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EBÛ AMR b. ALÂ Skip to content Ebû Amr Zebbân b. el-Alâ’ b. Ammâr el-Mâzinî el-Basrî (ö. 154/771)
Yedi kıraat imamından biri, Arap dili ve edebiyatı âlimi.
70 (689) yılında Mekke’de doğdu. Doğum tarihi için 55 (675), 65 (685) ve 68 (688) yılları da kaydedilmiş (İbn Hallikân, III, 138), doğum yerini Basra ve Kâzerûn olarak zikredenler olmuştur (Enderâbî, s. 83; İbnü’l-Cezerî, I, 289). Adı üzerinde ihtilâf edilerek kendisi için on dokuz isim ileri sürülmüş, ayrıca künyesinin adı olduğu söylenmişse de Zehebî bu isimlerin tamamını zikrettikten sonra Zebbân adını tercih etmiştir (Maʿrifetü’l-ḳurrâʾ , vr. 25b -26a ). Ebû Amr’ın bir soru üzerine adının Zebbân olduğunu söylediğine dair rivayete (İbn Mücâhid, s. 80) ve yine ona nisbet edilen bir beyitte kendisinden Zebbân diye söz etmesine (İbnü’l-Enbârî, s. 31; Yâkūt, XI, 158) bakılırsa Zehebî’nin tercihinin doğru olduğu söylenebilir. Temîm’in Mâzin koluna mensup olması sebebiyle Mâzinî, hayatının büyük bölümünü Basra’da geçirdiği için Basrî nisbeleriyle anılmıştır. Vekî‘ b. Cerrâh’tan nakledilen ve Ebû Amr’ın kabir taşında yazılı olduğu ileri sürülen, “Benî Hanîfe’nin mevlâsı Ebû Amr’ın kabridir” ibaresine dayanarak Hanîfoğulları’na nisbet edilmişse de annesi Âişe bint Abdurrahman’ın Hanîfoğulları’na mensubiyeti veya kendisinin Hanîfoğulları’nın halîf i olması sebebiyle böyle bir ifadenin kullanılmış olabileceği ileri sürülmüştür (Dânî, Câmiʿu’l-beyân fi’l-ḳırâʾâti’s-sebʿ , s. 40).
Ebû Amr’ın çocukluk ve yetişme dönemiyle ilgili bilgiler yetersiz ve çelişkilidir. Henüz küçük bir çocukken kıraat dersi almaya başlamış olmasının (İbn Mücâhid, s. 83) ötesinde bilinen bir şey yoktur. Mekke’de doğup Basra’da yetiştiği ileri sürüldüğü gibi aksi de söylenmiş, ilk tahsil yıllarını Hicaz’da geçirdiği zikredilmiştir. İbn Mücâhid, kıraat ilmini Hicaz kurrâsından öğrendiğini ve bu ilimde onların metodunu benimsediğini söylemektedir (Kitâbü’s-Sebʿa , s. 82). Kendisinin anlattığına göre yirmi yaşının üstünde bir genç iken Haccâc b. Yûsuf es-Sekafî’nin adamlarına yakalanmamak için Irak’tan kaçan babasıyla birlikte Yemen’e gitmiş, Yemen çöllerinde Haccâc’ın öldüğünü öğrenmeleri üzerine Basra’ya dönmüşlerdir. İbn Hallikân’ın verdiği bu bilginin doğruluğu kabul edildiği takdirde çocukluğunu Mekke’de geçirdiği, tahsilini buradaki ve Medine’deki âlimlerden belli bir seviyeye getirdikten sonra Basra’ya yerleştiği söylenebilir.
Ebû Amr 154 (771) yılında Kûfe’de vefat etti. Bu tarih bazı kaynaklarda 147 (764), 148 (765), 155 (772), 156 (773), 157 (774) ve 159 (776) olarak da zikredilmiştir. Ölümünden önce Dımaşk Valisi Abdülvehhâb b. İbrâhim’den yardım istemek üzere bu şehre gittiği ve Kûfe’ye dönerken yolda veya Kûfe’ye ulaştıktan sonra Abbâsî ailesinin tanınmış şahsiyetlerinden Muhammed b. Süleyman’ın yanında öldüğü de rivayet edilmiştir.
