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E. Tezcan. Development of a new technology for delignification process. Dissertation (2016) Skip to content Tez Künye Durumu Development of a new technology for delignification process / Delignifikasyon için yeni bir teknoloji geliştirilmesi Yazar:ERDEM TEZCAN Danışman: PROF. DR. OYA ATICI Yer Bilgisi: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Moleküler Biyoloji-Genetik ve Biyoteknoloji Ana Bilim Dalı Konu:Bilim ve Teknoloji = Science and Technology ; Biyoloji = Biology ; Genetik = Genetics Dizin:Hemiselüloz = Hemicellulose ; Kraft selüloz hamuru = Kraft cellulose pulp ; Lignoselüloz = Lignocellulose Onaylandı Doktora İngilizce 2016 152 s. Selüloz, glukoz altbirimlerinden oluşan doğal bir polisakkarittir. Birçok bitkinin ana bileşenidir ve lignin ve hemiselüloz ile birlikte bulunur. Selülozun ticari olarak çok büyük önemi vardır fakat selülozun kullanılabilmesi için diğer bileşenlerinden ayrıştırılması gerekmektedir. Hemiselüloz da selüloz gibi polisakkarit türevidir fakat glukoza ilaveten ksiloz, mannoz, galaktoz, arabinoz, glukuronik asit, metil-glukuronik asit ve galakturonik asit gibi altbirimleri de içerir. Lignin, fenolik ünitelerden oluşan hidrofobik yapıya sahiptir ve selüloza kimyasal bağla bağlıdır. Bu nedenle, lignoselülozik biyomalzemelerden ligninin uzaklaştırılması (delignifikasyon) işlemi günümüzde, biyomalzemelerin derişik kimyasallarla yüksek sıcaklık ve basınçlarda muamele edilmesiyle yapılır. Bu işlem için, işlemin ağır koşullarına özel tasarlanmış pişirme kazanları kullanılır. Hemiselüloz ise selüloza hidrojen bağlarıyla bağlı olduğu için uzaklaştırılması ligninin uzaklaştırılmasına göre daha kolaydır ve birçok delignifikasyon işlemi ayrıca hemiselülozu da uzaklaştırır. Bu nedenle delignifikasyon işlemi, selüloz üretiminin en zor aşamasıdır ve endüstriyel olarak büyük bir öneme sahiptir. Yığın liçi ve yığın biyoliçi teknolojileri, metalürjide kullanılan yöntemlerdir. Maden veya maden cüruflarının yığınlanıp ve tepeden yağmurlanması, süzülerek dibe ulaşan çözeltinin ayarlamalar yapılarak tekrar tekrar tepeden yağmurlanması aşamalarını içerir. Yığın liçi teknolojisi bakır ve altın madenleri için kullanılmaktadır. Yığın biyoliçinde ise bakteri eklenerek işlemin hızı ve verimi arttırılır. Kapalı fabrika binası ve basınçlı reaktörler gibi karmaşık sistemler kullanılmadığı için ilk kurulum ve işletme maliyetleri diğer yöntemlerden daha düşüktür. Bu nedenle, özellikle diğer teknolojilerle işlemesi ekonomik olmayan düşük içerikli maden ve maden cürufları için kullanılırlar. Bu çalışmada, metalürjide kullanılan yığın liçi teknolojisinin delignifikasyon işlemine uyarlanmasını temel alacak yeni bir yöntem geliştirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla, laboratuvar ölçeğinde “yığın delignifikasyonu” sistemi tasarlamak ve kurmak, kurulan sistemle sonbahar yapraklarından ve testere tozlarından lignin uzaklaştırılması hedeflenmiştir. Ayrıca, aynı sistemle, lignini uzaklaştırılmış seslülozu endüstriyel kullanım için daha da işlenmesi hedeflenmştir. Geliştirilecek yeni yöntem için öncelikle laboratuvar ölçeğinde yığın delignifikasyonu sistemi tasarımı yapıldı. Yöntem, 1yığın sahalarında biyomalzemelerin yığınlanması, 2yığılan biyomalzemelerin çeşitli çözeltilerle tepesinden yağmurlanması, 3yağmurlanan çözeltinin dibe doğru süzülerken yığında bulunan lignin ve hemiselülozu uzaklaştırması, 4yağmurlama çözeltisinin yağmurlama havuzunda toplanması, 5yağmurlama havuzunda, çözeltinin pH ve kimyasal miktarı gibi değerlerinin ayarlanması ve 6ayarlanan çözeltinin tekrar yığına tepeden verilmesi şeklinde planlanmıştır. Bu çalışma prensibiyle, plastik kaplar, akvaryum havalandırma ve akvaryum suyu sirkülasyon pompaları gibi basit ve kolay bulunan malzemeler kullanılarak laboratuvar ölçeğinde (0,05-5L) sistemler oluşturuldu. Sistemler modüler yapıda olacak şekilde tasarlandı. Sistem kurulumuna istenilirse havalandırma ve kireç sistemleri ilave edilebilmiştir. Sistemin çalıştırılması ise, farklı biyomalzemeler