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1/2 Müellif: RAHMİ YARAN Bölüme Git
Evlenen çiftler için düğün yapılması insanlık tarihi kadar eskidir. Milletlere ve yörelere göre ayrıntılarda bazı farklılıklar olmakla birlikte hepsin…
2/2 Müellif: ÖZDEMİR NUTKU Bölüme Git
Türkler’de Düğün. Türkler, İslâm dinini kabul ettikten sonra da korudukları eski düğün âdetlerini özellikle taşrada olmak üzere bugün de sürdürmektedi…
Evlenen çiftler için düğün yapılması insanlık tarihi kadar eskidir. Milletlere ve yörelere göre ayrıntılarda bazı farklılıklar olmakla birlikte hepsinin birleştiği nokta eğlenceye yönelik olmasıdır.
İslâm’da Düğün. İslâm hukukunda, iki şahit huzurunda yapılması dışında nikâh akidleri için uyulması gerekli bir şekil şartı veya özel bir merasim mevcut değildir. Ancak evlenme gibi kişi ve toplum hayatında önemli yeri olan bir hadiseyi kutlama arzusu ve bu hukukî birleşmeyi herkese duyurarak onu gayri meşrû birleşmelerden ayırma gereği düğün denilen içtimaî vâkıayı doğurmuştur. Hz. Peygamber’in, “Nikâhı açıkça yapınız” (Müsned , IV, 5) meâlindeki hadisi bazı rivayetlerde, “ve nikâh sırasında def çalınız” (İbn Mâce, “Nikâḥ”, 20; Tirmizî, “Nikâḥ”, 6) ilâvesiyle tamamlanmaktadır. “Nikâhta helâl ile haram arasındaki ayırıcı işaret def ve sestir (müzik)” (İbn Mâce, “Nikâḥ”, 20; Tirmizî, “Nikâḥ”, 6; Nesâî, “Nikâḥ”, 72) meâlindeki hadis ise aleniyetin düğünle sağlanmasının gereğini ortaya koymaktadır. İlk dönemlerden itibaren her toplum nikâh merasimlerini kendi dinî ve içtimaî yapısına uygun olarak gerçekleştirmiştir. İslâm dini de toplum hayatında yerine getirdiği fonksiyonları göz önünde bulundurarak düğüne hoşgörü ile bakmış, hatta meşrû sınırlar içinde onu teşvik etmiştir. Hz. Peygamber’in bütün evliliklerinde davetlilere ikramda bulunduğu bilinmektedir. Hadis kitaplarında bu ikramlar hakkında oldukça geniş bilgiler vardır (meselâ bk. Buhârî, “Nikâḥ”, 68-70).
Düğünler, yapıldığı topluma ve zamana göre büyük değişiklikler göstermekle birlikte kız ve erkek evinde icra edilen törenler, gelinin evliliğe hazırlanması, merasimle kocasının evine getirilmesi, davetlilere koca evinde yemek verilmesi veya diğer ikramlarda bulunulması bütün düğünlerin ortak özellikleri arasındadır. Araplar düğün dolayısıyla verilen yemeğe “velîme” derler; ancak bu kelimenin sadece düğün yemekleri için değil diğer merasimlerde verilen yemekler için de kullanıldığı anlaşılmaktadır. İbn Tolun, konuyla ilgili eserinde (bk. bibl.) Araplar arasında yaygın olan on altı tür velîme hakkında bilgi vermektedir (ayrıca bk. Cevâd Ali, IV, 685). Hz. Peygamber’in evlenme hazırlığı yapan Abdurrahman b. Avf’a, “Bir koyunla da olsa ziyafet ver” (Buhârî, “Nikâḥ”, 7, 54, 68) demesi ve kendisinin de evliliklerinde misafirlerine yemek yedirmesinden anlaşılacağı gibi düğün yemeği sünnettir. Hz. Peygamber’in, “ziyafet ver” şeklindeki emrinden hareketle bazı hukukçular bu yemeğin vâcip olduğunu söylemişlerse de hâkim görüş bunun vücûb ifade etmediği yönündedir. Velîmenin nikâh akdi sırasında, akidden sonra, zifaf günü veya zifaftan sonra verileceği hususunda da farklı görüşler ileri sürülmüştür. Ancak bunu belirleyen esas faktör, bölgeden bölgeye değişen örf ve âdetlerdir. Ayrıca velîmede gösteriş ve israfın haram olduğu, herkesin kendi imkânları çerçevesinde ikramda bulunmasının gerektiği kabul edilmiştir.