Ebû Amr Mekke’de Mücâhid b. Cebr, Saîd b. Cübeyr, Atâ b. Ebû Rebâh, İkrime b. Hâlid, kurrâ-i seb‘adan Ebû Ma‘bed İbn Kesîr; Medine’de Yezîd b. Rûmân, Şeybe b. Nisâh ve kurrâ-i aşereden Ebû Ca‘fer el-Kārî; Kûfe’de kurrâ-i seb‘adan Âsım b. Behdele; Basra’da Yahyâ b. Ya‘mer, Nasr b. Âsım ve Hasan-ı Basrî gibi tanınmış âlimlerden kıraat okudu. İbn Mücâhid’in Kitâbü’s-Sebʿa ’sında naklettiği bir rivayette (s. 84) Basra’da Nasr b. Âsım’dan ve talebelerinden kıraat okumadığı, bu ilmi Hicazlı âlimlerden tahsil ettiği ileri sürülmüşse de bu eser dahil çeşitli kaynaklarda hocalarıyla ilgili olarak verilen bilgiler karşısında onun kıraat tahsilini Hicaz bölgesiyle sınırlamak mümkün görünmemektedir. Diğer taraftan Nasr b. Âsım’a talebelik etmemiş olsa bile ondan kıraat rivayet ettiği yolundaki bilgiler doğru olmalıdır. Mücâhid b. Cebr ile Saîd b. Cübeyr’in onun kıraat hocaları arasında önemli bir yer tuttukları anlaşılmaktadır. Mücâhid ve Saîd b. Cübeyr başta olmak üzere kıraat hocalarının çoğu bu ilmi Abdullah b. Abbas’tan öğrendiğine göre Ebû Amr’ın kıraat ilmindeki esas senedini Ebû Amr b. Alâ – Mücâhid ve Saîd b. Cübeyr – Abdullah b. Abbas – Übey b. Kâ‘b – Hz. Peygamber olarak tesbit etmek mümkündür. Babasından ve Enes b. Mâlik, Yahyâ b. Ya‘mer, Mücâhid b. Cebr, Ebû Recâ el-Utâridî, Atâ b. Ebû Rebâh gibi önemli şahsiyetlerden hadis rivayet eden Ebû Amr nahivde Nasr b. Âsım’dan faydalandı. Kendisinden de Yahyâ b. Mübârek el-Yezîdî, Abdülvehhâb b. Atâ el-Haffâf, Abdülvâris b. Saîd el-Anberî, İshak b. Yûsuf el-Ezrak, Hârûn b. Mûsâ el-A‘ver, Şücâ‘ b. Ebû Nasr, Hüseyin b. Ali el-Cu‘fî, Ali b. Nasr el-Cehdamî arz ve semâ yoluyla kıraat öğrenirken Şebâbe b. Sivâr, Ebû Ubeyde et-Teymî, Asmaî ve Hammâd b. Zeyd gibi âlimler hadis rivayet ettiler ve Arap edebiyatı sahasında faydalandılar. Halîl b. Ahmed ondan nahiv öğrendi. Sîbeveyhi, Îsâ b. Ömer el-Hemedânî ve kurrâ-i seb‘adan Hamza b. Habîb ez-Zeyyât da Ebû Amr’ın talebeleri arasında yer alarak kendisinden bazı kıraat vecihleri rivayet ettiler. Talebeleri içinde Yahyâ b. Mübârek el-Yezîdî’nin ayrı bir yeri olmalıdır. Zira Yezîdî onun kıraatiyle ilgili rivayetlerin başlıca kaynaklarından birini oluştururken İbn Mücâhid’in Kitâbü’s-Sebʿa ’sından sonra kırâat-i seb‘a konusunda telif edilen pek çok eserde Ebû Amr’ın kıraati için tercih edilen iki râvi Dûrî ve Sûsî’nin de hocaları olmuş, talebelerinden Tayyib b. İsmâil’in söylediğine göre Ebû Amr’ın muhtemelen ders takrirlerinden 10.000 varaklık yazılı bir metin meydana getirmiştir (Zehebî, Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ , VI, 410).