ve farklı kimyasallar kullanarak, tıpkı yığın madenciliğinde olduğu gibi, asidik veya alkali ortamda gerçekleştirilebilmiştir. Sistem işleyişi sırasında yığından ve yağmurlama çözeltisinden belli aralıklarla numune alınarak delignifikasyon işleminin hangi aşamada olduğu izlenebilmiştir. Kimyasallar sisteme harcandıkça eklenmiş, sistem daha fazla kimyasal harcamadığı zaman işlem sonlandırılmıştır. Tasarlanan yığın delignifikasyonu sistemiyle, atık biyomalzemeler olan sonbahar yaprakları, kayın ve köknar ağacı testere tozları, selüloz elde etmek için işlenmiştir. Önerilen yığın delignifikasyonu işlemini test etmek ve sonuçları standart yöntemlerle karşılaştırmak için, aynı kimyasal derişimleri kullanarak oda koşullarında karıştırmalı reaksiyonlar gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yığın delignifikasyonu sistemi, antibakteriyel selüloz üretimi için de kullanılmıştır. Sonbahar yaprakların yığın delignifikasyonu işleminin iyileştirme çalışmaları, H2O2, pH, kireç, havalandırma ve NaCl gibi bileşenlerin etkileri araştırılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yapılan deneylerde özellikle 2 sistem öne çıkmıştır. • Delignifikasyonun en yüksek olduğu sistem (%83,9), pH 13’e düştükçe katı NaOH eklemeleri yapılması ve sistemin önceki deneyin çözeltisi kullanılarak başlatılması ile sağlanmştır. Bu koşullarda NaOH sarfiyatı, gram yaprak başına 0.3g olarak gerçekleşmiştir. Karşılaştırmak için yapılan ve aynı miktarda NaOH kullanılan karıştırmalı deneylerde ise çok daha düşük oranda delignifikasyon sağlanmıştır (%56,1). Yığın delignifikasyonu sisteminin başarısı, 10 kat fazla NaOH kullanılarak yapılan karıştırmalı deneylerden bile yüksek olmuştur. Karıştırmalı deneylerde, yığın delignifikasyonu sistemine yakın delignifikasyon sağlamak için 10 kat fazla NaOH kullanımı ve ilaveten H2O2 kullanımı gerekmiştir. • Diğer önemli sistem ise, havalandırma işleminin yapıldığı, yağmurlama çözeltisinin %3 oranında NaCl içerdiği (deniz suyu gibi) ve yağmurlama çözeltisinin kireç kolonu üzerinden geçirilerek sisteme verildiği sistemdir. NaOH ve H2O2 gibi kimyasal kullanımı yapılmayan bu sistemde %33,8 delignifikasyon sağlanmıştır. Endüstriye uyarlandığı zaman bu sistem deniz suyu kullanımına izin verebilir böylece su bulunabilirliği artıp su maliyeti ciddi oranda azaltılabilir. Ayrıca, yığın delignifikasyonu sisteminde kireç ayrı bir kolona konulur yani biyomalzemelerle karıştırılmaz. Bu nedenle işlem bittiği zaman veya kireç kolonları tıkandığı/işlemez hale geldiği zaman sistemden çıkartılabilir ve tekrar geri dönüştürülebilir. Testere tozlarının yığın delignifikasyonu, yapraklar için olanla aynı koşullarda yapıldı ve karşılaştırma olarak da aynı koşullarda karıştırmalı deneyler gerçekleştirildi. Fakat yapraklar için bulunan ideal koşullar testere tozları için hem yığın delignifikasyonu sisteminde hem de karıştırmalı sistemlerde çalışmadı. Bu nedenle, testere tozları için asidik koşullar araştırıldı ve bir sistem, testere tozlarının yığın delignifikasyonu için ön plana çıktı. Persülfürik asit kullanılarak işleyen sistem, hem kayın hem de köknar testere tozları için hem yüksek (>%90) delignifikasyon hem de beyazlatma etkisi gerçekleştirdi. Gram testere tozu başına 3ml persülfürik asit kullanıldığı sistemin, %92,4 delignifikasyon gerçekleştirerek ideal olduğu gözlemlendi. Aynı oranda persülfürik asitin kullanıldığı karıştırmalı sistemlerde ise delignifikasyon %75,1 olarak gerçekleşti. Yeni geliştirilen sistem ayrıca üretilen ürünlerin işlenmesi için de kullanıldı. Örnek işlem olarak antibakteriyel selüloz üretimi seçildi. Köknar testere tozunun yığın delignifikasyonu işlemiyle üretilen selüloz, yine aynı yığın sistemiyle işlenerek antibakteriyel selüloz üretildi. Üretilen selülozların etkileri, hastane enfeksiyonlarına neden olan bakterilere karşı ölçülerek dirençli ve dayanıklı bakteriler belirlendi. Yığın delignifikasyonu işlemiyle üretilen selüloz, antibakteriyel özellik katmak için metalik gümüşle veya benzalkonyum klorür ile aktifleştirildi. • Gümüşle aktifleştirilmiş