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DÜZCE Skip to content Karadeniz bölgesinin batı bölümünün iç kesiminde şehir ve bu şehrin merkez olduğu il.
Şehirle aynı adı taşıyan ovanın orta bölgesinde İstanbul-Ankara yolu üzerinde düz bir kesimde yer alır. Denizden yüksekliği meteoroloji istasyonunun bulunduğu yerde 146 metreye ulaşır. Gelişmesini ve özellikle son yıllardaki hızlı büyümesini hayli işlek bir yolun kenarında olmasına borçludur. Ayrıca Karadeniz kıyısında Akçakoca’ya giden yol da buradan geçer ve şehri bir kavşak noktası haline getirir. Bu coğrafî avantajına rağmen XIX. yüzyılın başlarına kadar Düzce ovasının önemli merkezi ovanın kuzeyindeki, tarihi Eskiçağ’a inen Üskübü idi (Osmanlı belgelerinde Üskübî, günümüzde Konuralp). Düzce 9 km. kadar kuzeyinde bulunan Üskübü’nün yerini almış bir XIX. yüzyıl şehridir. Üskübü’de Bitinya döneminden önce Kieros adlı bir yerleşme yeri bulunuyordu. Bu yer Bitinya Kralı I. Prusias tarafından ele geçirilince onun adıyla anıldı. Antikçağ’daki diğer Prusias (Prusia) adlı yerlerle karışmaması için yakınından geçen Hypius akarsuyundan (günümüzdeki Melen suyu) dolayı Prusias ad Hypium olarak adlandırıldı. Burası, Nikomedya’yı (İzmit) Karadeniz kıyısında Amastris’e (Amasra) bağlayan yol üzerinde önemli bir geçiş yeri durumundaydı. Bitinya Kralı IV. Nikomedes, milâttan önce 74 yılında Bitinya topraklarını Roma İmparatorluğu’na verince Prusias ad Hypium da bir Roma şehri oldu ve teşkil edilen Bitinya eyaletinin doğu kesiminin en önemli merkezi durumuna geldi.
Roma döneminde Prusias’ın önemli bir şehir olmasına tanıklık eden eserlerin kalıntılarından bir kısmı günümüze ulaşmıştır. Bugün “kırk basamak” denilen Prusias tiyatrosu bunların başında gelir. Küçük çaplı bazı Roma buluntularının bir kısmı Konuralp Müzesi’nde, bir kısmı da İstanbul Arkeoloji Müzeleri’nde sergilenmektedir. Bazı Eskiçağ kaynaklarında Roma imparatorlarından Hadrianus ile Caracalla’nın bu şehre uğradığı bilgisi de yer alır. Roma İmparatorluğu’nun 395’te ikiye bölünmesinden sonra bu şehir ve çevresi Doğu Roma’nın (Bizans) payına düştü, aynı yüzyılda piskoposluk merkezi oldu. 325 İznik ve 451 Kadıköy konsillerine delege gönderen yerler arasında bulunması önemli bir kent olduğunu gösterir. Bizans döneminde de önemini sürdüren şehir yeni surlarla kuşatıldı (Bizans dönemine ait surların sadece 200 metrelik bir bölümü günümüzde de ayaktadır, Roma surlarından ise bugüne hiçbir kalıntı ulaşmamıştır).