Ebû Amr’ın kıraatini beğenen hocası Saîd b. Cübeyr bu okuyuşunu korumasını ondan istemiş, Ahmed b. Hanbel de kendisine sorulan bir soru üzerine Ebû Amr’ın kıraatini tavsiye ettiğini söylemiştir. İbn Mücâhid, Basralılar’ın çoğunun Ebû Amr kıraatini benimsediğini belirtmekte, Enderâbî de (ö. 470/1077), “Tâbiîlerden sonra günümüze kadar Basra’da halk kıraatte ona uymuştur” demektedir. İbnü’l-Cezerî ise (ö. 833/1429) Şam’da V. (XI.) yüzyılın sonlarına kadar İbn Âmir’in kıraatinin okunmakta olduğunu, Irak’tan gelip Şam’da birkaç yıl ikamet eden Hibetullah b. Ahmed b. Tâvûs’un, imamı bulunduğu Emeviyye Camii’nde halkı Ebû Amr kıraatine yönlendirmesi üzerine bu çevrede onun kıraatinin meşhur olduğunu, kendi asrında ise Şam, Hicaz, Yemen ve Mısır gibi bölgelerde yine Ebû Amr’ın kıraatinin yaygın olarak okunduğunu zikretmektedir. Bugün de Ebû Amr’ın kıraati bazı İslâm ülkelerinde bu işin uzmanlarının gayretiyle veya bazı öğretim kurumlarının programları içinde diğer meşhur kıraatlerle birlikte okutulmaktaysa da Sudan, Nijerya ve bazı Orta Afrika ülkeleri istisna edilecek olursa yaygın bir tilâvet metodu olarak İslâm dünyasında varlığını koruyamamıştır. IX. (XV.) yüzyıla kadar geniş bir coğrafî alanda okunmakta olan bu kıraatin asırlar içinde yerini daha çok Âsım b. Behdele’nin Hafs rivayetine terketmesinin çeşitli sebepleri olmalıdır. Meselâ Mısır’da daha çok bu kıraatin Dûrî rivayeti okunmakta iken Osmanlılar’ın bu ülkeye hâkimiyetinden sonra Âsım’ın Hafs rivayetinin yaygınlaşarak onun yerini aldığı bilinmektedir (Lebîb es-Saîd, s. 114).
İbn Mücâhid’in değerlendirmesine göre Ebû Amr kıraatini icra ederken tekellüften sakınmış, cevaz ölçülerini aşmamak şartıyla olabildiğince mübalağasız ve sade (tahfîf ile) okumuştur. Onun kıraatinin bazı özellikleri şunlardır: 1. هو ve هي zamirlerinin “hâ”ları, kendilerinden önce harekeli “vav”, “fâ” ve “lâm” bulunduğunda sâkin kılınır وَهْوَ ،لَهْوَ ،فَهْوَ gibi. 2. تورية، كافرين، أبرار، أبصارهم، نصارى vb. kelimelerde imâle yapılır. 3. Bazı istisnaları olmakla birlikte sâkin hemzeler, bir önceki harfin harekesine uygun med harfine ibdâl edilir: يومنون، يامرون، بيس gibi. 4. Sûsî’nin rivayetine göre birbirinin aynı olan iki harf ayrı ayrı kelimelerde yan yana bulunduklarında istisnaları olmakla birlikte birinci harf harekeli de olsa idgam yapılır. Bazı şartlarla mahreçleri birbirine yakın harfler arasında da uygulanan ve diğer meşhur kıraatlerin hiçbirinde bulunmayan bu idgama “idgām-ı kebîr” denir; فمن زحزح عن النار، فيه هدى، لا أبرح حتى gibi (Dânî, et-Teysîr , s. 20-29).
Kıraat ilminde hüccet kabul edilen ve İbn Mücâhid’in Kitâbü’s-Sebʿa ’sında kıraatinin kaideleri yazılı hale getirilerek özellikle bu ilimde diğer altı imamla birlikte meşhur olan Ebû Amr’ı, Yahyâ b. Maîn hadiste sika kabul ederken Ebû Hâtim er-Râzî onun hakkında “lâ be’se bih” (zararı yok, hadisi alınabilir) demekle yetinmiştir. Zehebî de rivayet ettiği hadislerin çok olmadığını ve Kütüb-i Sitte ’de rivayeti bulunmadığını söylemiştir. İbn Hibbân’a göre bu rivayetlerinin sayısı elli kadardır.
