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DÜKKÂLÎ, Ebû Şuayb Skip to content Ebû Şuayb b. Abdirrahmân b. Abdilazîz es-Sıddîkī ed-Dükkâlî (1878-1937)
Fas’ta Selefî düşüncenin öncülerinden, fakih, muhaddis ve devlet adamı.
25 Zilkade 1295’te (20 Kasım 1878) Dükkâlî bölgesinde Cedîde şehrinin güneyindeki Garbiye’ye yakın Sıddîkāt adlı beldede dünyaya geldi. Dükkâle kabilesinin Evlâdü Amr koluna bağlı Sıddîkāt aşiretinden tanınmış bir ulemâ ailesine mensuptur. Dedesi Ebû Fâris Abdülazîz ile amcaları Ebû Şuayb ve Muhammed de âlimdi. Dükkâlî beş yaşında babasını kaybetti ve amcası Muhammed’in himayesinde yetişti. Daha sonra Ebü’l-Abbas Ahmed b. Maâşî’den kırâat-i seb‘ayı öğrendi. Memleketinde Muhammed b. Azzûz ve Merakeş Kadısı Muhammed Tâhir es-Sıddîkī gibi âlimlerden ders okudu. Ardından Rîf bölgesinde ve Tanca’da fıkıh, hadis, kıraat dersleri aldı ve genç yaşta parlak bir gelecek vaad etti. Kral I. Hasan zamanında Merakeş’teki kraliyet sarayında düzenlenen, Mâlikî fıkhının temel metinlerinden Halîl b. İshak’ın el-Muḫtaṣar adlı eserini ezberleme yarışmasında birinci geldiğinde henüz on üç yaşında idi. Bu sırada Dükkâlî’nin yedi kıraati de bildiğini öğrenen sultan kendisini huzuruna kabul ederek hediyeler verdi ve hil‘at giydirdi (1891).
1897 yılında Kahire’ye giden Dükkâlî altı yıl boyunca Selîm el-Bişrî, Ali el-Bûlâkī, Muhammed Arabî ed-Desûkī, Muhammed Bahît el-Mutîî, Muhammed Mahmud eş-Şinkītî ve Ahmed er-Rifâî gibi Ezher ulemâsından ders okudu. Bu sırada Mısır’da Cemâleddîn-i Efgānî, Muhammed Abduh ve M. Reşîd Rızâ gibi ilim ve fikir adamlarının öncülük ettiği ve basın yayın organlarında geniş bir şekilde tartışılan ıslah düşüncesinden büyük ölçüde etkilendi. Mekke Emîri Şerîf Avn er-Refîk’in Harem-i şerif için âlim bir imam gönderilmesi isteği üzerine Ezher şeyhi olan hocası Selîm el-Bişrî’nin seçimiyle Mekke’ye gönderilen Dükkâlî, orada aralarında Bedreddin el-Hasenî, Abdullah Savfân en-Nablusî, Abdürrezzâk el-Baytâr, Ahmed b. Îsâ en-Necdî gibi şahsiyetlerin de bulunduğu Yemen, Irak, Suriye ve Hindistan kökenli birçok âlimden icâzet aldı. Mekke’de bulunduğu yıllarda Selefî düşünceyi yakından tanıdı. Emîr’in Maliye Veziri Muhammed Bedî‘in kızı Cemîle ile evlendi. Mekke’de kendisine Harem-i şerif hatipliği ve dört mezhebe göre fetva görevi verildi. Harem-i şerif’te tefsir ve hadis dersleri okuttu, bu alanda da şöhreti yayıldı, Hicaz ulemâsının yanı sıra İslâm dünyasının çeşitli bölgelerinden hac vesilesiyle Mekke’ye gelen âlimler kendisinden faydalandı.