Düzce yöresi ve Prusias şehri Osmanlı Devleti’nin erken dönemlerinde 1321 veya 1323 yılında Osman Gazi’nin kumandanlarından Konuralp tarafından fethedildi. Fethedenin adından dolayı buraya uzun süre Konrapa ya da Konurpa-ili denildi. 925 (1519) yılı tahririne göre Konurapa, Bolu sancağına bağlı bir kaza olup merkezi de aynı adı taşıyan seksen altı hâne, dokuz bekâr erkekten (toplam 450-500 kişi) ibaret nüfusa sahip bir kasabaydı. Aynı zamanda Düzce (Tuzca/Duzca okunacak şekilde imlâsı kayıtlıdır) içinde yerleşme olmayan bir kır pazarı diye zikredilir ve Üskübü’nün de Konurapa’ya çok yakın, yine meskûn olmayan bir köy olduğu kaydedilir. Bu durum Düzce pazarının Konurapa-Üskübü ile bir bağının bulunduğuna ve bu yöredeki diğer köylerin de pazarı haline geldiğine işaret eder. Defterde Düzce pazarına ait vergi gelirinin 1200 akçe olduğu belirtilir. Bu da bölgedeki diğer kır pazarlarına nisbetle burada daha hareketli bir alışverişin yapıldığını ortaya koyar. 975 (1568) tarihli tahrir kayıtlarında Konurapa kasabasının nüfusunun bir önceki tahrire göre az bir düşüş gösterdiği dikkati çeker (73 hâne, 30 bekâr). Muhtemelen zamanla Konurapa merkez kasabası Üskübü ve Düzce pazarıyla birleşerek sürekli iskânı sağlayacak bir yere dönüşecektir. XVII. yüzyılda Üskübü, belgelerde tersaneye gemi inşa malzemesi gönderen yerler arasında geçer ve “Üskübî ormanı” tabiri bulunur. Aynı yüzyılın ortalarına doğru bu yöreden geçen Evliya Çelebi, Düzce’den bir yerleşme yeri olarak değil bir camisi ve iki konaklama yeri olan bir geçit yeri, bir menzil noktası olarak söz eder. Bu menzil yeri de Osmanlı yol sisteminde “sol yaka yolu” diye bilinen, İstanbul’u Doğu Anadolu’nun önemli merkezlerine bağlayan, fakat Ankara’dan geçmeyen güzergâhtaydı. XIX. yüzyıla gelinceye kadar kullanılan İstanbul-Ankara yolu günümüzdeki hattı izlemiyor, İzmit-Geyve boğazı-Taraklı-Göynük-Mudurnu-Nallıhan-Beypazarı üzerinden Ankara’ya ulaşıyordu. Sonradan bu yol Adapazarı-Düzce-Bolu üzerinden geçirildi. Yeniden işlerlik kazanan bu yola göre eski merkez (Konurapa/Üskübü) kenarda kaldı ve önemini kaybetti; yenilenmiş ve daha önem kazanmış yol üzerinde bir pazar yeri ve menzil noktası olan Düzce gelişmeye başladı. Konurapa nüfus kaybederken Düzce zaman içinde bir kasabaya dönüştü. Düzce’nin durumu, ilk yerini terkeden ve onun biraz uzağında gelişen Harput-Elazığ örneğiyle benzerlik gösterir.
Düzce’nin yeni yerinde gelişip büyümesinde, ovanın bu kesiminde eskiden fazla yer kaplayan bataklıkların kurutulması için çaba harcanmaya başlanması da etkili oldu. Günümüzde de ovada yer alan bazı sığ su birikintileri bu bataklıktan kalmıştır. Bundan dolayı Düzce’nin güneybatısındaki Efteni gölüne bazı kaynaklarda Efteni bataklığı denir. Bir başka gösterge de ovadaki bazı coğrafî isimlerdir. XX. yüzyılın başlarına ait 1/400.000 ölçekli Richard Kiepert haritasında Zafaranboli paftasında Düzce’nin güneyinde Bataklı adlı bir köy ve bu köy civarında Batak su adlı bir dere dikkati çekmektedir. Böyle bir coğrafî ortamda, önceleri bir yol boyu yerleşmesi tipinde kurulup sonradan büyüdükçe dairevî görünüşte bir yerleşme şeklini alan şehrin adı aslında düz bir alanda kurulmasından çok XVI. yüzyılda görülen Düzce pazarı ile irtibatlı görünür. 1519 tahririnde bu adın Tuzca/Duzca okunacak şekilde yazılması tuz ticaretinin yapıldığı bir pazar yeri olmasıyla ilgili olabilir. R. Kiepert haritasında bugünkü Düzce’nin 15 km. kadar güneyinde yer alan Dusae adlı küçük bir antik yerleşme yerinin de Düzce adının kökeni bakımından belirleyici olduğu ileri sürülür ve bu adın Dusae’dan esinlenerek verilmiş olma ihtimalini akla getirir. Şehrin XIX. yüzyılda başlayan gelişmesi Kafkasya’dan gelen göçmenlerin yerleştirilmesiyle hızlandı. XIX. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında gerçekleşen ve eyalet sistemini kaldırıp büyük vilâyet sistemine geçişi sağlayan yeni düzenlemeye göre Düzce, Kastamonu vilâyetinin Bolu sancağının Göynük kazasına bağlı “Akçeşehiri maa Düzce” adlı bir nahiyenin sınırları içinde kalıyordu.