antibakteriyel selülozlar 2 aşamayla üretildi. İlk olarak, yığın delignifikasyonu işlemiyle üretilen selüloz, yığın halindeyken gümüş nitrat çözeltisiyle yağmurlandı. Sonra yağmurlama çözeltisine askorbik asit eklenerek metalik gümüş sentezi gerçekleştirildi. Gümüşle aktifleştirilmiş selüloz, doza bağlı olarak gram pozitif Staphylococcus aureus ve Staphylococcus epidermidis bakterilerine karşı antibakteriyel etki gösterdi. Hem baskın tip hem de piyoverdin üretemeyen tatC delesyon mutant gram pozitif Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PAOtatC) bakterileri ise formülasyonlara direnç gösterdiler. • Benzalkonyum klorür aktifleştirilmiş antibakteriyel selüloz örnekleri, yığın delignifikasyonu ile üretilen selülozun benzalkonyum klorür çözeltisiyle yığın sisteminde yağmurlanmasıyla üretildiler. Benzalkonyum klorür aktifleştirilmiş selülozlar, gram pozitif Staphylococcus aureus ve Staphylococcus epidermidis bakterilerine karşı antibakteriyel etki gösterdiler ve bu antibakteriyel etki, gümüşle aktifleştirilmiş selülozlarınkinden daha fazla oldu. Piyoverdin üretebilen baskın tip gram pozitif Pseudomonas aeruginosa formülasyonlara direnç gösterirken, piyoverdin üretemini engelleyen tatC delesyon mutasyonunun, direnci kırdığı gözlemlendi. Böylece, benzalkonyum klorürlü antibakteriyel selüloz, tatC delesyon mutant Pseudomonas aeruginosa’a da karşı antibakteriyel özellik gösterdi. Bu çalışmada, yığın delignifikasyonu, delignifikasyon işlemi için yeni bir yöntem olarak sunulmuştur ve endüstriyel uygulamalar için birçok fırsatlar vaadetmektedir. Sistem basit ekipmanlarla, açık havada, ortam sıcaklığı ve basıncında çalışacak şekilde tasarlanmıştır. Günümüzde kullanılan ve selüloz hamuru üretmeye yarayan delignifikasyon teknolojileri ise derişik kimyasallar, yüksek sıcaklık ve yüksek basınç kullanmaktadırlar. Ayrıca, sistemi çalıştırmak çok kolaydır. Örneğin, karıştırmalı sistemlerin aksine, sunulan yöntemde karıştırma işlemi olmadığı için, biyomalzemelerin bulamaç haline getirilmesine gerek kalmamış ve biyomalzemeler öğütülmeden de yığınlanabilmiştir. Ayrıca, mevcut sistemlerde biyomalzemeler pişirme işleminden sonra sıcak ve kötü kokulu kimyasallar içerisine karışmış halde ve yapılan işlem neticesinde daha da parçalanmış haldedirler. Endüstride bu tür malzemelerin filtrasyonu için teknik zorluklar nedeniyle son derece gelişmiş sistemler kullanılmaktadır. Sunulan sistemde ise kullanılan reaktif çözelti kendiliğinden süzülmektedir. Sunulan sistemin bu özellikleri, endüstriyel uygulama sırasında muhtemelen yatırım ve işletme maliyetlerini ve güvenlik risklerini düşürecek, işletme süresinin fizibıl olarak uzayabilmesini sağlayacak, sistem kontrolünü kolaylaştıracak ve ürün kalitesini arttıracaktır. Ayrıca, yığın delignifikasyonu yapılmış ürünleri aynı sistemle, ürünler yığın sahasındayken işlemek de mümkün olabilecektir. Bu avantajlar, günümüz teknolojileriyle işlenmesi fizibıl olmayan organik atıkların da işlenebilmesini sağlayabilir. Bu nedenlerle, yığın delignifikasyonu metodu daha büyük ölçeklerde uygulanıp endüstriyel uygulama için eniyileştirilmelidir. Cellulose is a natural polysaccharide made of glucose subunits. It is the main component of most plants and coexists with hemicellulose and lignin. Hemicellulose is a polysaccharide like cellulose but it is branched and made of not only glucose, but also several subunits including xylose, mannose, galactose, arabinose, glucuronic acid, methyl-glucuronic acid, and galacturonic acid. Lignin has much different structure and consists of phenolic subunits. Lignin is hydrophobic and connected to cellulose by chemical bonds. Therefore, removal of lignin from cellulose (delignification) requires breakdown of the chemical bonds by treating biomaterials with concentrated chemicals at high temperature and pressure in cooking reactors specially designed for these harsh conditions. Hemicellulose is connected to cellulose by hydrogen bonds, so hemicellulose removal is much easier than that of lignin, so most of delignification processes also remove