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DRAMA Skip to content Yunanistan’ın Makedonya kesiminde bulunan eski bir Osmanlı şehri.
Falakrón dağı eteğinde, Angítis nehri kollarından birinin hemen kuzeyinde yer alır. Eski adı Drabescos olup Osmanlı kaynaklarında geçen Drama (ديراما، ديرامه، درمه، درامه ) adı bu isme dayanır. Şehrin ne zaman kurulduğu bilinmemekle beraber tarihinin Makedon Krallığı dönemine kadar uzandığı belirtilir. Şehrin güneyinde Kavala yakınlarında eski Phillipoi’nin kalıntıları mevcuttur.
Uzun müddet Roma ve Bizans hâkimiyetinde kalan ve bu dönemlerde küçük bir yerleşim birimi olduğu sanılan Drama, Bizans iç savaşı sırasında 1345’te Serez’i zapteden ve hâkimiyetini Mesta nehrine kadar uzatan Sırp Hükümdarı Stephan Duşan’ın eline geçti. 1356’da şehrin Sırp kumandanı Vojihna, Rodop dağlarında tutunmaya çalışan İmparator Matthaeos’u Phillipoi yakınlarında esir aldı. Bu sırada Drama, Duşan’ın ölümünden (1355) sonra Serez bölgesini ele geçiren despot Uglyeşa’nın idaresi altında bulunuyordu. Bölgedeki Sırp idaresi 1371’e kadar sürdü. Bu tarihte Kral Vukasin ile kardeşi Serez despotu Uglyeşa’nın Osmanlı orduları tarafından Çirmen’de mağlûp edilmeleri ve öldürülmelerinden sonra Drama’nın da içinde bulunduğu Serez bölgesi, Bizans’ın Selânik valisi Manuel’in hâkimiyeti altına girdi (Kasım 1371). Bunun hemen ardından Türk akıncıları Tesalya ve Doğu Makedonya’ya uzanarak bölgeyi kontrolleri altında tuttular. Muhtemelen bu sıralarda bölgede Osmanlı nüfuzu kuruldu. 1382’de Manuel’in Osmanlılar’a karşı harekete geçmesi üzerine Serez başta olmak üzere Kavala, Zihne gibi şehirlerle birlikte Drama da kesin olarak Osmanlı hâkimiyeti altına alındı (Eylül 1383).
Drama Osmanlı hâkimiyetine girdikten sonra Rumeli beylerbeyiliğinin Paşa sancağına bağlı bir kaza merkezi oldu ve bölgeye Anadolu’dan nüfus nakli yapıldı. Önceleri küçük bir kale-şehir özelliği gösterirken XV ve XVI. yüzyıllarda giderek gelişmeye başladı. Bunda, Adriyatik kıyılarından başlayıp Makedonya bölgesinden geçen ve Edirne-İstanbul’a uzanan eski tarihî ticaret yolu yakınında bulunması ve civarında işletmeye açık gümüş madenlerinin mevcudiyeti de etkili oldu. XV. yüzyıl ortalarında (1454-1455) Drama, mahalleleri tam olarak teşekkül etmemiş küçük bir yerleşme yeri durumundaydı. Bu sıralarda şehirde elli dört hâne, altı bîve (dul kadın) müslüman nüfusa karşılık 152 hâne, yirmi dört mücerred (bekâr) ve doksan iki bîve hıristiyan nüfus mevcuttu. Bu rakamlara göre şehrin toplam nüfusu yaklaşık 1000’i biraz geçiyordu. Bir pazar yeri durumundaki Drama’da yaşayan müslüman nüfusun hemen hepsi bir meslek sahibiydi ve özellikle deri mâmulleri imalâtı ve dokumacılık sahasında çalışıyordu. Ayrıca bağlar ve bahçelerle çevrili olduğu anlaşılan şehrin civarında bir kısım halk ziraatla uğraşıyor, buğday, arpa, keten, yulaf ekimi yapıyordu. Elde edilen mahsullerin vergi gelirleri ise Drama subaşısı Mustafa Bey’e aitti (BA, TD , nr. 3, s. 484-489). 1487’de Karamânî Mehmed Paşa’nın hasları arasında yer alan Drama bu sıralarda yedi mahalleli bir küçük şehir durumundaydı. Altmış dokuz hâne, on yedi mücerred, on iki bîveden ibaret müslüman nüfus (yaklaşık 400 kişi) Mescid adını taşıyan bir mahallede toplanmıştı. 120 hâne, on iki mücerred, altmış bir bîve nüfusa (yaklaşık 650-700 kişi) sahip hıristiyanlar ise altı mahallede oturmaktaydı. Bu tarihten itibaren giderek müslüman nüfusta artış görülürken hıristiyan nüfus biraz düşüşle hemen hemen sabit kaldı. Ayrıca şehir iktisadî bakımdan gelişti, pazar vergilerinde artış oldu. Buna paralel olarak Drama’nın iskelesi durumundaki Kavala da nüfus yönünden olduğu gibi iktisadî bakımdan da önem kazandı (BA, TD , nr. 7, s. 24-27, 88-90).
