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EBRU Skip to content Kitreli su üzerine serpilen boyalarla bezenmiş kâğıt ve bunu hazırlama sanatı.
İslâm bezeme sanatlarının hazırlanış tekniği itibariyle en cazibi ve süratli netice alınanı olan ebruculuğun menşei hakkında kesin bir hükme varmak mümkün değildir. VIII. asırdan itibaren Çin’de liu sha shien , XII. asırdan itibaren Japonya’da suminagashi adıyla benzer teknikler kullanılarak yapılan birtakım çalışmaların mevcudiyeti, daha sonraki asırlarda Çağatay Türkçesi’nde ebre ismiyle Türkistan’da ortaya çıkan bu sanatın tarihî gelişimi hakkında müphem de olsa bir fikir vermektedir. Türkistan’dan en geç XVI. asır başlarında İpek yolunu takiben İran’a geçişinde ebrî olarak adlandırılan bu sanatın gerçekten bulut kümelerine benzer şekiller taşıması, buluta nisbet ifade eden bu Farsça ismi doğrulamaktadır. Osmanlı ülkesinde de revaç bulan aynı isim, son yüzyılda Türkçe’de ebruya (ebrû) dönüşmüştür. Galat olmakla beraber, kaşa benzer şekiller de ihtiva ettiğinden, bu sanatın Farsça’da “kaş” mânasına gelen ebrû kelimesiyle adlandırılması aykırı düşmemektedir.
Ayrıca XVI. asır ortalarında Mîr Muhammed Tâhir tarafından Hindistan’da yapılmaya başlandığı rivayet olunan ebruculuğun, buradan İran’a ve daha sonra İstanbul’a kadar yayıldığı da kabul edilir. Aynı yüzyılın sonlarında, İstanbul’dan Avrupalı seyyahlar tarafından kendi memleketlerine götürülen ebru kâğıtları önce Almanya’da, sonra da Fransa ve İtalya’da “mermer kâğıdı” veya “Türk mermer kâğıdı” adıyla tanınıp benimsenmiş ve oralarda da yapılmaya başlanmıştır. Zaman içinde İngiltere ve Amerika’ya da yayılan ebru kâğıdı, her ülkenin sanat anlayışına göre bir farklılık kazanmıştır. Bunda kullanılan değişik malzemenin de rolü olmalıdır.
Ebru kâğıdının yapılmasında kullanılan alet ve malzeme şunlardır: Ebruculukta kullanılan boyalar tabiattaki renkli kaya ve topraklardan elde edildiği için “toprak boya” adıyla anılır ve suda erimediği gibi yağ da ihtiva etmezler. Bundan başka bazı tabii boyalarla da (lâhur çividi, lök …) renk zenginliği arttırılır. Boyalar dövülerek ve taş üstünde biraz su ilâvesiyle “destesenk” denilen dış bükey bir el taşı ile iyice ezilerek kullanıma hazır hale getirilir. Ebru yapımında gerekli olan ebru teknesi, kullanılacak kâğıdın enine ve boyuna uygun ebatta ve 6 cm. derinliğinde, tercihen çinko veya galvanizden yapılmış dikdörtgen şeklinde bir kaptır. Eskiden suyun dışarıya sızmasını önlemek üzere içi ziftle kaplanmış ağaçtan mâmul tekneler de kullanılmaktaydı. Teknenin içine konulacak suya lüzûcet (koyuluk ve yapışkanlık) vermek, böylece serpilen boyaların teknenin dibine çökmesini önlemek için kullanılan ve geven isimli nebatın ifrazatı olan kitre, krem renginde gayri muntazam plakalar veya şeritler halindedir. Suda bekletilerek erimesi sağlanır ve bir torbadan süzülür. Bir tekne kitreli su yaklaşık 600 ebru kâğıdı çıkarabilir. Batı dünyasında kitre yerine deniz kadayıfı kullanılmaktadır. Kitreli suyun üstüne serpilen renklerin birbirine karışmadan yayılmasını temin için, satıhta yayılmayı sağlayan safra asitleri ihtiva eden sığır ödü önceden her boyanın içine ilâve edilir. Fazla öd ihtiva eden boya fazla yayılır. Ebru imalinde sonradan ilâve edilen her renge, önceki renklerin arasında kendisine yer açabilmesi için daha fazla öd koymak gerekir. Ebruculukta modern fırçalarla usulüne uygun şekilde boya serpilemediğinden, ince ve düz bir değneğe üstüvânî şekilde gevşek olarak sarılmış at kuyruğu kılından fırça kullanılır. Tahta çıta üstüne muayyen sıklıkta ince teller saplanarak elde edilen tarak, taraklı ebru yapımında kullanılan bir alettir. Serpilmiş boyalara şekil vermek için ince, boya damlatmak için kalınca tel çubuk kullanılır. Eskiden bu maksatla tek at kuyruğu kılından faydalanılmıştır.
