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DOSTLUK Skip to content
Farsça’da “seven, sevgili, yâr” anlamındaki dôst kelimesinden gelen dostluk İslâmî literatürde sadâkat, uhuvvet, meveddet, sohbet gibi değişik kelimelerle ifade edilmiş, ayrıca velî ve refîk kelimeleri başka anlamları yanında “dost” mânasında da kullanılmıştır. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de bu anlamda en çok geçen kelime velîdir. Velî tekil ve çoğul olarak (evliyâ) yer aldığı seksen yedi âyetin kırk altısında Allah’ın insanlara dostluğu (meselâ bk. en-Nisâ 4/45, 75, 119, 123, 173), iki âyette insanların Allah’a dostlukları (Yûnus 10/62; el-Cum‘a 62/6), on âyette insanlarla şeytan arasındaki dostluk (meselâ bk. en-Nisâ 4/76; el-A‘râf 7/27, 30), diğerlerinde ise iyi veya kötüler arasındaki dostluklar (meselâ bk. en-Nisâ 4/139, 144; el-Enfâl 8/72) için kullanılmıştır. Bu âyetlerin çoğunda insanlara, müminlere ve Peygamber’e yardımcı olacak, onları koruyacak, bağışlayacak, karanlıklardan aydınlığa çıkaracak olan gerçek dostun Allah olduğu, insanların bu anlamda Allah’tan başka dostları bulunmadığı ifade edilmekte, böylece onların gerçek ve ebedî dost olarak Allah’ı bilmeleri, O’na dayanıp güvenmeleri öğütlenmektedir. Ayrıca dinî ve ahlâkî zihniyetin beşerî ilişkiler üzerindeki etkileri dolayısıyla kâfirlerin, zalimlerin, yahudi ve hıristiyanların sadece birbirlerinin ve şeytanın dostları olabilecekleri bildirilir; “Sizin dostunuz Allah, O’nun elçisi (Hz. Muhammed) ve iman edenlerdir” denilir (el-Mâide 5/55). Başka bir âyette, “Ey inananlar! Eğer iman yerine küfrü beğenip tercih etmişlerse babalarınızı ve kardeşlerinizi bile dost kabul etmeyiniz” (et-Tevbe 9/23) meâlindeki ifadelerle dostlukların tesisinde kan bağı yerine inanç birliğinin esas alınması gerektiği vurgulanmıştır.
Allah’ın inananların dostu olduğunu bildiren âyetlerin çoğunda velî kelimesinden sonra nasîr, şefî‘, vâk, hamîd, mürşid gibi sıfatlara veya benzer mânalar ihtiva eden ifadelere yer verilerek dostun sevdiği için bir yardımcı, koruyucu, kurtarıcı, yüceltici, iyiliğe yöneltici olması, bu şekilde dostluğun sevgiye dayanması ve pratik ahlâkî sonuçlar doğurması gerektiğine işaret edilmiştir. Müminlerin kardeş olduğunu (el-Hucurât 49/10), vaktiyle onlar birbirine düşman iken Allah’ın gönüllerini kaynaştırmasıyla dost ve kardeş olduklarını (Âl-i İmrân 3/103) bildiren âyetler de geniş kapsamlı dostluğun önemini anlatmaktadır (bk. KARDEŞLİK ).
Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de yine dostluk anlamında kullanılan hulle kelimesi, sözlüklerde genellikle “kalbin derinliklerine nüfuz ederek kökleşen engin dostluk” şeklinde açıklanmaktadır (Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “ḫll” md.; Tâcü’l-ʿarûs , “ḫll” md.). Allah’ın Hz. İbrâhim’i dost (halîl) edindiğini (en-Nisâ 4/125), âhirette zalimlerden birinin, “Keşke falanı dost (halîl) edinmeseydim” (el-Furkān 25/28) şeklindeki pişmanlığını anlatan âyetlere göre hulle kelimesi ilgili diğer terimlerden daha dar kapsamlı, fakat daha içten ve güçlü bir dostluğu ifade etmektedir. Gazzâlî, “Eğer kendime candan bir dost edinecek olsaydım Ebû Bekir’i tercih ederdim; fakat arkadaşınız (Muhammed) Allah’ın dostluğunu tercih etmiştir” (İbn Mâce, “Muḳaddime”, 11; Tirmizî, “Menâḳıb”, 14) meâlindeki hadise dayanarak halîl kelimesinin, başka bütün dostları aşacak ölçüde gönlü kaplayan en büyük, en seçkin dost ve sevgiliyi ifade ettiğini belirtmiş, bu anlamı dolayısıyla Hz. Peygamber’in Allah’la olan dostluğunu bu kelime ile, Ebû Bekir ve Ali gibi önde gelen sahâbîlere karşı olan dostluğunu da uhuvvet vb. deyimlerle açıkladığını hatırlatmıştır (İḥyâʾ , II, 193-194). Bununla birlikte hadislerde müslümanlar arasındaki dostluk için de hulle kelimesinin kullanıldığı görülmektedir (Buhârî, “Ṣalât”, 80, “Menâḳıbü’l-enṣâr”, 45). Ayrıca ashaptan bazıları Hz. Peygamber’i kastederek “halîlî” (dostum) ifadesini kullanmışlardır (Buhârî, “Teheccüd”, 33; “Zekât”, 4; “Ṣavm”, 60). “Kişi dostunun (halîl) dini üzeredir” meâlindeki hadis (Tirmizî, “Zühd”, 45), dostluğun ancak ahlâkî, psikolojik vb. yönlerden uyuşabilenler arasında kurulabileceği şeklindeki felsefî görüşün (aş.bk.) özlü bir ifadesidir. İnsanların farklı tabiat ve karakterde yaratılmış olmasının bu uyuşma ve kaynaşmadaki rolünü belirten, “Ruhlar bir araya getirilmiş gruplar gibidir; tanışıp uyuşanlar birleşir, uyuşmayanlar ayrılır” meâlindeki hadis (Buhârî, “Enbiyâʾ”, 3; Müslim, “Birr”, 159), dostluk konusunu inceleyen hemen bütün ahlâkçıların dikkatini çekmiştir.
