukla aynı kelime ile (dönmeh, doenmeh) ifade edilmekte, ayrıca bunlara avdetî ve önderleri Sabatay Sevi’nin adına nisbetle Sabataistler de denmektedir. İslâm kültür tarihinde başka bir dinden Müslümanlığa geçenlere umumiyetle mühtedi denildiği, gerçekte müslüman değilken çeşitli mülâhazalarla kendisini müslüman gibi gösterenlere de münafık adı verildiği halde yalnız bu yahudi zümresi dönme-dönmeler ismiyle anılmıştır.
Dönme hareketinin temelinde, Osmanlı Devleti’ne sığınmış İzmirli bir yahudi ailesinden olup öğrenimi sırasında özellikle kabala nın etkisinde kalarak “Tanrı krallığının kurucusu” sıfatıyla yahudi milletini tekrar Kudüs’te toplama, Süleyman Mâbedi’ni ihya etme ve bütün insanları kurtuluşa erdirme hayalleriyle kendisini kurtarıcı (mesîh) ilân eden Sabatay Sevi’nin bu idealini gerçekleştirmek için görünüşte müslüman olmanın kendisine sağlayacağı imkânlardan faydalanma düşüncesi vardır. Roma İmparatorluğu’nun yahudi bağımsızlığına son vermesi üzerine (m.s. 70) ortaya çıkan ve tarih boyunca çeşitli yerlerde ve zamanlarda tekrarlanan mesîhî hareket, XVII. yüzyılda Sabatay Sevi ile yeni bir nitelik ve hız kazanmıştır.
Biri Zohar’daki bir işarete uyarak 1648’de, diğeri hıristiyan mistiklerine göre kurtarıcının geleceği tarih olan 1666’da olmak üzere iki defa mesîhliğini ilân eden Sabatay Sevi bu hareketiyle bir yandan taraftar toplarken öte yandan hem bazı yahudilerin hem de müslümanların tepkisini üzerine çekmiştir. Osmanlı yönetimi genellikle yahudilerin kendi iç meselelerine müdahale etmemekle birlikte şikâyetlerin artması üzerine iki defa sorguya çekilen sahte mesîh ilkinde hapis ve sürgünle cezalandırılmış, İstanbul’da divan huzurunda yapılan ikinci sorgulamasında ise basit bir haham olduğunu, sadece yahudileri aldatmak için bu yola başvurduğunu ileri sürmüştür. Bu arada kendisi gibi bir dönme olan saray hekimi Hayâtîzâde’nin (Moché ben Raphael Abravanel) tavsiyesine uyarak müslüman olduğunu açıklamış ve Mehmed adını almıştır (bk. SABATAY SEVİ ).
Sabatay Sevi’nin din değiştirmesi, ona bağlı olanlarca “Sabatay’ın peygamberi” sayılan Gazzeli Nathan tarafından, yahudiler dışındaki milletlere de mesîhliğini kabul ettirmek için uygun bir yol olarak açıklandı; bu şekilde söz konusu olay tarihî ve dinî görevin bir parçası, Filistin’de Tanrı krallığını kurma yolunda atılması gereken bir adım olarak değerlendirildi. Sabatay’ın taraftarlarından bazıları yahudi olarak kalmaya devam ederken çoğunluk onun yolunu takip ederek gerçekte yahudi kalmakla birlikte görünüşte müslüman oldular ve böylece dönmeler zümresi teşekkül etti.
Sabatay Sevi’nin ölümü taraftarlarınca “beden değişikliği” olarak yorumlanmıştır. Buna göre Sabatay ölmemiş, ruhu eşi Âişe’nin kardeşi Yâkub’da ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu inanç cemaatin yeni bir lider seçmesini kolaylaştırmış ve Yâkub (Çelebi) dönmelerin lideri olmuştur. Cemaat onun başkanlığında Selânik’te toplanarak Sabatay Sevi’nin sözde müslüman olduktan sonra benimsediği metodu devam ettirmeyi kararlaştırmış ve bunun için bazı esaslar tesbit etmiştir. Buna göre her kabile reisi öğle ve ikindi namazlarını çarşı ve pazar yerlerinde kalabalıkla birlikte kılacak, hac mevsiminde malî durumu iyi olan üç beş kişi hacca gidecek, mevlid merasimlerinde cami ve tekkeler Mehmed Efendi’nin (Sabatay Sevi) cemaatiyle dolacak ve cenaze törenlerinde Selânik caddelerini titreten tekbirler getirilecektir.