Millî Mücadele yıllarında Düzce işgale uğramayan yerlerden biridir. Fakat bu yıllarda Düzce’yi huzursuz eden olay, buradan başka yerleri de (Beypazarı, Bolu, Gerede, Mudurnu) kapsadığı halde Düzce ayaklanmaları adıyla bilinen ayaklanmalardır. Bunların ilki 13 Nisan 1920’de başladı ve 26 Mayıs’ta bastırıldı. 8 Ağustos’ta da ikinci isyan hareketi patlak verdi. Düzce ve ardından Bolu âsilerin eline geçtiyse de 14 Ağustos’ta Bolu, 23 Eylül’de Düzce kurtarıldı. Cumhuriyet döneminde sancaklar vilâyet haline dönüştürülünce Düzce de Bolu vilâyetine bağlı bir kazanın merkezi durumuna geldi. Cumhuriyet’in ilk nüfus sayımında (1927) henüz 6000’i bile bulmayan nüfusuyla bir kasaba durumundaydı (5937 nüfus). Nüfusu 1950 yılına kadar 10.000 sınırını geçemedi (1940’ta 7123, 1945’te 8759, 1950’de 10.203 nüfus). Bu dönemde 1 Şubat 1944 tarihli Gerede depremi Düzce’yi de etkiledi, 15 Şubat’taki deprem ise Düzce’de daha etkili oldu. 1950’den sonra hızlı bir gelişme sürecine giren Düzce’nin nüfusu 1955’te 12.612, 1960’ta 18.344 oldu. 1965’te 20.000’i (22.274 nüfus), 1975’te 30.000’i (32.129 nüfus) geçti. Bu nüfus artışı mekân bakımından genişlemeyi ve mahallelerle ilgili bazı düzenlemeleri de beraberinde getirdi. Düzce, 1950’li yılların başlarında yedi mahalleden ibaretken (Belediyeler Yıllığı , I, 680) 24 Temmuz 1965 tarihli bir kararla bu sayı on bire çıkarıldı. Düzce’nin ilk yedi mahallesi Nusrettin, Şerefiye, Burhaniye, Cedidiye, Çay, Camiikebir ve Hamidiye mahalleleriydi. Bunlardan Şerefiye ve Camiikebir mahalleleri sonradan ikiye, Cedidiye mahallesi üçe, bölündü. Hamidiye mahallesi de 1974’te iki mahalleye ayrıldı. Bu şekilde on iki mahalleli kasaba 712 hektarlık bir alana yayılmış oldu. 1945 sayımından 1970 sayımına kadar Düzce şehrinin nüfusu o dönemlerde bağlı olduğu Bolu ilinin merkezinden fazlaydı. Nüfus bakımından Bolu’nun önüne geçmesi Düzce’nin bazı devlet imkânlarına kavuşmasını sağladı. 1950-1970 arası Düzce’nin sanayide hızla geliştiği bir dönemdir. Düzce bu gelişme sırasında 16 Temmuz 1965 ve 28 Haziran 1972’de iki sel felâketine uğradı.
Şehrin büyümesi sadece mahallelerin bölünmesiyle kalmadı. Şehre yakın köylerin mahalle statüsüne kavuşturularak belediye sınırları içine alınmasıyla da mekânsal genişleme sağlandı. Düzce’de her açıdan görülen hızlı gelişme sürerken şehir Ankara-İstanbul Otoyolu, ayrıca bu iki şehri birleştiren karayolu üzerinde olmanın avantajını iyi kullanarak ticaret ve sanayi alanında hızla büyüdü. Ancak 17 Ağustos ve 12 Kasım 1999 depremleriyle büyük bir yara aldı. Birinci deprem 7.4, ikincisi 7.2 şiddetinde olmasına rağmen ikinci deprem şehirde ve çevresinde daha fazla yıkıma ve can kaybına yol açtı. Bunda ikinci depremin merkez üssünün Düzce ovasında olması rol oynadı. Her iki deprem sonucunda en çok hasar Camiikebir, Kültür ve Şerefiye mahallelerinde görüldü. Deprem şehrin en önemli camilerinden olan Merkez ve Cedidiye camilerinde önemli ölçüde hasar meydana getirdi. Düzce, aldığı büyük yarayı kısa sürede sarabilmesi ve gerekli devlet yardımını daha kolay alabilmesi için 9 Aralık 1999 tarihinde yeni kurulan aynı adlı bir ilin (Türkiye’nin 81. ili) merkezi durumuna getirildi. Depremden sonraki ilk nüfus sayımında (2000 yılı sayımı) nüfusu 56.649’a düştü. Daha sonra yeniden toparlanarak 2010 yılında nüfusu ilk defa 100.000’i aştı ve şehrin mahalle sayısı da kırk sekizi buldu. 2011’de 133.551 ve 2013’te 143.018 nüfusa ulaştı. Günümüzde mahalle sayısı elli altıdır ve bu mahalleler 6900 hektarlık bir alanı kaplamaktadır. Yakın yıllarda mahalle sayısının yeniden artması, Konuralp’ın kendisine bağlı köylerle birlikte 31 Mart 2014’te Düzce belediye sınırları içine katılmasıyla gerçekleşti. Ancak bu katılış şehrin tamamen düzlükte kurulmuş olma özelliğini bozdu. Zira Konuralp ve mahalleleri bir tepe üstünde ve tepe yamacındaydı. 2007’de kurulan Düzce Üniversitesi şehre bir kültür merkezi olma özelliğini katmaktadır. Sanayideki gelişmesini sürdüren Düzce’de yetmiş tesisle orman ürünleri sanayii başta gelmekte, gıda sanayii otuz yedi tesisle bunu izlemektedir.