Fas kralı olan kardeşi Mevlây Abdülazîz el-Alevî’ye karşı 1907’de bağımsızlığını ilân eden Merakeş Valisi Abdülhafîz el-Alevî’nin, yapmayı düşündüğü reformlar konusunda fikirlerinden yararlanmak üzere kendisini Fas’a davet etmesi üzerine Dükkâlî ülkesine döndü. Ertesi yıl Fransa’nın desteğiyle kardeşini mağlûp edip tahta geçen yeni sultan Mevlây Abdülhafîz tarafından başşehir Fas’ta büyük bir itibar ve saygı gördü. Sultan çeşitli alanlarda giriştiği ıslahatlar konusunda onun şahsında önemli bir desteğe kavuşurken o da sultandan aldığı destekle Selefî görüşlerini yaymaya başladı, bid‘at ve hurafelere karşı verdiği mücadeleyle öne çıktı. Başta İbn Teymiyye’nin eserleri olmak üzere Mısır’da basılan ve Selefî görüşleri içeren kitaplar talebelerinin yardımıyla Fas muhitinde de yayıldı. 1910’da Haremeyn’e vakfedilmek amacıyla arazi satın alması için sultan onu Hicaz’a gönderdi. Bu seyahati, uğradığı bütün Arap ülkelerinde iyice tanınmasına vesile oldu. Ertesi yıl Fas’a döndüğünde Merakeş kadılığına getirildi. 1912’de ülkesi Fransa tarafından işgal edilince yönetimden çekilmek zorunda kalan Abdülhafîz’den sonra kardeşi Mevlây Yûsuf b. Hasan tahta geçti ve Dükkâlî’yi Rabat’a çağırıp Adliye bakanlığı görevine tayin etti. Ertesi yıl Yüksek Şer‘î İstînaf Meclisi kurulduğunda bu kurulun başkanlığı, ayrıca Din İşleri ve Maarif İdaresi görevi de uhdesine verildi. Bakanlıkta kaldığı sürece (1912-1926) devletin dinî siyasetinde, adliye ve eğitim alanlarındaki reformlarda etkili oldu. Tarikatların şer‘î esaslara aykırı görülen âyinleri ve müridlerin uygulamalarıyla ilgili hükümet kararlarına öncülük etmekle birlikte tarikat şeyhlerine yönelik ağır eleştirilerde bulunmadı.
Dükkâlî, gerek hükümet üyeleri gerekse sömürge yöneticileri karşısında hak bildiğini savunup uygulamaktan geri durmadı, dine aykırı görünen uygulama tekliflerini imzalamadı. Nitekim böyle bir durumun ortaya çıkması sebebiyle görevinden affını istedi. Bunun üzerine kendisine onur bakanlığı pâyesi verildi. Bundan sonra öğretimle ve Selefî fikirlerini yaymakla meşgul oldu. Bu maksatla Fas’ın birçok şehrini dolaştı. Gittiği her yerde etrafında geniş bir talebe halkası teşekkül etti, çeşitli cami, medrese ve zâviyelerde ders okuttu. Derslerinde Fas’taki Karaviyyîn Camii’nin yarıya kadar, Rabat’ta Nâsıriyye Zâviyesi’nin tamamen dolduğu, çevrede bulunan esnafın da onun derslerini dinlediği kaydedilir. Rabat’ta bakanlık görevine getirildikten sonra vefatına kadar Nâsıriyye Zâviyesi, Mescid-i A‘zam, Sîdî Fâtih Türbesi ve Mescid-i Kubbe gibi yerlerde yirmi beş yıl ders verdi. Çeşitli vesilelerle gittiği Kahire’de Ezher ve Tunus’ta Zeytûne camilerinde okuttuğu dersler de büyük rağbet gördü. Mağrib’in tanınmış âlimlerinden olup da Dükkâlî’den ders almayan hemen hemen kimsenin bulunmadığı belirtilir. Fas’ın dinî, fikrî ve siyasî tarihinde etkili olmuş talebeleri arasında Muhammed b. Abdüsselâm es-Sâih, Abdüsselâm b. Abdülkādir İbn Sûde, Abbas el-Cirârî ile oğlu Abdullah b. Abbas el-Cirârî, Abdülhafîz b. Muhammed Tâhir el-Fâsî, Muhammed Bâkır el-Kettânî, Muhammed İbrâhim el-Kettânî, Abdullah Kennûn, Allâl el-Fâsî, Muhammed b. Hasan el-Hacvî, Ebü’l-Fazl İbnü’s-Sıddîk el-Gumarî, Muhammed Muhtâr es-Sûsî gibi âlimler sayılabilir. Fas’ta çağdaş milliyetçiliğin büyük isimlerinin çoğu, onun en önde gelen öğrencilerinden Muhammed b. Arabî el-Alevî’yi kendi hocaları ve ilham kaynağı olarak anar. Fas sultanları Mevlây Abdülhafîz, kardeşi Mevlây Yûsuf ve bunun oğlu V. Muhammed’in saltanatının ilk yıllarındaki huzur derslerini de yöneten Dükkâlî’ye Sultan V. Muhammed tarafından “büyük zabıt” derecesiyle “Alevî nişanı” verildi. Ayrıca üçüncü dereceden Fransız “Légion d’Honneur” nişanıyla taltif edildi. Ancak bu nişanları üzerine hiç takmadı. Uzun süre devam eden ağır bir hastalığın ardından 17 Temmuz 1937 tarihinde Rabat’ta vefat etti ve Mevlây Mekkî el-Vezzânî’nin zâviyesinde defnedildi.