Düğüne davet edilen kişinin davete icâbet etmesi vâciptir. Bunun farz-ı ayın veya farz-ı kifâye olduğunu söyleyen âlimler de vardır. Hz. Peygamber’den, bu tür davete icâbeti emreden çeşitli hadisler nakledilmiştir (bk. Buhârî, “Nikâḥ”, 71; Müslim, “Nikâḥ”, 96). Düğüne icâbet gereği, bu tür törenlerin kişiler arasındaki sevgi bağlarını kuvvetlendirmesi hikmetine dayanmaktadır. “En kötü yemek, fakirlerin bırakılıp zenginlerin davet edildiği düğün yemeğidir” meâlindeki hadis (Buhârî, “Nikâḥ”, 72; Müslim, “Nikâḥ”, 107), düğüne sadece zenginlerin değil fakirlerin de çağrılması gerektiğini vurgulamaktadır. Hz. Peygamber’in, “Velîme ilk gün hak, ikinci gün mâruf, üçüncü gün ise riya ve gösteriştir” (İbn Mâce, “Nikâḥ”, 25; Ebû Dâvûd, “Eṭʿime”, 3) hadisinden hareketle düğünün iki günden fazla sürmesini mekruh görenlerin yanı sıra, Buhârî’nin “… yedi gün velîme yapan…” şeklindeki bab başlığını (“Nikâḥ”, 71) ve Medine’de yedi sekiz gün süren velîmeler olduğu Übey b. Kâ‘b’ın böyle bir velîmede bulunup dua ettiğine dair rivayetleri (Beyhakī, VII, 261) dikkate alarak düğünün iki günden fazla devam etmesini câiz görenler de vardır (Nevevî, IX, 216-218; Şevkânî, VI, 205-206; Azîmâbâdî, X, 210).
Aşırılığa kaçmamak ve İslâmiyet’in sosyal hayatla ilgili olarak koyduğu esaslara uymak şartıyla düğünde eğlenmek meşrûdur. Hz. Peygamber’in düğünlerde eğlenceye izin verdiğine veya bizzat kendisinin böyle düğünlere katıldığına dair birçok rivayet vardır. Bir yakınını düğün yapmadan ensardan birisiyle evlendirmek isteyen Hz. Âişe’ye düğün yapmasının daha iyi olacağını, zira ensarın eğlenceden hoşlandığını söylemiş, hatta bir rivayete göre Erneb adlı bir kadını şarkı söylemek üzere göndermesini tavsiye etmiştir (İbn Hacer, el-İṣâbe , IV, 226; krş. a.e. , IV, 320). Ayrıca Resûl-i Ekrem, genç kızların (câriye) def çalıp gazâ şiirleri okuduğu bir düğüne katılmış, şarkı söyleyen kızlardan birinin, “Aramızda yarın ne olacağını bilen peygamber var” demesi üzerine böyle söylememesini ve daha önce söylediklerini tekrar etmesini istemiştir (Buhârî, “Nikâḥ”, 48). Ashabın da eğlenceli düğünlere iştirak ettikleri bilinmektedir (meselâ bk. Nesâî, “Nikâḥ”, 80). Sadece düğün vesilesiyle değil başka münasebetlerle de belli sınırlar içinde eğlenceye izin verildiği, Hz. Peygamber’in, ashabın ve tâbiînin bu tür eğlencelere fiilen katıldıkları konusunda birçok rivayet mevcuttur (bk. EĞLENCE ). Ancak daha sonraki dönemlerde meşrû eğlencenin sınırları fıkıh âlimleri arasında tartışma konusu olmuştur. Gerek düğünlerde gerekse diğer vesilelerle eğlenceler tertip edilmesi ve şarkı söylenmesi hususunda ortaya çıkan ve daha çok yasaklayıcı bir nitelik taşıyan ictihadlarda, âlimlerin yaşadıkları dönemlerdeki aşırılıkların büyük etkisi olduğu muhakkaktır.