Düzce şehrinin merkez olduğu Düzce ili kuzeyden Karadeniz, kuzeydoğudan Zonguldak, doğu ve güneyden Bolu, batıdan Sakarya ili ile kuşatılmıştır. Merkez ilçe dışında Akçakoca, Cumayeri, Çilimli, Gölyaka, Gümüşova, Kaynaşlı ve Yığılca adlarıyla yedi ilçeye ayrılmıştır. 2567 km2 genişliğindeki ilin sınırları içerisinde 31 Aralık 2013’te 351.509 kişi yaşıyordu. Kilometrekare başına düşen nüfus yoğunluğu 137 idi. Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı’na ait 2007 yılı istatistiklerine göre Düzce’de il ve ilçe merkezlerinde 105, kasabalarda elli bir ve köylerde 496 olmak üzere toplam 652 cami bulunmaktadır. İl merkezindeki cami sayısı elli ikidir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA :
438 Numaralı Muhâsebe-i Vilâyet-i Anadolu Defteri: 937/1530 (nşr. Ahmet Özkılınç v.dğr.), Ankara 1994, II, 537, 538, 540; Evliya Çelebi, Seyahatnâme , II, 172; Belediyeler Yıllığı , Ankara 1949, I, 680; Zekâi Konrapa, Bolu Tarihi , Bolu 1960, s. 363; Rahmi Özkök, Düzce-Bolu İsyanları , İstanbul 1971; İdris Bostan, Osmanlı Bahriye Teşkilâtı: XVII. Yüzyılda Tersâne-i Âmire , Ankara 1992, s. 118; Kenan Ziya Taş, Tapu Tahrir Defterlerine Göre 16. Yüzyılda Bolu Sancağı (doktora tezi, 1993), AÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, s. 54-55; Recep Efe, Gölcük ve Düzce Depremleri 1999 , İstanbul 2000, tür.yer.; Yeni Kent Yeni Yaşam Düzce (Düzce Valiliği), Düzce 2002; Düzce İl Gelişme Planı (DİGEP) , Düzce 2004; Halil İnalcık, Kuruluş Dönemi Osmanlı Sultanları (1302-1481) , İstanbul 2010, s. 40-49; Düzce Taşınmaz Kültür Varlıkları Envanteri , [baskı yeri yok] 2014; Halil Sahillioğlu, “1699’da Tefen Gölünün Etrafında Bulunan Bakir Orman”, Çele , sy. 21, Ankara 1965, s. 4-6; Metin Tuncel, “Türkiye’de Yer Değiştiren Şehirler Hakkında Bir İlk Not”, İÜ Coğrafya Enstitüsü Dergisi , sy. 20-21, İstanbul 1977, s. 122; Cengiz Orhonlu, “Osmanlı Bolusu”, TTOK Belleteni , XLVII/326 (1975), s. 14, 18; Mehmet İ. Tunay, “Prusias ad Hypium”, a.e. , L/329 (1975), s. 32; Zeynel Özlü, “19. Yüzyılda Düzce Kazasına Göçler”, Bilig , sy. 61, Ankara 2012, s. 201-220.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2016 yılında İstanbul’da basılan (gözden geçirilmiş 2. basım) EK-1. cildinde, 354-357 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.