Bu ilkelerle amaçlanan husus, müslüman Türkler’in dönme cemaati hakkındaki menfi kanaatlerini gidermektir. Ancak dönmelerin bir kısmı, Yâkub Çelebi’nin (Josef Queride) Türk âdetlerine fazla bağlılık gösterilmesi yönündeki görüşlerine karşı çıkmış, böylece aralarında ihtilâf baş göstermiş, sonuçta cemaat 1689 yılında ikiye ayrılmış, 1720’de ise yeni bir bölünmeyle üç grup oluşmuştur. Bu gruplar, cemaat liderlerinin adlarına veya özel görüşlerine göre Yâkubîler, Karakaşlar ve Kapancılar adını almıştır. Her grup Sabatay Sevi’nin telkinlerine bağlı kalmakla birlikte anlayış ve uygulamada, yorum ve tevillerde farklı bir yol takip etmiştir.
Yâkubîler (Hamdi Beyler). Yâkub Çelebi’ye nisbetle Yâkubîler, Selânik belediye başkanlığı yapmış olan Hamdi Bey’e nisbetle de Hamdi Beyler adıyla anılan grup, müslüman Türkler gibi ibadet etmeleri ve onların âdetlerini benimsemeleri, muhafazakâr olmaları, memuriyeti tercih etmeleri ve kendilerine has kıyafetleriyle diğerlerinden ayrılıyorlardı. Bunlar çocuklarına evleninceye kadar cemaatin sırlarını öğretmezler, kadınlara mirastan eşit pay verir ve İslâmî usule göre sünnet olurlar. Cumartesi ateş tutmak hariç yahudi ibadet ve âyinlerine bağlıdırlar. Âyin dili olarak İbrânîce ve İspanyolca’yı kullanmışlardır. Memuriyet hayatını tercih ettikleri için medrese eğitimine önem vermişlerdir; içlerinden İslâmî ilimlerde uzman olanlar bile yetişmiştir. Daha sonra cemaatin çocuklarını yetiştirmek üzere Selimiye Mektebi’ni açmışlardır.
Karakaşlar (Müminler, Onyollular, Osman Baba Partisi). Yâkub Çelebi’nin, İslâmiyet’in zâhirî hükümlerinin yerine getirilmesiyle ilgili olarak 1689’da aldığı kararı riyakârlık sayarak kabul etmedikleri ve Sabatay Sevi’nin emirlerine uyulmasını istedikleri için birinci gruptan ayrılmışlardır. Bu gruba göre Sabatay Sevi, ölümünden dokuz ay sonra doğan ve cemaat mensuplarından birinin oğlu olan Osman’da yeniden vücut bulmuştur. Bundan dolayı Osman Baba Partisi adıyla anıldıkları gibi cemaatin önde gelen ailelerinden Karakaşlar’ın ismiyle de tanınmışlardır. Ayrıca kendi iç âyinlerine yabancı unsurları karıştırdıkları için Kapancılar bunlara Onyollular adını vermiştir. Karakaşlar’ın dışarıya kız vermemek, kadınları boşamamak, çocuklara on üç yaşına gelince cemaat sırlarını açmak ve iktisadî bağlılığı devam ettirmek gibi bazı ilkeleri vardır. Cemaat çocuklarının eğitimi için Feyziye Mektebi’ni açan bu grup, iktisadî bağlılıkları sayesinde diğer gruplara nisbetle varlığını daha çok sürdürmüş, içlerinden zengin tüccarlar, doktorlar, avukatlar, bürokratlar, öğretmen ve öğretim üyeleri çıkmıştır.
Kapancılar (İzmirliler, Papular, İbrâhim Ağa Partisi). Osman Baba’nın mesîhliğini ve Sabatay’ın ona hulûlünü reddederek ortaya çıkmışlardır. Bid‘atları kabul etmeyip Sabatay Sevi’den gelen inanç ve âyinleri olduğu gibi muhafaza ettikleri için Karakaşlar bunlara, İspanyol yahudicesinde “eskimiş, softa” mânasına gelen Papu lakabını takmışlardır. Cemaat işlerinin bir meclis tarafından görülmesi, yabancı kadınlarla evlenmenin yasaklanması, ticarete önem verilmesi ve Batılılaşma’nın bir ilke olarak benimsenmesi bunların başlıca özellikleridir. Kapancılar eğitim ve öğretime diğerlerinden daha çok önem verdikleri için cemaat arasında Avrupa’da tahsil görme teşvik edilmiştir. Batı’da yetişenler çocuklarının eğitimi için Selânik’te Şemsî Efendi ve Terakki mekteplerini, İstanbul’da da Feyziye Lisesi ile Şişli Terakki Lisesi’ni açmışlardır.