Drama, XVI. yüzyılın ilk yarısında yaklaşık 1500’e ulaşan nüfusuyla gelişmesini sürdürdü. Bu nüfusun hemen hemen yarısını müslümanlar oluşturuyordu. Ayrıca bunların içinde yağcı, şahinci, çeltikçi gibi özel statüye sahip şahıslar bulunduğu gibi küçük bir Çingene grubu da (yirmi hâne, dört mücerred) mevcuttu. Hıristiyanlar ise 143 hâne, sekiz mücerred, dokuz bîve nüfusa sahipti. Bu yüzyılın ortalarında Drama şehrinin ve civarındaki köylerin vergi gelirleri Vezîriâzam Rüstem Paşa’nın haslarına tahsis edilmişti. Onun ölümünden (1561) sonra Mart 1562’de şehir ve köyler, Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman’ın İstanbul’da yaptırdığı imaretin vakfı haline geldi ve üç yıllığına 1.500.000 akçe ile mukātaaya verildi (BA, D.HMH , nr. 1, Evr. 63). Ayrıca şehrin vergi gelirlerinde de artış olmuş, XV. yüzyılın son çeyreğinde 25.000-30.000 arasında olan gelirler XVI. yüzyılın ortalarında 45.000’e yükselmişti. Bu vergi yekünü içinde pazar vergilerinin payının yüksek oluşu (14.000), şehrin ticarî bakımdan gelişmekte bulunduğunu ortaya koyar.
XVI. yüzyılın son çeyreğinde, Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman vakıfları arasında zikredilen Drama’da yedi müslüman (Câmi-i Atîk, Mescid-i Derviş Bâlî, Câmi-i Halil Çelebi, Kassâm, Osman, Câmi-i Mustafa Bey ve Debbâğ Şücâ), bir hıristiyan (Metropolit) mahallesi ve on iki hâneden ibaret bir de yahudi cemaati bulunuyordu. Şehrin bu sıralarda toplam nüfusu, XVI. yüzyılın ilk yarısındaki gibi 1500 dolayında olmakla birlikte müslüman nüfusta artış meydana gelmiş, buna karşılık hıristiyan nüfus azalmıştı. Müslüman nüfus 146 hâne, kırk altı mücerred, altı yağcıdan ibaret iken tek mahallede toplandıkları anlaşılan hıristiyanlar 116 hâne, elli yedi mücerred nüfusa sahipti. Müslüman nüfusun artışında ihtidâlar da nisbî bir rol oynamıştı (% 10-15). Şehrin vakfa bağlı olması dolayısıyla müslüman halkın vergi muafiyetine sahip bulunması, ispençe vergisi vermekle yükümlü hıristiyanların bir kısmının ihtidâsına yol açtığı düşünülebilir. Bu sıralarda müslüman halkın çoğu kiracı durumundaydı. Hıristiyanlar ise balıkçı, kuyumcu, ekmekçi, pabuççu, terzi, cüllâh vb. meslekî özellikleriyle deftere kaydedilmişlerdi. Ayrıca XVI. yüzyılın ilk yarısında görülmeyen yahudilerin şehirde yerleşmiş bulunmaları buranın iktisadî bakımdan önem kazandığını ortaya koyar. Nitekim bu sıralarda şehirden elde edilen vergi geliri yekünü 57.665 akçeye yükselmiş bulunuyordu (TK, TD , nr. 557, vr. 55b -57b ).