Hadislerde sahip ve halîl gibi velî ve sadîk kelimeleri de dost anlamında kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca bazı hadislerde Resûlullah, Hz. Osman ve Ali gibi sahâbîlere karşı dostluğunu refîk kelimesiyle de ifade etmiştir. Resûl-i Ekrem, irtihali sırasındaki sözleri içinde geçen “er-refîku’l-a‘lâ” deyimiyle Allah’ı kastetmiştir (Buhârî, “Feżâʾilü’l-aṣḥâb”, 5; “Meġāzî”, 83, 84; “Riḳāḳ”, 42).
Geleneksel İslâm ahlâk literatüründe dostluk konusu, ilgili âyet ve hadislerin ışığı altında din kardeşliğinin gerektirdiği haklar ve sorumluluklar açısından ele alınmıştır. Çoğu antoloji mahiyetindeki bu tür eserlerin en eskilerinden biri olan İbn Kuteybe’ye (ö. 276/889) ait ʿUyûnü’l-aḫbâr ’ın dostluk konusuna ayrılmış geniş bir bölümünde (IV, 3-134) dostlar arasında uyuşma, sevgi, görüşme, karşılıklı ziyaret, vedalaşma, hediyeleşme, hasta ziyareti, tâziye, tebrikleşme, af dileme, bağışlama gibi dostlukla ilgili ahlâk ve muaşeret kuralları, kötü ve sahte dostlar, akrabalar arasındaki hak ve sorumluluklar, dostlar arasında kırgınlıklara son verme gibi hususlara yer verilir; bu konu işlenirken ilgili hadislerle manzum ve mensur hikemiyat da aktarılır. Dostluk daha sonra yazılan bu tür eserlerde de geniş bir şekilde yer almıştır.
Dostluk konusunu geleneksel İslâmî anlayışla ele alan sistematik ahlâk kitaplarının en dikkate değer olanlarından biri, İmam Mâverdî’nin Edebü’d-dünyâ ve’d-dîn adlı eseridir. Mâverdî dostluk ve sevgiyi, ferdî ve sosyal hayatın düzen içinde sürdürülmesinin başlıca şartlarından olan ülfetin sebepleri arasında göstererek Hz. Peygamber’in ülfeti sağlamak için sahâbîler arasında kardeşlik bağı (muâhât) kurduğunu hatırlatır. Dostluk ya zorunlu etkenlere bağlı olarak kendiliğinden veya gayeli ve iradî olarak kurulur. Bunların ilki ikincisinden daha güçlüdür. Zira ikincisi bağlı olduğu gayenin elde edilmesiyle sona erebileceği halde birincisi zorunlu ve hatta tabii sebeplere dayandığı için süreklidir. Bu dostluk genellikle ruhî yapıları, karakterleri uyuşan kimseler arasında gerçekleşir; birbiriyle uyuşan iki kişi arasındaki münasebetler gittikçe gelişerek iyi niyet, sevgi, güven, dayanışma gibi ahlâkî ve sosyal âmillerin tesiriyle en sonunda kişinin kendi benini dostunun beninden ayrı görmeyeceği “aşk” derecesine ulaşabilir (s. 163-164).