Günümüzde Dönmeler. Dönme hareketinin ortaya çıktığı dönemin tarihleri ve vekāyi‘nâmeleri, bu harekete sadece Sabatay Sevi’nin divan huzurunda müslüman olup Mehmed adını alması dolayısıyla yer vermiştir. Müslüman olduktan sonra Mehmed Efendi’nin ikili oynaması ve taraftarlarının da aynı şekilde hareket etmesi Türk milletinin onlara kuşku ile bakmasına yol açmıştır. Ancak Türkler arasında bunlarla ilgili bilgiler nesilden nesile rivayet yoluyla ve sözlü olarak aktarılmış, yazılı hale getirilmekten kaçınılmıştır. Buna karşılık dönmelerin kendi gizli belgeleri ele geçince Batı’da 1880’li yıllardan başlayarak bu konuda birçok eser kaleme alınmıştır. Kapalı bir cemaat halinde yaşayan Türkiye dönmelerinin sırları, 1875-1877 yılları arasında Selânik’te bir dönmenin tamir edilmek üzere terziye bıraktığı yeleğin cebinden çıkan bir kâğıtla ifşa edilmiştir. Bu kâğıt ilk defa Selânik gazetecilerinden Saadi Levy tarafından kopya edilmiş, ardından okudukları dualar ve yazdıkları muskalar neşredilmiştir. Danon 1910 yılında, dönmelere ait İbrânî harfleriyle yazılmış ve bazı şekiller ihtiva eden bir muskayı yayımlamıştır. Bu muskanın altında Sabatay Sevi’nin mührü ile altı köşeli yıldız da (Magen David) bulunmakta, ayrıca Tevrat ve Talmud’dan alınmış ifadeler ve Tanrı Yahve’nin ismi de yer almaktadır. Osmanlı Devleti’nde dönmeler konusunun ciddi olarak gündeme gelmesinde, Batı’daki bu yayınlar yanında Tanzimat, Meşrutiyet dönemlerinde ve ondan sonra ortaya çıkan içtimaî ve siyasî hareketlerde dönmelerin üstlendiği rolün büyük payı vardır. Özellikle Balkan ve I. Dünya savaşlarındaki tutumları, Osmanlı Devleti’nin parçalanmasından sonraki dönemde bizzat kendilerinin Türk olmadıklarını açıklamaları gibi hususlar dikkate alınırsa bu durum daha iyi anlaşılır.
1919’da İstanbul’da yayımlanan ve müellifi bilinmeyen Türkçe bir risâlede dönmelerin inanç, âdet ve gelenekleri, müslüman-Türk oldukları yolundaki iddianın sadece görünüşten ibaret olduğu belirtilmiştir. Buna cevap olarak emekli binbaşı Sadık Dönmelerin Hakikati adıyla bir risâle yazmış ve onların müslüman-Türk olduklarını ispatlamaya çalışmıştır.
Dönmelerin Karakaşlar grubuna dahil olan Rüşdü Bey, 1924’te Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi’ne ve Mustafa Kemal’e verdiği dilekçelerle dönmeler konusunu yeniden gündeme getirmiştir. Rüşdü Bey 1 Kânunusâni 1340 tarihli dilekçesinde, üç gruba ayrılmış olan dönmelerin aslen ve ırken yahudi olduklarını, ruhen ve vicdanen İslâm’la ilgilerinin bulunmadığını, sahte bir kisve taşıdıklarını belirtmiştir. Bu dilekçe üzerine basın ve Türk kamuoyunda mesele tartışılmış, lehte ve aleyhte beyanlar olmuştur. Ancak dilekçede yer alan iddiaların mevcut olmadığı konusunda kesin bir şey söylenmeyerek te’vil yoluna gidilmiş ve Cumhuriyet’in kurulmasıyla dönmeliğin tarihe karıştığı savunulmuştur. Yine aynı yılda Yunanistan’la mübadele söz konusu olunca Yunan parlamentosu üyelerinden Mustafa Efendi, Yunan yetkililerine başvurarak dönmelerin Türk ve müslüman olmadıklarını bildirmiş ve mübadele harici tutulmalarını istemiştir. Ancak bu istek Yunan meclisinde, dönmelerin Türk unsurundan “bin kat ziyade muzır olduğu” gerekçesiyle reddedilmiştir.
Dönmeler çeşitli mektepler açmış ve çocuklarının yetiştirilmesine özen göstermişlerdir. 1924’lerde bu mekteplerde okuyan dönme çocuklarının ezberledikleri dualar ele geçmiş, bunların, “Dünyanın yarısı demek olan mübarek Sabatay Sevi’nin ismiyle” anlamındaki bir besmele ile işe başladığı, devamının ise yahudi kutsal kitabından alınmış cümlelerden ibaret olduğu görülmüştür. Bu bilgi ve belgeler dönmelerin kimliklerini tartışma gündemine getirmiştir. Yahudilerin de kendilerinden farklı kabul ettikleri dönmeler yarı Türk, yarı yahudi sayılmış ve “gizli cemaat” olarak adlandırılmıştır. Ancak tartışmalarda dönmelerin Türk toplumuna karıştığı ve gizli bir cemaat olarak yaşamadığı iddia edilmiştir. Bu iddialara rağmen 1942 yılında çıkarılan Varlık Vergisi Kanunu’nda dönmelerle ilgili olarak “D” maddesi konulmuş ve onlar için müslümanlarla gayri müslimler arasında bir oran belirlenmiştir. Fakat daha sonraki yıllarda yine ayrı bir cemaat olup olmadıkları tartışılmıştır.