Talebelerinden Ebû Ubeyde et-Teymî onun garîb kelimeleri, Kur’an’ı, şiiri, eyyâmü’l-Arab ’ı, Arap dili ve edebiyatını en iyi bilen kişilerden biri olduğunu söylemiş (bk. Câhiz, I, 321; İbn Hallikân, III, 136), İbn Kuteybe ise kıraatte üstat olmakla birlikte garîbde ve şiirde daha üstün olduğunu belirtmiştir. Ferezdak da onu övmüş, bir beytinde Ebû Amr’ı buluncaya kadar “çok kapı çaldığını” zikretmiştir (bk. İbn Hibbân, VI, 347). Ebû Amr’ın Arap dili ve edebiyatındaki önemi, bu alandaki çalışmalarını Câhiliye dönemi üzerinde yoğunlaştırmasından ve derlediği bütün şiir ve haberleri bu dönemi idrak etmiş Araplar’a dayandırmasından kaynaklanmaktadır. Nitekim Asmaî, onun İslâmî döneme ait herhangi bir beyti delil olarak kullanmadığını söylemiştir (bk. İbnü’l-Kıftî, IV, 133). Ebû Ubeyde et-Teymî’nin rivayetine göre, dili fasih Araplar’dan derleyerek meydana getirdiği bir oda dolusu kitabını kendini tamamıyla ibadete verdiği bir dönemde yakmıştır (bk. Câhiz, I, 321). Yaptığının yanlış olduğunu anlayınca yeniden ilme dönmüş, bundan sonra talebelerine bu bilgilerden ezberinde kalanları aktarmaya çalışmıştır. Ebû Ubeyde’nin bu rivayetinde geçen ve “kendini ibadete verdi” anlamına gelen “tekarree” kelimesini C. Brockelmann (GAL [Ar.], II, 129; İA , IV, 11) ve R. Blachère’in (EI2 [İng.] , I, 106) “kendini Kur’an kıraatine verdi” şeklinde anlamaları sehiv eseri olmalıdır.
Bizzat kendi değerlendirmelerinden anlaşıldığına göre Ebû Amr’ın açık sözlülüğü devlet adamlarına yakın olmasını engellemiştir. Bir gün Halife Seffâh’ın amcası Süleyman b. Ali kendisine bir soru sormuş, ancak verdiği cevap onun hoşuna gitmemişti. Ebû Amr bu olay üzerine yazdığı beyitlerde melikler önünde eğilmeye tenezzül etmediğini, onların doğru konuşarak değil yalan söyleyerek memnun edilebileceğini ifade etmiştir (bk. İbn Hallikân, III, 138).
Eserleri. Bir oda dolusu kitabını yaktığına dair rivayet doğru ise Ebû Amr’ın çok sayıda telifi bulunduğunu kabul etmek gerekir. Corcî Zeydân onun yazılı bir şey bırakmadığını söylüyorsa da bu doğru değildir. Bilinen eserleri şunlardır:
1. Kitâbü Mersûmi’l-Muṣḥaf . Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’in resm-i hattı ile ilgilidir. Ebû Amr ed-Dânî tarafından Rüsûmü’l-Muṣḥafi’l-Kerîm adıyla ihtisar edilmiş olup bu muhtasarın yazma bir nüshası Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’nde bulunmaktadır (Ayasofya, nr. 4814, 14 varak).
2. Şerḥu Dîvâni’l-Ḫırnıḳ . Hırnık bint Bedr’e (ö. 50/670 [?]) ait divanın şerhidir (Brockelmann, GAL [Ar.] , I, 165-166; Suppl. , I, 70).
3. Kitâbü’l-İdġāmi’l-kebîr (eserin yazma nüshaları için bk. el-Fihrisü’ş-şâmil: maḫṭûṭâtü’t-tecvîd , I, 5-7).
4. el-Vaḳf ve’l-ibtidâʾ . Bir nüshası Zâhiriyye Kütüphanesi’nde bulunmaktadır (Mecmua, nr. 18 L, 128; bk. Ali Şevâh İshak, I, 280).
5. Taḳyîdü’l-ems̱ile . Yazma bir nüshası Rabat Umumi Kütüphanesi’ndedir (nr. 1321-d, vr. 208a -223b ).
6. Kitâbü’l-Ems̱âl . Abdülmecîd Katâmiş’in belirttiğine göre Ahmed b. Muhammed el-Meydânî (ö. 518/1124) Mecmaʿu’l-ems̱âl adlı eserinde onun bu kitabından elli sekiz yerde nakilde bulunmuştur.
7. Kitâbü’l-Ḳırâʾât . Son iki eserin günümüze ulaşıp ulaşmadığı bilinmemektedir (bk. İbnü’n-Nedîm, s. 171; Meydânî, I, 5; Sezgin, I, 17).