Mutasavvıflar, tasavvuf hayatının dışında gördükleri ve “dünya ehli, rüsûm ehli, avam” gibi isimlerle andıkları kimselerle kendi aralarında farklı ölçülerde de olsa mesafe bırakmayı tercih etmişlerdir. Zira avam, mutasavvıfların nefret ettiği nefsânî tutkulara, dünyevî menfaat ve hazlara az veya çok bağımlıdır; mutasavvıflar ise baştan beri ısrarla Allah için dostluk kurmayı tavsiye etmiş (Muhâsibî, s. 307-324) ve bu maksatla kurulan dostluklara büyük önem vermişlerdir (bk. SOHBET ). Tasavvufî eserlerin çoğunda “Âdâbü’s-suhbe, Âdâbü’l-uhuvve” vb. başlıklar altında tasavvufî dostlukların âdâb ve erkânını ayrıntılı olarak işleyen bölümler bulunduğu gibi (meselâ bk. Muhâsibî, s. 307-324; Ebû Tâlib el-Mekkî, II, 213-237; Kuşeyrî, II, 574-580; Hücvîrî, II, 580-606; Gazzâlî, IV, 157-268; Sühreverdî, s. 206-214) konuyla ilgili müstakil eserler de yazılmıştır (meselâ bk. Şa‘rânî, el-Muḫtâr mine’l-envâr fî ṣoḥbeti’l-aḫyâr , Beyrut 1986; İbn Ardûn, Âdâbü’ṣ-ṣoḥbe , Dârülbeyzâ 1987).
Dostluk konusuna ilgi duyan İslâm filozofları daha çok Aristo’nun, on bölümden oluşan Etica Nicomachea adlı eserinde iki bölüm işgal eden (VIII-IX) dostluk hakkındaki fikirlerinden faydalanmışlardır. Fârâbî, eserleri arasında geniş yer tutan ahlâk kitaplarında dostluk konusuna çok az yer vermiştir. Fuṣûlün müntezeʿa adlı eserinde (s. 70-71) ülke halkının sevgi sayesinde kaynaşabileceğini ve adalet sayesinde birlikte yaşayabileceğini belirtir. Sevginin ya tabii veya iradî olabileceğini söyleyen Fârâbî, Aristo’nun dostluk hakkındaki tasnifini tekrarlayarak sevginin erdeme, menfaate veya lezzete dayalı olarak kurulabileceğini ifade etmektedir. Fârâbî’ye isnat edilen Siyâset başlıklı bir risâlede ise (bk. İbn Miskeveyh, el-Ḥikmetü’l-ḫâlide , s. 327-342) iki sınıf dosttan söz edilmiştir. İlk sınıf, dostluklarında samimi olan iyi niyetli dostlardır. Bunlar dostlarının erdemini geliştirir, hatalarını önler, kusurlarını örter. İnsan bu nitelikteki dostlarının sayısını çoğaltmalıdır. İkinci sınıfı teşkil edenler dost gibi görünenlerdir. Fârâbî bunlara güvenmemeyi, ancak yine de onlara iyi davranmayı öğütler; zira ileride sahte dostlukları gerçek dostluğa dönüşebilir.
Kendilerini “vefalı dostlar” (hullânü’l-vefâ) diye de adlandıran İhvân-ı Safâ, barışçı gayeleriyle eklektik ve hümanist felsefelerinin bir sonucu olarak dostluk konusuna büyük önem vermişler, antik felsefelerle din ve tasavvufun, hatta değişik dinlerin dostluk anlayışını birleştirmeye çalışmışlardır. Resâʾil ’in çeşitli yerlerinde ve özellikle bu konuya ayrılmış olan kırk dokuzuncu risâlede dostluk ve dost edinmeyle ilgili ölçülerini tesbit etmişlerdir (Resâʾil , IV, 41-60).