Ebru kâğıdı şu şekilde elde edilir: Tekneye konulan kitreli suyun üzerine, içine öd ilâve edilmiş olan boyalar fırça yardımıyla ve her tarafa dengeli bir şekilde serpilmeye başlanınca renkler suyun sathına bulut kümeleri gibi yayılır. Her yeni atılan renk, ihtiva ettiği öd kesafetine göre daha evvel atılanları itip sıkıştırarak kendisine yer açar, bu tarzdaki ebruya battal ebrusu adı verilir. Aynı tarzın somaki mermerini hatırlatan renkte yapılan cinsine somaki ebrusu denilir. Battal ebrusunda, ebru sanatkârının boyaları serpmek dışında tekneye müdahalesi mümkün değildir; bir noktadan sonra meydana gelen şekillere uymak zorundadır. Bu sebeple ebruculuk, küllî ve cüz’î iradenin izahı için ârif kişilerce müşahhas bir vâkıa olarak kabul edilmiş; boyaları serpmek cüz’î iradeye, tekne sathında ortaya çıkacak olan önceden meçhul görüntü de küllî iradeye benzetilmiştir. Renkler battal ebrusu hazırlar gibi serpildikten sonra tel çubuğun ucu kitreli suya dokundurulup önce yukarıdan aşağıya veya sağdan sola, sonra da aksi yönde keskin ve muntazam hareketlerle bütün satıhta yürütülürse ortaya çıkan ebruya tarama (gelgit ) ebrusu , tel çubuğun hareketleri düzensiz ve dairemsi olursa şal örneği , tel çubuk yardımıyla muhitten merkeze doğru helezonî hareketler yapılırsa bülbülyuvası adıyla anılan ebrular meydana gelir. Yine renkler battal ebrusundaki gibi serpilip tarak denilen alet, telleri kitreli suya girecek şekilde teknenin üstünde dolaştırılırsa taraklı ebru hâsıl olur. Önce tarama ebrusu yapılıp sonra taraklı ebru haline getirilirse daha da cazip görüntü elde edilir. Bütün bu ebru çeşitlerine son olarak yayılmayan bir koyu renk serpilmesiyle serpmeli vasfı kazandırılmış olur. Aynı işlem neft yağı ile yapılırsa ebru zemininde küçük boşluklar açılır, böyle hazırlanmış ebrular da neftli olarak adlandırılır. Teknedeki kitreli su kullanılıp kirlendikçe serpilen renkler bazan kum gibi noktalanmaya başlar, buna kumlu ebru adı verilir. Buraya kadar sayılan ebru çeşitleri hafif renkler serpilerek yapılırsa hafif ebru ortaya çıkar ve bilhassa hat kitâbeti için cazip bir zemin hazırlanmış olur, böyle kâğıtlar ayrıca âharlanır.
Bunlardan başka bir ebru çeşidi daha vardır ki tanınmış ebruculardan Ayasofya Camii hatibi Mehmed Efendi (ö. 1773) tarafından icat edildiği için hatip ebrusu adıyla tanınır. Bunda, hafif renkli zemin üstüne tel çubuk yardımıyla kuvvetli renklerden birer damla bırakılır, istenirse iç içe birkaç renk daha konabilir. İnce bir iğne bu kat kat renkli dairelerin içinde sağdan sola, yukarıdan aşağıya birkaç defa hareket ettirilir ve çarkıfelek, yürek, yıldız gibi şekiller elde edilir. Buna bağlı olarak çiçek şekilleri de yapılmak istenmiştir. Ancak ilk defa M. Necmeddin Okyay (ö. 1976) eliyle tabii şekline en yakın çiçekli ebrular (lâle, karanfil, hercaî menekşe, gelincik, gonca gül, kasımpatı, sümbül) yapılması başarılmış, onun talebesi Mustafa Düzgünman (ö. 1990) da bunlara papatyalı ebruyu ilâve etmiştir. Çiçekli ebrular sanat tarihimizde “Necmeddin ebrusu” adıyla tanınır.
Teknede istenilen tarzda hazırlanan ebru, teknenin üstüne sağdan veya soldan yavaşça yatırılan ve 15 saniye kadar bekletilen kâğıda bütün güzelliğiyle geçer. Ebruyu yapan kişiden tarafa olan köşelerden tutulup kaldırılan kâğıt öne doğru çekilir ve uzun çıtalar üstüne serilerek gölgede kurumaya bırakılır.
Teknede yapılan nakışlar ancak bir tek kâğıda geçirilebilir. Bir defa yapılan ebrunun aynısı bir daha tekrarlanamaz, ancak benzeri yapılabilir. Bundan dolayı her ebru, asla kopya edilemeyecek bir sanat eseri vasfını taşır.