İbnü’n-Nedîm, Ebû Amr’dan Kitâbü’n-Nevâdir adlı bir eserin rivayet edildiğini, İbn Şenebûz’ün (ö. 328/939) Kitâbü Mâ ḫâlefe’bnü Kes̱îr Ebâ ʿAmr adında bir eseri olduğunu, Ebû Zeyd Saîd b. Evs el-Ensârî (ö. 215/830), İbn Mücâhid (ö. 324/936), Ebû Zühl ve Ahmed b. Zeyd el-Hulvânî’nin Kitâbü Ḳırâʾati Ebî ʿAmr adıyla ayrı ayrı eserler yazdıklarını zikretmekte (el-Fihrist , s. 141, 154, 157, 171, 215, 405), İbn Hallikân da Ebû Bekir es-Sûlî’nin (ö. 335/946) Aḫbâru Ebî ʿAmr b. el-ʿAlâʾ adında bir eser telif ettiğini söylemektedir (Vefeyât , III, 477). Daha sonraki devirlerde de Ebû Amr’ın kıraatini konu alan pek çok çalışma yapılmış ve müstakil eserler yazılmıştır (bu eserlerden bazılarının yazma nüshaları için bk. el-Fihrisü’ş-şâmil: maḫṭûṭâtü’l-ḳırâʾât , I, 33, 91, 114, 115, 117, 190, 236, 285, 287, 437, 447; II, 472, 494, 519, 526, 537, 623, 630, 644, 648, 656, 689).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Ebü’t-Tayyib Abdülvâhid b. Ali, Merâtibü’n-naḥviyyîn (nşr. Muhammed Ebü’l-Fazl), Kahire 1954, s. 13-41.
İbn Hibbân, es̱-S̱iḳāt , VI, 345-347.
Sîrâfî, Aḫbârü’n-naḥviyyîne’l-Baṣriyyîn (nşr. Muhammed İbrâhim el-Bennâ), Kahire 1405/1985, s. 46-48.
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İbnü’n-Nedîm, el-Fihrist , s. 140-141, 154, 157, 171, 192-194, 215, 228, 247, 405.
Dânî, et-Teysîr (nşr. O. Pretzl), İstanbul 1930, s. 20-29, 31-32, 36-37, 47, 51-52.
a.mlf., Câmiʿu’l-beyân fi’l-ḳırâʾâti’s-sebʿ (haz. Kemal Atik, doktora tezi, 1982), Atatürk Üniversitesi İlâhiyat Fakültesi, s. 40.
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a.mlf., Târîḫu’l-İslâm: sene 141-160 , s. 683-687.
a.mlf., Maʿrifetü’l-ḳurrâʾ , I, 100-105; a.e. , Millet Ktp., Ali Emîrî, nr. 2500, vr. 25b -29b .
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İbn Hacer, Tehẕîbü’t-Tehẕîb , XII, 178-180.
Süyûtî, el-Müzhir , II, 398 vd.
Brockelmann, GAL , I, 97; Suppl. , I, 70, 158; II, 142.
a.mlf., GAL (Ar.), I, 165-166; II, 129-130.
a.mlf., “Ebû Amr”, İA , IV, 11.
Sezgin, GAS , I, 17.
Ömer Ferruh, Târîḫu’l-edeb , II, 73-75.
C. Zeydân, Âdâb , I, 405-406.
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Ali Şevâh İshak, Muʿcemü muṣannefâti’l-Ḳurʾâni’l-Kerîm , Riyad 1403/1983, I, 203-204, 280.
Salâh M. el-Hıyemî, Fihrisü maḫṭûṭâti Dâri’l-Kütübi’ẓ-Ẓâhiriyye: ʿulûmü’l-Ḳurʾâni’l-Kerîm , Dımaşk 1403/1983, I, 104-107, 429-430.
el-Fihrisü’ş-şâmil: maḫṭûṭâtü’t-tecvîd , Amman 1406/1986, I, 5-7; a.e.: maḫṭûṭâtü’l-ḳırâʾât , Amman 1407/1987, I, 33, 91, 114, 115, 117, 190, 236, 285, 287, 437, 447; II, 472, 494, 519, 526, 537, 623, 630, 644, 648, 656, 689.
Abdülmecîd Katâmiş, el-Ems̱âlü’l-ʿArabiyye , Dımaşk 1408/1988, s. 45-47.
R. Blachère, “Ebū ʿAmr”, EI2 (İng.) , I, 105-106.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1994 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 10. cildinde, 94-96 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.