XVII. yüzyılın ortalarında Drama’yı gören Evliya Çelebi, içinde 200 küçük evle Bey Camii adlı bir mescidin bulunduğu yüksekçe bir yerdeki dikdörtgen şeklinde kale ile bunun dışındaki asıl şehri etraflıca tasvir eder. Aşağı şehirde yedi mahalle ve 600 kadar irili ufaklı ev, on iki cami ve mescidin yer aldığını yazar. Onun verdiği rakamlara göre bu dönemdeki nüfusun 3000 dolayında olduğu söylenebilir. Ayrıca Evliya Çelebi, çarşı içindeki Eskicami’nin II. Bayezid tarafından yaptırıldığını; Molla Camii, Ak Mehmed Ağa Camii, Büyük ve Küçük Tekke camileriyle yedi mahalle mescidinin mevcut bulunduğunu; bunların yanı sıra iki medrese, üç sıbyan mektebi, iki tekke, on küçük han, bir hamam, şehrin içinden geçen küçük derenin kenarında 300 dükkân ve çarşıda bir saat kulesi olduğunu da belirtir (Seyahatnâme , VIII, 123-126). Evliya Çelebi’nin verdiği bilgiler şehrin fizikî yönden fazla gelişmediğini gösterir. Nitekim 1721-1722 tarihli Avârız Defteri’ne göre buranın XVI. yüzyıldaki gibi yedi mahallesi (Câmi-i Atîk, Halil Bey, Derviş Bâlî, Osman [?], Alaca Mescid, Debbâğhâne, Kassâm) bulunmaktaydı; varoş kesiminde ise hıristiyan gruplar oturuyordu (BA, MAD , nr. 59). Evliya Çelebi’nin şehirde pamuklu dokumacılığı yapıldığı ve keten bezi işlendiğine dair verdiği bilgileri XVIII. yüzyılın sonunda İnciciyan da doğrular. Ona göre Drama bağlık ve bahçelik, sulak bir yer olup şehirde çadır bezi imalâtı yapılıyor, ayrıca iyi cins pirinçleriyle tanınıyordu (GDAAD , sy. 23 [1974], s. 20-21).
XVIII ve XIX. yüzyıllarda Drama Serez âyanının etkisi altına girdi. Âyanların nüfuzu kırıldıktan ve merkezî idare sağlandıktan sonra Drama nüfus bakımından olduğu gibi fizikî yönden de gelişme gösterdi. 1293 (1876) ve 1299 (1882) yılı salnâmelerine göre Drama’da 397 hâne vardı, nüfusu da 2000 dolayında bulunuyordu. Bu sıralarda şehirde on iki cami, dört mescid, üç medrese, 282 dükkân, otuz mağaza, on üç han, iki kilise, bir hamam, üç tekke mevcuttu. Şehir nüfusu giderek artış gösterdi; 1307’de (1889) nüfusunun 3000’den biraz fazlasını müslüman ahali teşkil ediyordu. 1312-1315 (1894-1897) yıllarına ait kayıtlara göre şehirde 7583 kişi yaşamakta olup 1287 hâne, sekiz cami, altı mescid, 287 dükkân, 109 mağaza, yirmi beş han, iki hamam, iki tekke, üç medrese, iki kilise yer alıyordu. Bu tarihlerden on on beş yıl öncesine göre şehirde nüfus yanında dükkân, mağaza, han sayısında da artış olması, buranın bir ticaret merkezi özelliği kazandığını gösterir. 1322 (1904) ve 1324 (1906) yılı salnâmelerinde bu sayıların daha da arttığı dikkati çekmektedir. Bu son tarihte nüfus 13.000’e ulaşırken dükkân sayısı 467, mağaza sayısı 227, han sayısı otuzu bulmuştu (Selânik Vilâyeti Salnâmesi , 1324 senesi, s. 453). Şehirdeki en önemli tarihî eserler ise Câmi-i Atîk adıyla da bilinen Yıldırım Bayezid Camii ile Servili Arap, Mahmud Paşa ve Molla Efendi camileriydi. Bu dönemlerde şehir halkının büyük kısmını Türkler oluşturmakta, bunun yanı sıra Bulgar, Rum, Ermeni ve yahudiler de bulunmaktaydı. Halkın çoğu tütün tarımı, dokumacılık ve ticaretle uğraşıyordu.