Sünnet düğünü Hz. Peygamber döneminde bilinmemektedir. Nitekim fakih sahâbîlerden Osman b. Ebü’l-Âs, Asr-ı saâdet’te böyle bir uygulama bulunmadığı gerekçesiyle sünnet düğünü için yapılan davete katılmamıştır (Müsned , IV, 217). Bu rivayet aynı zamanda söz konusu düğünlerin ashap döneminde ortaya çıkmaya başladığını göstermektedir. İbn Kudâme, genel esaslar çerçevesinde bu tür bir düğüne katılmanın müstehap olacağını söylemekte, Ebû Hanîfe, İmam Mâlik ve Şâfiî’nin de bu görüşte olduğunu belirtmektedir (el-Muġnî , VIII, 116-117).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “vlm” md.
el-Muvaṭṭaʾ , “Nikâḥ”, 47.
Müsned , III, 165, 190, 205, 271; IV, 5, 217.
Buhârî, “Büyûʿ”, 1, “Menâḳıbü’l-enṣâr”, 3, “Nikâḥ”, 48, 54, 56, 68-72, “Edeb”, 67, “Daʿâvât”, 53, “Müsâḳāt”, 13, “ʿÎdeyn”, 25, “Ṣalât”, 69.
Müslim, “Nikâḥ”, 79, 80, 81, 96, 107, “ʿÎdeyn”, 20.
İbn Mâce, “Nikâḥ”, 20, 24, 25.
Ebû Dâvûd, “Nikâḥ”, 29, “Eṭʿime”, 1, 3, “Eymân”, 22.
Tirmizî, “Nikâḥ”, 6, 10, 22, “Menâḳıb”, 17.
Nesâî, “Nikâḥ”, 72, 80.
Beyhakī, es-Sünenü’l-kübrâ , VII, 261.
Mergīnânî, el-Hidâye , [baskı yeri ve tarihi yok] (el-Mektebetü’l-İslâmiyye), IV, 80.
İbn Kudâme, el-Muġnî , VII, 434-435; VIII, 104-110, 116-117.
Nevevî, Şerḥu Müslim , IX, 216-218, 233-234.
İbn Hacer, Fetḥu’l-bârî (Sa‘d) , XIX, 243-244, 287-288, 296.
a.mlf., el-İṣâbe , IV, 226, 320.
Aynî, ʿUmdetü’l-ḳārî , Kahire 1392/1972, XVI, 329-330, 353.
Müttakī el-Hindî, Kenzü’l-ʿummâl , XV, 212.
İbn Tolun, Faṣṣü’l-ḫavâtim fîmâ ḳīle fi’l-velâʾim (nşr. Nizâr Abâza), Dımaşk 1987, s. 39-47, 60.
el-Fetâva’l-Hindiyye , V, 343.
Şevkânî, Neylü’l-evṭâr , VI, 197-208.
İbn Âbidîn, Reddü’l-muḥtâr , VI, 347-348.
Azîmâbâdî, ʿAvnü’l-maʿbûd , X, 209-210.
Tecrid Tercemesi , VI, 344; VII, 251-252; XI, 302-303.
Cevâd Ali, el-Mufaṣṣal , IV, 685-686; V, 69-73.
Bekir Topaloğlu, İslâmda Kadın , İstanbul 1965, s. 50-51.