Günümüzde de bir dönme cemaatinden söz edilmekte, ancak sayıları ve kimlikleri kesin olarak ortaya konulmamaktadır. Dönmeler Türkiye genelinde 30-40.000 kişi civarında tahmin edilmektedir. Bunlar daha çok Edirne, İstanbul, İzmir, Ankara ve Bursa’da yaşamaktadırlar. Yoğun olarak bulundukları yer Selânik olduğu için dönmelere “Selânik dönmesi” de denilmektedir. Bundan dolayı mübadele sonrasında Türkiye’nin çeşitli şehirlerine gelip yerleşen dönmelerden doğum yerleri Selânik olanlar Selânik ismini değiştirmişlerdir. Kapalı bir cemaat hayatı yaşadıkları için dönmeler sır vermemeye özen göstermişler, eskiden olduğu gibi bugün de Türkler’in yanında Türk isimlerini, kendi aralarında ise yahudi isimlerini kullanagelmişlerdir.
Dışişleri, maliye, eğitim, basın-yayın ve üniversiteler başta olmak üzere çeşitli alanlarda görev yapanların yanında özellikle ticaret ve sanayide önemli başarılar elde eden dönmeler de vardır. Bugün Türkiye’nin en etkili aydınları, gazete sahipleri ve köşe yazarları arasında dönmelerin de bulunduğu iddia edilmektedir.
Dönmelerin İnanç Esasları ve Prensipleri. Dönmelerin Sabatay Sevi’ye dayandırılan “âmentü”leri özetle şu esasları kapsar: 1. Gerçek tanrı olan İsrâil’in Tanrısı’na inanırım. 2. Sabatay Sevi’nin gerçek mesîh olduğuna inanırım. 3. Tevrat’ın gerçekler Tevrat’ı olduğuna inanırım. 4. Tevrat’ın değiştirilmediğine ve yürürlükte olduğuna inanırım. 5. Sabatay Sevi’nin dünyanın dört tarafına dağılmış olan İsrâiloğulları’nı bir araya toplayacağına inanırım. 6. Ölülerin dirileceğine inanırım. 7. İsrâil’in Tanrısı’nın, Süleyman Mâbedi’ni yukarıdan aşağıya bina edilmiş olarak göndereceğine inanırım. 8. İsrâil’in Tanrısı’nın bu dünyada cemâlini göstereceğine inanırım. Dönme âmentüsünün son maddesi, “gerçek mesîh” Sabatay Sevi’nin yeniden gönderilmesini isteyen dua cümlelerini ihtiva eder.
Sabatay Sevi’nin müslüman olduktan sonra ortaya koyduğu ve dönme cemaatinin uygulamaya çalıştığı emirler dönmelik besmelesiyle başlar ve başlıca şu hususları ihtiva eder: Tanrı’nın birliğine, mesîhin (Sabatay Sevi) hakiki mesîh olduğuna, ondan başka kurtarıcı bulunmadığına iman etmek, yalan yere yemin etmemek, Tanrı’nın ve mesîhin adı anıldığında saygı göstermek, mesîhin sırrını anlatmak ve incelemek için toplantılara katılmak, adam öldürmemek, zina etmemek, yalan yere şahitlikte bulunmamak ve yalan söylememek, kimseyi zorla İslâm’a sokmamak, kıskanç ve bencil olmamak, merhametli davranmak, her gün gizlice Mezmûr okumak, Türkler’in âdetlerinden olup gözle görülen her şeyi yerine getirmek, müslümanlarla evlenmemek, çocukları sünnet ettirmek.
Dönmelerin bu inanç esasları ve prensipleri dışında daha başka âdetleri ve ayrıca bayramları vardır. Bunlarda Yahudilik esas olmak üzere İslâm’dan da bazı unsurlar alınarak Sabatay Sevi’nin emirleri doğrultusunda birbirine karıştırılmıştır. Dönmeler bu tür inanç ve âdetlerden dolayı yahudilerce de müslümanlarca da farklı bir cemaat olarak görülmüştür. İçlerinden Yahudiliğe geçenler olduğu gibi Türk milleti içinde eriyenler de vardır.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1994 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 9. cildinde, 518-520 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.