Balkan savaşları sırasında bir ara Bulgarlar’ın eline geçen Drama, II. Balkan harpleri esnasında yeniden Yunanlılar tarafından zaptedildi, Londra Antlaşması ile Yunanistan’a bırakıldı. I. Dünya Savaşı sırasında Bulgaristan’a dahil edildiyse de savaş sonrası yeniden Yunanistan’a terkedildi. Bu arada şehirdeki müslüman Türk nüfusu 1922’de Türkiye’ye göç etti. II. Dünya Savaşı yıllarında da Bulgarlar tarafından alındı; ancak savaştan sonra Yunanistan sınırları içinde kaldı. Bugün Drama Makedonya kesiminde bir il (nomos) ve bu ilin merkezi şehir olup nüfusu 40.000’i aşmış (1981’de 36.109) bir kolordu karargâhı ve başpiskoposluk merkezidir. Başlıca ekonomik faaliyeti ziraat teşkil eder. Özellikle tütün, pamuk, pirinç ekimi önem kazanmıştır.
Osmanlı hâkimiyeti döneminde Drama’nın merkez olduğu kaza önceleri Rumeli beylerbeyiliğinin Paşa sancağına, daha sonra ise Selânik sancağına bağlı bulunmaktaydı. Kaza son derece verimli Drama ovasını içine alıyor ve Kavala’ya kadar uzanarak Ege denizine ulaşıyordu. XV. yüzyılın sonlarında kazada 2275 hâne, 227 bîve cizye mükellefi tesbit edilmiştir. XVI. yüzyıl başlarında 30 akçelik kadılık olan Drama kazasına bağlı 106 köy, yirmi bir mezraa vardı. Drama ile Kavala arasındaki beş köy madenci statüsünde olup buradaki maden ocaklarından gümüş çıkarılıyor ve işlenerek külçe haline getiriliyordu. 1530’da bu işlemden mukātaaya verilerek sağlanan gelir 94.702 akçe, işlenmeyen maden geliri ise 188.531 akçe idi (BA, TD , nr. 167, s. 30-39). Buradan çıkarılan gümüşlerle ilk dönemlerde Serez’de akçe darbedildiği bilinmektedir. Bu tarihlerde kazanın toplam hâne sayısı 2224 müslüman, 3604 hıristiyan olmak üzere 5828 olup bu da yaklaşık 30.000’e ulaşan bir nüfusu gösterir. Ayrıca bölgedeki madenci köyler dışında halkı çeltikçi, yağcı, küreci, deveci, şahinci gibi özel görevleri karşılığında vergi muafiyetine sahip köyler de mevcuttu. Yörük grupları (Selânik, Vize, Ofçabolu Yörükleri) çeşitli köylerde ikamet etmekteydi. Özellikle çeltik ekimi bölgede önem kazanmıştı. XVI. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında Drama şehriyle birlikte ona bağlı bazı köyler de Kanûnî vakfına dahil edildi. Bunlar otuz dört köy iki mezraadan ibaretti; ayrıca elli altı köy, on altı mezraa da timar sistemi içinde bulunuyordu. Dolayısıyla yüzyılın sonlarına doğru Drama kazasında doksan köy ve on sekiz mezraa vardı (TK, TD , nr. 196, vr. 206b -243a ; TK, TD , nr. 557, vr. 57b vd.). Drama kazası bu durumunu uzun süre muhafaza etti. XIX. yüzyıl ortalarında 1864’te Selânik eyaleti kurulunca Drama buraya bağlı bir sancak haline getirildi. 1867’de kısa bir süre için Serez sancağı ile birleştirilen Drama sancağı 1873’te tekrar müstakil sancak oldu. 1876’da Drama sancağı merkez kaza dışında Kavala, Darıdere, Yenice-i Karasu kazalarından oluşmaktaydı. Merkez kazaya bağlı iki nahiye (Pravişte ve Çeç) mevcut olup daha sonra kaza haline getirilecek olan Sarışaban Kavala’nın nahiyesi durumundaydı. Sancak bu statüsünü uzun süre koruyamadı, en geç 1882’de doğusundaki Mesta bölgesi Edirne’ye bağlandı. Bu sırada sancak Drama, Kavala ve Sarışaban kazalarından meydana geliyordu. Bir müddet bu şekilde kalan sancak, 1889’a doğru merkez kazaya bağlı Pravişte nahiyesinin kaza haline getirilmesiyle dört kazadan oluştu. 1913’te Yunanistan’a terkinden önce sancağa Robçoz ve Taşoz kazaları katılmıştı.