James Robson, “Muslim wedding feasts”, Glasgow University Oriental Society , XVIII, Leiden 1961, s. 1-14.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1994 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 10. cildinde, 15-16 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
Türkler’de Düğün. Türkler, İslâm dinini kabul ettikten sonra da korudukları eski düğün âdetlerini özellikle taşrada olmak üzere bugün de sürdürmektedirler. Halen Anadolu ve Trakya’da çeşitli yörelere göre ayrıntıları değişen, fakat ana hatları genelde aynı olan düğün çoğunlukla nikâhtan hemen sonra yapılır. Zamanı, geçim kaynakları tarıma dayalı bölgelerde genellikle ürünün kaldırıldığı ve işlerin az olduğu sonbahardır. Düğün, “okuyucu” denilen kadınlar tarafından götürülen ve davetiye yerine geçen sembolik anlamlardaki mum, şeker ve buğday veya düğün hamamı için bir kalıp sabundan oluşan “okuntu” ile çağrılacak kişilere duyurulur. Dünür düşme, söz kesme ve nişan takma aşamalarından sonra düğüne bir hafta kala gelin kızın eşyası “çeyiz asma” veya “çeyiz yazma (yayma)” adıyla sergilenir. Salı günü gelin hamama götürülür, burada kadınlar kendi aralarında yemek yer ve eğlenirler. Düğünün başladığı, imam ve davetli erkekler tarafından düğün evinin damına bayrak dikilmesiyle ilân edilir. Çarşamba günü çalgılı ve oyunlu eğlenceler başlar, aynı günün akşamı da kına gecesi düzenlenerek geline (bazı bölgelerde gelin ve damada) kına yakılır. Kına gecesinin çeşitli özel türküleri vardır ve bunların başlıcası, bazı yörelerde “gelin ağlatma” da denilen “baş övme” veya “gelin övme”dir. Ayrıca halk deyimiyle “başı bütün olan”, yani başından ikinci bir nikâh geçmemiş, tek evliliğini sürdüren bir kadın, kına yakma sırasında gelin kıza “gelin okşama” denilen ve daha çok bazı nasihatleri ihtiva eden türküler söyler.
Perşembe gelin alma günüdür. Gelin alayı tarafından kız evinden alınan gelin çok defa süslü bir atla (son zamanlarda motorlu araçla) oğlan evine götürülür, eve girmeden önce üzerinden bozuk paralar saçılır; bazı yörelerde gelin, kayınpederinden ve kayınvalidesinden büyük hediyeler almadan içeri girmez. O akşam davetlilere düğün ziyafeti verilir, gerdeğe girinceye kadar duvağını açmayan gelin ise kendisini görmeye gelenlerin elini öper. Gündüz yakın arkadaşları tarafından hamama götürülen ve törenle açıkta saç-sakal tıraşı olan damat yatsı namazını yakın bir camide kılar, bu arada hocanın nasihatlerini dinler ve duasını aldıktan sonra eve döner; gelinin yanına girerken arkadaşları tarafından sırtının yumruklanması âdettir. Damat gerdek odasında iki rek‘at namaz kıldıktan ve yüz görümlüğü denilen hediyesini taktıktan sonra gelinin duvağını açar. “Duvak günü” olan ertesi gün hısım akraba ve yakın dostlar gelinin evine gelirler ve kendi aralarında eğlenirler. Akşam yemek için topluca kız evine gidilir. Pazar günü kız evinden oğlan evine bir tepsi baklava gönderilir, pazartesi günü de damatla gelin el öpmek üzere kız evine giderler, böylece törenler sona erer.