hemicellulose. Therefore, delignification process is the most difficult step of cellulose (pulp) production and has a great industrial importance. Heap leaching and heap bioleaching technologies are metallurgical methods. They are based on irrigation of heaped mine or mine slags on the top, dissollution of precious metals by irrigated solution, and recirculation of the solution after several adjustments like pH setting. Heap leaching technology is used mostly for copper and gold recoveries. Heap bioleaching technology adds bacteria into heaps in order to increase rate and recovery of precious metal. Without a need for complicated reactors and factory building, capital and operating costs of the heap leaching and heap bioleaching technologies are lower than those of other metallurgical methods. Therefore, these methods are used for low content mine and mine slags that are not feasible to process via other metallurgical methods. In this study, it was aimed to develop a new technology for delignification process by adapting heap leaching technologies to delignification. For this purpose, it was targeted to design and install a laboratory scale “heap delignification” system and process fall leaves, fir and beech sawdust as wasted biomaterials by using the new design. Also, it was purposed to further process delignified celluloses to antibacterial cellulose for industrial use by employing the same system. Laboratory scale (0.05-5L) heap delignification systems were constructed from common materials. The main system consisted of a plastic or glass container having heaped biomaterials (heap column), and a plastic or glass container (irrigation pool) having an aquarium circulation pump and reactive agent solution below the heap column. The main system was operated by irrigation of the reactive agent solution from the irrigation pool to top of the heap column and recirculation of the reactive agent solution leached to the irrigation pool until desired time. The reactive agent solution was controlled and adjusted in the irrigation pool. The system had a modular structure. A plastic lime column could be inserted to the system between the heap column and the irrigation pool. Also, the system could be aerated using an aquarium aeration pump. Moreover, the system could be operated at acidic or alkaline conditions like heap leaching technology of metallurgy. Fall leaves and fir and beech sawdust were selected as wasted biomaterials to be delignified by the new heap delignification system for cellulose production. In order to test heap delignification system and compare results, stirring reactions with the same chemical concentrations were performed. Optimizations of heap delignification for fall leaves were performed by investigating the effects of several components such as H2O2, pH, lime, aeration and NaCl. Two systems were noteworthy among the heap delignification optimizations for fall leaves, • The highest delignification (83.9%) was achieved when solid NaOH additions were performed as pH decreases to 13 and the end filtrate of previous system was used to initiate the system. NaOH consumption was 0.3g per g of initial fall leaves (0.3g/gFL) at this system. Stirring reactions with the same NaOH achieved much lower (56.1%) delignification. Moreover, filtering of the end products was the most difficult step of stirring reactions because of clogging of filters by ground fall leaves. This problem did not occur at heap delignification method because of self-filtration. Success of heap delignification system was still higher than 10 times more NaOH consumed (3g/gFL) stirring reactions. Stirring reactions needed 10 times more NaOH and additional H2O2 to achieve close delignification success. • The another noteworthy results were obtained when aeration was performed, irrigition solution contained 3% NaCl (like seawater) and irrigation solution was passed through a lime column. 