Yine Necmeddin Okyay’ın buluşu olarak İslâmî hat sanatında yer alan yazılı ebrular vardır. Bir hat eseri, Arap zamkı mahlûlüyle yazıldıktan ve kurutulduktan sonra ebru teknesine yatırılırsa zamklı yerler ebruyu almaz ve yazılı kısım kâğıt rengiyle kalır.
Eski yazma kitaplarda kâğıdın yazı sahasının ayrı, etrafının ayrı renge boyanmasına “akkâse”, böyle kâğıtlara da “akkâseli kâğıt” denilir. Ebruya da tatbik edilen bu teknikle XVII. asırda Hindistan’ın Bîcâpûr şehrinde ebru-resimler yapıldığı bilinmektedir. Necmeddin Okyay bunları görmediği halde, hafif ebrulu kâğıdın ortasına Arap zamkı mahlûlü sürüp bu kâğıdı, kuvvetli boyalar serptiği tekneye ikinci defa yatırarak iki ayrı ebrulu kâğıt, yani akkâseli ebruyu yapmıştır. Bu tarz, Necmeddin Okyay tarafından ayrıca yazılı ebruya da tatbik edilmiştir.
Yukarıda sayılanlar dışında İstanbul’da ebruculukla uğraşan eski sanatkârlardan tesbit edilebilenler şunlardır: Şebek Mehmed Efendi (X./XVI. yüzyıl), Şeyh Sâdık Efendi (ö. 1846), kardeşi Sâlih ve oğlu Hezarfen İbrâhim Edhem Efendi (ö. 1904), Bekir Efendi (XIX. yüzyıl), Hattat Sâmi Efendi (ö. 1912), Necmeddin Okyay’ın oğlu Sâmi Necmettin (ö. 1933), Hattat Aziz Efendi (ö. 1934), Abdülkadir Kadri Efendi (ö. 1942), Sâcid Okyay (d. 1915). Günümüzde bu sanatla uğraşanlar süratle çoğalmakta olup ebrunun zamanımızda kumaş, cam ve fayans üzerine de yapıldığı, hatta mücerret resim anlayışı dışında figüratif resim üslûbuyla dahi çalışıldığı görülmektedir. Ayrıca zamanımızda eski boyalar bulunmadığından bunların yerini artık sentetik boyalar almıştır. Bu sebeple renk zevki de değişikliğe uğramıştır.
Ebru kâğıdı, eskiden yazma kitapların ciltlenmesinde (ebrulu kap, çârkûşe kap) ve yan kâğıdı olarak kullanıldığı gibi kıta ve levhaların iç ve dış pervazlarıyla koltuk denilen kısımlarında da çok kullanılmıştır; bunların en güzel örneklerine müze, kütüphane ve koleksiyonlarda rastlanır. Ayrıca Necmeddin Okyay’dan bu yana, çiçekli ebruların dört tarafına da iç ve dış pervaz olarak yaraşan diğer tarzdaki ebrulardan yapıştırılarak cazip resim tabloları hazırlandığı görülmektedir.
Bu sanat XVII. asırdan itibaren Batı âleminin de ilgisini çekmiş, Roma’da 1646 yılında “Türk kâğıdı” adıyla yapılan ilk neşriyattan beri ebruculuk üzerine pek çok eser yazılmıştır (bk. bibl.).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Kummî, Gülistân-ı Hüner , nâşirin mukaddimesi, s. 41-42.
Tertîb-i Risâle-i Ebrî (1017/1608 tarihli yazma nüsha, M. Uğur Derman özel kütüphanesi).
Risâle , Millet Ktp., Ali Emîrî, Tarih, nr. 809, vr. 1b , 14a .
A. Haemmerle – O. Hirsch, Buntpapier , München 1961.
M. Uğur Derman, Türk Sanatında Ebrû , İstanbul 1977.
P. Jane Easton, Marbling, History and a Bibliyography , Los Angeles 1983.
Marie-Ange Doizy – Stephane Ipert, Le Papier Marbré, son histoire et sa fabrication , Paris, ts.
Ahmet Çoktan, Türk Ebrû Sanatı , İstanbul 1992.
Mehmet Ali Kağıtçı, “Ebrû-Papiers Marbrés turcs”, Palette , XXX, Suisse 1969, s. 14-20.
Robert Arndt, “Ebru: The Clond Art”, Aramco World Magazine , XXIV, May-June Washington 1973, s. 26-33.
Yves Porter, “Qāqaẕ-e Abri, notes sur la technique de la marbrure”, SIr. , XVII/1 (1988), s. 47-55.
Muhammed Hasan Simsâr, “Ebrî”, DMBİ , II, 570-574.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1994 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 10. cildinde, 80-82 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.