Osmanlı Saray Düğünleri (Sûr-ı Hümâyun). Saray düğünleri, şehzade evlilik ve sünnetleriyle sultanların (padişah kızı veya kız kardeşi) evlilikleri münasebetiyle yapılırdı. Daha önceki Türk-İslâm hükümdarları gibi Osmanlı padişahları da kızlarını veya hânedana mensup öteki sultanları kuruluş devrinde civar beyliklerin şehzadeleriyle, sonraları ise genellikle devlet erkânından biriyle, nâdiren de tanınmış ailelerin oğullarıyla evlendirirlerdi. Şehzadeler ise önceleri civar beyliklerin hanım sultanlarıyla, daha sonra da genellikle saraydaki câriyelerle evlendirilmişlerdir. Padişahlar şehzadeleri için kız isterken hediyelerle elçi gönderirler, arkasından da sarayın ileri gelen kadınları gelin adayını görmek için kız evine giderlerdi. Şehzadelikleri sırasında Orhan Gazi’nin Bizans prensesi Teodora, Yıldırım Bayezid’in Germiyanoğlu Süleyman Şah’ın kızı Devlet Hatun, II. Murad’ın İsfendiyaroğlu İbrâhim Bey’in kızı Hatice Hatun ve II. Mehmed’in Dulkadıroğlu Süleyman Bey’in kızı Sitti Hatun’la evlenmeleri münasebetiyle düzenlenen törenler başlangıç döneminin başlıca düğünleri olup bunların en ihtişamlısı Edirne’de yapılan Fâtih Sultan Mehmed’in düğünüdür. Klasik dönemde bazan sultanların evlilik ve şehzadelerin sünnet düğünleri bir arada yapılırdı. III. Murad’ın 1582’de düzenlediği, Osmanlı tarihinin en muhteşem düğünü olarak kabul edilen şenlikler, şehzadelerin sünnetleri ve Ayşe Sultan’ın evliliği münasebetiyle yapılmıştı. Aynı şekilde IV. Mehmed’in 1675’te Edirne’de yaptırdığı düğün de yine bu iki mutlu olay münasebetiyle düzenlenmişti.
Klasik dönem sultan düğünlerinde törenin düzeninden ve idaresinden Dârüssaâde ağası sorumluydu ve törenlerin her aşamasında teşrifat kurallarına titizlikle uymak zorundaydı. Nişan ve nikâh genellikle ayrı günlerde yapılır, sultan gelinin düğün elbisesi çok zengin olurdu. Önceleri al renkli iken XIX. yüzyılda beyaza çevrilen gelinlik inci ve sırma işlemelerle kaplanır, süslemeleri pırlanta düğmeler ve murassa‘ tokalı kemerle tamamlanırdı. Padişah tarafından damatlığa seçilen kimsenin gelin sultan için gönderdiği ağırlıklar arasında mutlaka mihr-i müeccel, hepsi değerli taşlarla süslenmiş olmak şartıyla yüzük, küpe, bilezik, ayna, nikāb, ayakkabı, mest-pabuç, nalın ve elmaslı sorguç ile bunların yanı sıra tablalarla şeker, meyve ve tepsiler içinde çiçeklerle süslenmiş yapma bahçeler ve ayrıca çeşitli boylarda nahil ler bulunurdu. Malî durumu iyi olan damadın, başta padişahın başkadını ile kadınefendilerine, şehzadelere, öteki sultanlara ve Dârüssaâde ağasına da hediyeler göndermesi âdetti; bazan durumu iyi olmayan damada hazineden para yardımı yapıldığı olurdu.
Nikâh sarayda kıyılır, sadrazam ve şeyhülislâmın kendilerine ayrılan yerlere oturmalarıyla tören başlardı. Dârüssaâde ağası gelin sultanın, yüksek rütbeli bir devlet adamı da damadın vekili olur, ikişer şahitle davetlilerin önünde nikâhı şeyhülislâm kıyardı. Daha sonra davetlilere ve divan üyelerine rütbelerine göre padişah, vâlide sultan ve damat tarafından gönderilen hediyeler verilirdi. Böylece nikâh sona ererken sıra şenliğe ve “velîme” denilen ziyafete gelir, bu arada gelinin çeyizini götürecek olan alay yola çıkardı.