Dükkâlî hadis, fıkıh, hilâf ilmi, kıraat, tefsir, Arap dili ve edebiyatı alanlarında geniş bilgi sahibi, eşine az rastlanan titiz bir araştırmacı, ayrıca ezberleme kabiliyeti konusunda darbımesel olan bir şahsiyettir. Onun el-Âcurrûmiyye ’yi bir günde, İbn Mâlik’in el-Elfiyye ’sini on günde, Halîl b. İshak’ın el-Muḫtaṣar ’ını dört ayda ezberlediği nakledilir. Mağrib’de Selefîler’in reisi, hadis hâfızlarının sonuncusu, müfessir, müctehid imam gibi niteliklerle anılır. Hadisleri farklı metinleri ve muhtelif rivayet yollarıyla, râvilerin cerh ve ta‘dîl bakımından durumlarını belirterek zikreder; dört mezhep imamının bir hadisten çıkardığı hükümleri ve bu istinbatın keyfiyetini, hadisi delil olarak kabul veya red gerekçelerini, hükmü konusunda ortaya çıkan görüş ayrılıklarını ayrıntılı biçimde açıklardı. Dükkâlî, Mâlikî mezhebine bağlı kalmak ve hükümlerini savunmakla birlikte çoğu zaman kendi görüşlerini de belirtir, ayrıca bir konuda delilini daha güçlü bulduğunda başka bir mezhebi benimserdi.
Genç yaşta gösterdiği yetenek, doğu İslâm dünyasında edindiği ilmî ve fikrî birikim, ayrıca üstlendiği görevler onun ıslahatçı bir düşünür olarak Fas’ın ilim, fikir ve siyaset tarihinde önemli bir rol oynamasını sağlamıştır. Uzun bir süre (1897-1907) Doğu’da yaşayan, Muhammed Abduh’un ıslah planlarını uygulamaya başladığı bir dönemde Kahire’de bulunan Dükkâlî onun görüşlerinden büyük ölçüde etkilenmiştir. Nitekim daha sonra kendisi için Fas’ın Muhammed Abduh’u denmiştir. Muhammed Abduh ve M. Reşîd Rızâ’nın Mısır’da yaptığı gibi o da Karaviyyîn Medresesi’nin artık eskimiş olan müfredatına tefsir dersi koymayı başarmış, Fas Sultanı Mevlây Süleyman zamanında (1792-1822) Ahmed et-Ticânî’nin telkiniyle müfredattan kaldırılan tefsir dersleri böylece yeniden başlamıştır. Kıraat, nâsih-mensuh, esbâb-ı nüzûl, meânî, ahkâm ve belâgat gibi Kur’an ilimlerine de vâkıf olan Dükkâlî tefsir derslerinde toplumu Kur’an’ın kılavuzluğunda her türlü hurafe, bâtıl inanç ve anlayıştan kurtaracak ıslahçı fikirlerini genç talebelere aşılamıştır. Dükkâlî’nin ikinci önemli faaliyeti de o sıralarda sadece metinleri okunup geçilen hadis derslerinde dirâyeti, hadisin anlam ve ruhuna nüfuzu önceleyen, sünneti ihya etmeyi hedefleyen bir öğretim metodu izlemesidir. Genelde el-Muvaṭṭaʾ ve Ṣaḥîḥayn ile sınırlı kalan okumalara Kütüb-i Sitte ’nin diğer kitaplarını da dahil etmiş, yalnız Kur’an ve Sünnet’e dönüşle Mağrib halkını yeni bir silkinişe yöneltecek olan Selefî düşünceyi ülkede yerleştirmeye çalışmıştır. Ulemâ arasında ictihad fikrini uyandırmak, âlimlerin mezhep naslarına sıkı sıkıya bağlanmaktan vazgeçip tercihe başvurmasını, sünnete aykırı görüşleri terketmesini sağlamak ve tarikata bağlılık inancını zayıflatmak onun başlıca hedefleriydi. Karaviyyîn âlimlerinin büyük bir kısmı kendisinin ortaya koyduğu Selefîliğe meyletmemişse de sünnete bağlılığın yayılmasında Dükkâlî önemli başarı kazanmıştır. Bir kısım âlimler tarikatlara intisabı, bir kısmı geleneksel mezhep bağlılığını sürdürürken bir kısmı da hadis ve ictihadın ihyasına yönelerek bid‘at ve hurafelere karşı çıkmıştır. Fas Selefî hareketinin mücadelesi bid‘at ve hurafelerle sınırlı kalmayıp sömürgeci güçlere karşı bir direnişin oluşmasına da katkıda bulunmuştur. Nitekim Selefî düşünce, Fas bağımsızlık hareketinin doğup gelişmesinde en önemli âmillerden birini teşkil ederek hareketin ideolojisi haline gelmiş, bağımsızlık yanlısı milliyetçi eğilimler kendisinden büyük ölçüde etkilenmiştir. Bu etki Cezayir ve Tunus gibi komşu ülkelerde de kendini göstermiştir.