İslâm filozofları içinde sevgi ve dostluk konusunu en geniş ve sistemli şekilde inceleyen düşünür İbn Miskeveyh olmuştur. İbn Miskeveyh, Tehẕîbü’l-aḫlâḳ adlı eserinin büyük ölçüde Aristo etkisiyle kaleme alınmış olan beşinci bölümünde menfaate, hazza, hayra veya bunların üçüne birden bağlı olmak üzere dört türlü sevgi ve dostluk bulunduğunu belirtir. Aristo gibi İbn Miskeveyh de yaşlılarda menfaate, çocuklarda hazza dayalı dostluğun daha yaygın olduğunu, dostluklar içinde ancak hayra dayalı bulunanın uzun ömürlü olabileceğini söyler, çünkü yalnız hayır sabit karakterlidir (Tehẕîbü’l-aḫlâḳ , s. 125-127). İbn Miskeveyh bütün İslâm düşünürleri gibi en yalın, dolayısıyla en yüksek sevginin ilâhî sevgi olduğunu belirtmekte ve bu görüşü Aristo’ya isnat ettiği bir alıntıyla desteklemektedir. Ancak Aristo dostluğu daima beşerî planda düşünmüş, hatta dostluğa taraf olanlar arasında fazilet ve servet gibi imkân ve nitelikler bakımından denklik bulunmasını dostluk kurmanın şartlarından biri olarak görmesi sebebiyle her bakımdan birbirinden farklı olan insanlarla “tanrılar” arasında bir dostluktan söz edilemeyeceğini açıkça belirtmiştir (ʿİlmü’l-aḫlâḳ , VIII, 7.4-5). İbn Miskeveyh de bu tür sebeplerin sevgiyi olumsuz yönde etkileyeceğini kabul eder. Fakat ona göre Eflâtun’un dediği gibi (Devlet , 611d -612a ) insandaki ilâhî cevher tabiata bulaşmaktan doğan paslardan arındırılır ve tutkuların tesir imkânı yok edilirse o takdirde bu ilâhî cevher “Allah’a benzeme iştiyakı” duyar (Tehẕîbü’l-aḫlâḳ , s. 127-128). İbn Miskeveyh, yine Aristo’dan ayrılarak insanın bu ilâhî sevgi ve dostluk mertebesine tam olarak ancak öldükten sonra ulaşabileceğini söyler. Ayrıca dost seçiminin isabetli yapılabilmesi için Sokrat’tan naklettiği bazı pratik öğütler sıralar (a.g.e. , s. 140-142).
Başta Gazzâlî’nin İḥyâʾü ʿulûmi’d-dîn ’i olmak üzere çoğu bu eserin etkisiyle yazılmış daha sonraki ahlâk ve tasavvuf kitaplarında dostluk konusu dinî, tasavvufî ve kısmen felsefî yaklaşımlarla ele alınarak dostluk çeşitleri, bunların fıtrî, psikolojik ve sosyal sebepleri, gayeleri, fayda veya zararları, insanların dostlara olan ihtiyaçları, dost seçilecek kimsede aranması gereken nitelikler, akıllı ve ahmak dostların özellikleri, dostların birbirine karşı tutumlarının neler olması gerektiği vb. açılardan işlenmiştir (ayrıca bk. MUHABBET ).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “ḫll”, “ṣdḳ”, “vly” md.leri.
Tâcü’l-ʿarûs , “ḫll”, “ṣdḳ”, “vly” md.leri.
Buhârî, “Ṣalât”, 80, “Menâḳıbü’l-enṣâr”, 45, “Teheccüd”, 33, “Zekât”, 4, “Ṣavm”, 60, “Enbiyâʾ”, 3, “Feżâʾilü’l-aṣḥâb”, 5, “Meġāzî”, 83, 84, “Riḳāḳ”, 42.
Müslim, “Birr”, 159.
İbn Mâce, “Muḳaddime”, 11.
Tirmizî, “Menâḳıb”, 14, “Zühd”, 45.
Eflâtun, Devlet (trc. Sabahattin Eyüboğlu – M. Ali Cimcoz), İstanbul 1985, 611d -612a .
Aristo, ʿİlmü’l-aḫlâḳ (trc. Ahmed Lutfî es-Seyyid), Kahire 1924, VIII, 1.1-IX, 11.3 (II, 219-323).
Muhâsibî, er-Riʿâye li-ḥuḳūḳıllâh (nşr. A. Ahmed Atâ), Beyrut 1405/1985, s. 307-324.
İbn Kuteybe, ʿUyûnü’l-aḫbâr (Tavîl) , IV, 3-134.
Ebû Tâlib el-Mekkî, Ḳūtü’l-ḳulûb , Kahire 1310, II, 213-237.
İhvân-ı Safâ, Resâʾil , Beyrut 1377/1975, IV, 41-60.
Fârâbî, Fuṣûl müntezeʿa fî ʿilmi’l-aḫlâḳ (nşr. Fevzî Mitrî Neccâr), Beyrut 1986, s. 70-71.
İbn Miskeveyh, Tehẕîbü’l-aḫlâḳ , s. 125-146.
a.mlf., el-Ḥikmetü’l-ḫâlide (nşr. Abdurrahman Bedevî), Beyrut 1983, s. 27, 327-342.
Mâverdî, Edebü’d-dünyâ ve’d-dîn , Beyrut 1978, s. 162-171.
Kuşeyrî, er-Risâle , II, 574-580.
Hücvîrî, Keşfü’l-maḥcûb (trc. Es‘ad Abdülhâdî Kandîl), Beyrut 1980, II, 580-606.
Gazzâlî, İḥyâʾ , II, 161-166, 170-188, 193-194; IV, 157-268.
Sühreverdî, ʿAvârifü’l-maʿârif , Beyrut, ts. (Dârü’l-ma‘rife), s. 206-214.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1994 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 9. cildinde, 511-513 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.