33.8% delignification was achieved by that system without use of chemicals like NaOH and H2O2. When applied to industry, that system may allow use of seawater which may increase water availability and decrease cost of water significantly. Moreover, lime was inserted into a separate column instead of mixing with biomaterials. This modular design of heap delignification system allows removal of lime column from the system for recycling. Heap delignification experiments for fir and beech sawdust were performed using the same conditions which were performed for fall leaves. Stirring reactions were performed in order to compare the results with those of heap delignification experiments. However, the id€al conditions for fall leaves did not work for sawdust at both heap delignification and stirring reactions. Therefore, acidic conditions were investigated and persulfuric acid achieved both delignification and whitening of fir and beech sawdust. 92.4% delignification of fir sawdust was performed by heap delignification when 3ml persulfuric acid was used per g of sawdust. Stirring reactions with the same persulfuric acid usage achieved only 75.1% delignification. The new (heap delignification) system was also used to further process the delignified product. Antibacterial cellulose production was chosen as a sample process. Cellulose produced by heap delignification of fir sawdust was processed to antibacterial cellulose using the same system configuration. Metallic silver or benzalkonium chloride were used to activate cellulose and effects of the activated celluloses against several bacteria causing hospital acquired infections were analyzed. • Silver activated antibacterial celluloses were produced by 2 steps. First, the cellulose produced via heap delignification system was irrigated with silver nitrate while it is still in the heap column. Then, metallic silver synthesis was performed by adding ascorbic acid into the irrigation solution. Silver activated celluloses showed antibacterial effects against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis depending on the dose. Both wild type (PAO1) and mutant (PAOtatC) strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed resistance to the silver activated celluloses. • Benzalkonium chloride activated celluloses were produced via irrigation of cellulose produced by heap delignification system with benzalkonium chloride. Benzalkonium chloride activated celluloses showed antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The antimicrobial effects of benzalkonium chloride activated celluloses were higher than those of silver activated celluloses. Wild type Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PAO1), capable of pyoverdine synthesis, showed resistance to benzalkonium chloride activated celluloses while inhibition of pyoverdine synthesis by tatC mutation broke the resistance and made Pseudomonas aeruginosa sensitive. In other words, benzalkonium chloride activated celluloses showed antibacterial activities against tatC deletion mutant strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PAOtatC) but not against wild type strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PAO1). In this study, “heap delignification” method is presented as a new method for delignification process that promises many opportunities for industrial use. In contrast with the present delignification systems, simplicity and mild conditions of heap delignification method will probably decrease capital and operation costs when applied in industry. Outstanding features of the system may also decrease safety risks, make possible to elongate operation time feasibly, facilitate system control and increase product quality. Moreover, it may be possible to process heap delignified products further by using the same system while the products are still at heap area. These advantages may also allow processing of cellulose bearing organic wastes which are not feasible to process using present technologies. Therefore, heap delignification method should be applied at larger scales and optimized for industrial use.
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