Sancağın nüfusu XIX. yüzyılda artış gösterdi. XVI. yüzyılda bölgede hıristiyan nüfus fazla iken XVII-XIX. yüzyıllarda müslüman nüfusta artış meydana geldi. Bunda büyük ölçüde yörük teşekküllerinin iskânı, göçler ve kısmen ihtidâlar önemli rol oynadı. XIX. yüzyılın son çeyreğinde, kaybedilen toprakların müslüman halkının göçleriyle nüfus daha da arttı. 1831’de kaza durumunda iken 12.702 erkek nüfusu olan Drama, sancak olduktan sonra 1877-1878 Osmanlı-Rus Savaşı öncesinde 60.000 civarında nüfusa sahipti. 1882’ye doğru idarî daralma sebebiyle bu rakam 40.000 dolayına indi. 1882-1893 döneminde sancak nüfusu 90.000’i aşmıştı. 1906-1907’de ise sancakta 165.000 kişi yaşıyordu. Bunun 125.000’ini müslüman Türk ahali oluştururken geri kalanları nüfus durumuna göre sırasıyla Rum, Bulgar, yahudi, Ermeni, Çingene, Ulah, Katolik Rum, Protestan ve yabancılar teşkil etmekteydi. 1877’den sonra ve Balkan savaşları sırasında göçmen akınlarına uğrayan Drama’daki bu yoğun Türk nüfusu, bölgenin Yunanistan’a bırakılmasından sonra Lozan Antlaşması gereğince Türkiye’ye göç etti.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
BA, TD , nr. 3, s. 484-489; nr. 7, s. 24-27, 88-90; nr. 167, s. 30-39; nr. 374, s. 32-36.
TK, TD , nr. 196, vr. 206b -243a ; nr. 557, vr. 55b -57b vd.
BA, MAD , nr. 59.
BA, D.HMH , nr. 1, Evr. 63.
Âşıkpaşazâde, Târih (Atsız) , s. 346.
Neşrî, Cihannümâ (Taeschner) , I, 58.
Süleymaniye Vakfiyesi (haz. Kemal Edîb Kürkçüoğlu), Ankara 1962, s. 29.
Evliya Çelebi, Seyahatnâme , VIII, 123-126.
Selânik Vilâyeti Salnâmesi , 1285 senesi, s. 100; 1286 senesi, s. 132; 1289 senesi, s. 153; 1290 senesi, s. 139; 1293 senesi, s. 75; 1299 senesi, s. 169, 172, 176; 1307 senesi, s. 185; 1310 senesi, s. 203, 205; 1313 senesi, s. 411-453; 1315 senesi, s. 528-572; 1322 senesi, s. 428-450; 1324 senesi, s. 453-503.
Gökbilgin, Edirne ve Paşa Livâsı , s. 10, 74, 145, 147, 445.
D. M. Nicol, The Last Centuries of Byzantium , London 1972, s. 256-257.
A. Birken, Die Provinzen des Osmanischen Reiches , Wiesbaden 1976, s. 76.
Kemal H. Karpat, Ottoman Population 1830-1914 , Madison 1985, s. 118, 136-137.
G. Ostrogorskij, “La prise de Serrés par les Turcs”, Byzantion , XXXV, Bruxelles 1965, s. 302-319.
E. Zachariadou, “Early Ottoman Documants of the Prodromos Monastery (Serres)”, SOF , sy. 28 (1969), s. 8-9.
İnciciyan, “Osmanlı Rumelisi Tarih ve Coğrafyası” (trc. H. Andreasyan), GDAAD , sy. 2-3 (1974), s. 20-21.
Kāmûsü’l-a‘lâm , III, 2127.
TA , XIV, 59-60.
ABr. , VII, 478.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1994 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 9. cildinde, 525-528 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.