Aslında dışarıdaki şenlikler sabahtan başlar, yemekten sonra kısa bir dinlenmenin ardından tekrar canlanır ve ikindiden sonra gösterilere geçilerek hava karardıktan sonra da devam edilirdi. Osmanlı saray düğünlerinde genellikle geçit törenleri, müzik eşliğinde danslar, seyirlik oyunlar, spor yarışmaları, donanma ve diğer gece eğlenceleriyle dramatik oyun gösterileri yapılırdı. Geçit törenlerinde nahiller, yapma bahçeler, şekerden maketler taşınır, arabalar üzerinde esnaf sanatını sergiler; müzikli eğlencelerde mehter ve klasik Türk müziği takımları fasıl icra eder; seyirlik oyunlarda cambaz, gürbaz, zorbaz, şemşîrbaz, hokkabaz, yılanbaz, curcunabaz, hayvan oynatıcı, tiryaki, tulumcu ve kuklacılar hünerlerini gösterir; spor yarışmalarında matrak, cirit, binicilik, atıcılık, güreş ve koşu müsabakaları tertip edilir; donanma ve gece eğlencelerinde mahyalar asılır, havai fişekler atılır, dramatik oyunlarda ise konulu güldürüler, savaş oyunları ve taklitli sahne gösterileri yapılırdı.
Genellikle perşembe günü düzenlenen ve önceleri Eski Saray’da veya Topkapı Sarayı’nda hazırlanan gelin alayı, XIX. yüzyılda Dolmabahçe, Çırağan yahut Yıldız saraylarında başlayıp damadın konağında sona ererdi. Alay günü sadrazam, vezirler ve öteki devlet ileri gelenleri sarayda toplanırlar, gelin sultan hânedana mahsus kırmızı atlas cibinlik içinde iki çifte atlı araba ile, eğer sahildeki bir saraydan bir başka sahilsaraya gidecekse o zaman denizden saltanat kayıklarıyla götürülürdü. Yeni sarayına veya konağına ulaşan gelini kapıda damat paşa karşılar, töre gereği sultan gelin bir süre arabadan inmemek için nazlanırdı; sonra sağ koltuğuna damat, sol koltuğuna kızlar ağası girerek inmesine yardım ederler ve halı serili yoldan haremine götürüp özel olarak hazırlanmış tahtına oturturlardı. Damadın konağında kadın ve erkeklere ayrı ayrı ziyafetler verilir, yatsıdan sonra davetliler dağılırdı.
III. Ahmed’in kızı Fatma Sultan’ın 16 Mayıs 1709 Perşembe günü yapılan gelin alayında teşrifat sırası şöyle idi: Çavuşbaşı, tezkireciler, nakîbüleşraf, İstanbul kadısı, kazaskerler, sağdıç paşalar, sadrazam, şeyhülislâm, Haremeyn müfettişi, muhasebecisi, mukātaacısı ile ağababası, vâlide sultan ve damat paşa kethüdâsı, gelin sultan kethüdâsı, yanlarında iki büyük nahil taşıyan tersaneliler ortasında dergâh-ı âlî kapıcıbaşıları, teberdarlar kethüdâsı ve Dârüssaâde ağası kâtibi, kapıcılar ardında iki sıra üzerine üç dört nahil taşıyan tersaneliler, Eski Saray baltacıları, iki gümüş nahilin arkasında tam donanımlı bir ata binmiş olarak elinde cildi ve kesesi mücevher işli bir mushaf taşıyan Eski Saray teberdarları kâtibi, yine tam donanımlı bir at üstünde Dârüssaâde ağası saraçbaşısı, kürklü kaftan giymiş halde Dârüssaâde ağası, yanında Eski Saray teberdarları, bunların önünde halka saçılmak üzere götürülen on kese akçeyi taşıyanlar, gümüş araba içinde gelin Fatma Sultan, yedek araba, tablhâne ve harem kadınlarının bindikleri araba.
II. Mahmud’dan itibaren, özellikle Tanzimat’ın ilânından sonra öteki yeniliklere paralel olarak saray düğünlerinde de değişiklikler olmuştur. Törenlerin baş sorumlusu Dârüssaâde ağası önemini kaybetmiş, mehterin yerini saray bandosu almış ve geleneksel kırmızı gelin elbisesi de beyaz gelinliğe dönüşmüştür.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
TSMA, nr. E. 367, 692, 962, 7004, 7029, 8270.
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Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1994 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 10. cildinde, 16-18 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.