Fransız himayesi döneminde üstlendiği bakanlık görevinden dolayı bazı çevrelerce sömürgecilere hizmette bulunduğu yolunda ithamlara mâruz kalmakla birlikte meşrû yönetim olarak gördüğü Fas Alevî sultanlarına bağlı kalan Dükkâlî, herhangi bir siyasî hareket ve ıslahatın başarılı olabilmesi için sosyal ve fikrî dönüşümü zaruri görüyordu. Bu sebeple Mustafa Muhammed Mâülayneyn’in oğlu Ahmed el-Heybe gibi bazı hârikulâdeliklere inanarak kendisinden çok güçlü ordularla çatışmaya giren liderlerin davranışlarını tasvip etmemiştir. Ülkesi için faydalı olacağı düşüncesiyle Fransa ile uzlaşmayı tavsiye etmiş, kesin biçimde yabancı üstünlüğüyle sonuçlanacak bir çatışmadan ne pahasına olursa olsun sakınmak gerektiğini dile getirmiştir (Cagne, s. 355). Dükkâlî, kendi dönemindeki bazı ıslah yanlısı âlimler gibi görüşlerini içeren eserler bırakmamakla birlikte (yayımlanan iki küçük konuşması için bk. Kaytûnî, s. 117) basın yayın vasıtalarının yaygın olmadığı bir devirde halkın da katıldığı geniş çaplı dersleri, ayrıca görüşlerini dirâyetle temsil eden ve yazdıkları eserler, açtıkları eğitim kurumları aracılığıyla bunları yayan yetkin talebeleri sayesinde Mağrib’de Selefî düşüncenin önemli bir temsilcisi olarak görülmüştür. Fas’ın Cedîde şehrinde bir üniversiteye ve ülkedeki bazı eğitim kurumlarına onun adı verilmiştir (tanınmış şair ve edip Abdullah b. Abbas el-Kabbâc’ın Dükkâlî hakkındaki bir kasidesi için bk. Cirârî, II, 321-322).
Dükkâlî hakkında kaleme alınan monografiler arasında şunlar anılabilir: Abdullah b. Abbas el-Cirârî, el-Muḥaddis̱ü’l-ḥâfıẓ Ebû Şuʿayb ed-Dükkâlî (Dârülbeyzâ 1396/1976); Abdülhakîm Berkâş, eş-Şeyḫ Ebû Şuʿayb ed-Dükkâlî: Ekâdîmiyye ʿilmiyye tesîru ʿalâ ricleyhâ ve tüġayyiru maʿahâ mecre’t-târîḫ ([baskı yeri yok] 1989); Ca‘fer b. Ahmed en-Nâsırî, Tercemetü şeyḫinâ el-ʿallâme el-muḥaddis̱ Ebî Şuʿayb ed-Dükkâlî (nşr. Muhammed b. Azzûz, Beyrut 2005); Muhammed Riyâz, Şeyḫu’l-İslâm Ebû Şuʿayb ed-Dükkâlî eṣ-Ṣıddîḳī ve cühûdühû fi’l-ʿilm ve’l-ıṣlâḥ ve’l-vaṭaniyye (Dârülbeyzâ 2005, 2009); Muhammed İbrâhim el-Kettânî, Ebû Şuʿayb ed-Dükkâlî kemâ ʿareftuhû ve Ṭalâʾiʿu’l-yaḳaẓati’l-Maġribiyye ev Ebû Şuʿayb ed-Dükkâlî ve’s-Selefiyye.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2016 yılında İstanbul’da basılan (gözden geçirilmiş 2. basım) EK-1. cildinde, 350-352 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.