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EBÛ DÂVÛD es-SİCİSTÂNÎ Skip to content Ebû Dâvûd Süleymân b. el-Eş‘as b. İshâk es-Sicistânî el-Ezdî (ö. 275/889)
Kütüb-i Sitte ’den biri olan es-Sünen ’in müellifi, muhaddis.
202 (817-18) yılında Sicistan’da doğdu. 203’te (818-19) doğduğunu söyleyenler de vardır. Sicistan, bazılarının ileri sürdüğü gibi Sicistâne diye de anılan Basra’nın bir köyü olmayıp İran ile Afganistan arasındaki sınır bölgesidir. Ailesi aslen Yemen’in Ezd kabilesinden olduğu için Ezdî ve “Sicistanlı” anlamında Siczî nisbeleriyle de anılır. Dedesinin adının Bişr veya Şeddâd olduğu, büyük dedesi İmrân’ın Sıffîn’de Hz. Ali’nin yanında yer aldığı ve bu savaşta öldüğü rivayet edilmektedir.
Kurdukları vakıflar uzun yıllar devam etmiş olan zengin bir aileden gelen Ebû Dâvûd tahsiline Sicistan’da başladı. Hadis bilgisini artırmak maksadıyla on sekiz yaşında seyahate çıkarak önce Bağdat’a, daha sonra Basra’ya gitti ve orada uzun süre kaldı. En çok faydalandığı hocası kabul edilen Basralı hadis hâfızı Müslim b. İbrâhim el-Ezdî başta olmak üzere Tebûzekî, Ârim el-Basrî ve Ebü’l-Velîd et-Tayâlisî gibi muhaddislerden hadis okudu. Daha sonra diğer önemli ilim merkezlerini dolaşmaya başladı. Çoğu Buhârî ve Müslim’in de hocası olan birçok âlimden istifade etti. Mekke’de Ka‘nebî ve Süleyman b. Harb, 221’de (836) Kûfe’de Hasan b. Rebî‘ el-Becelî, Ahmed b. Yûnus el-Yerbûî, Halep’te Ebû Tevbe el-Halebî, Harran’da Ebû Ca‘fer en-Nüfeylî, 222’de (837) Humus’ta Hayve b. Şüreyh b. Yezîd ve Yezîd b. Abdürabbih, Dımaşk’ta Hişâm b. Ammâr, Horasan’da İshak b. Râhûye, Belh’te Kuteybe b. Saîd, Mısır’da Ahmed b. Sâlih vb. hadis hâfızlarından, ayrıca Ali b. Medînî, Saîd b. Mansûr ve Yahyâ b. Maîn gibi tanınmış muhaddislerden hadis öğrendi. İbn Hacer el-Askalânî onun 300 kadar hocası olduğunu söylemektedir. Ebû Ali el-Gassânî, Ebû Dâvûd’un hocalarını Tesmiyetü şüyûḫi Ebî Dâvûd Süleymân es-Sicistânî (Süleymaniye Ktp., Lâleli, nr. 2089, vr. 74-98) adlı risâlesinde bir araya getirmiştir. Ebû Dâvûd, 230 (844-45) yılında doğan ve sonraları İbn Ebû Dâvûd adıyla tanınmış bir hadis hâfızı olan oğlu Abdullah’ı seyahatlerinin bir kısmında yanına alarak erken bir yaşta hadis öğrenmesini sağladı. Kardeşi Muhammed b. Eş‘as da bu seyahatlerinde onlara arkadaşlık etti. Muhtelif zamanlarda gittiği Bağdat’ta Ahmed b. Hanbel’in ilim meclislerine uzunca bir süre devam ederek bazı önemli fıkıh ve usûl-i fıkıh konularını ondan öğrendi; daha sonra bunları Mesâʾilü’l-İmâm Aḥmed b. Ḥanbel adıyla bir araya getirdi (aş.bk.). Ahmed b. Hanbel’in de ondan bir hadis rivayet ettiği, hatta es-Sünen ’i inceleyip beğendiği söylenir. Eğer bu rivayet doğru ise Ebû Dâvûd es-Sünen ’i kırk yaşına gelmeden kaleme almış demektir. Hocaları içinde en çok hadis toplayıp ezberleyen muhaddisin Yahyâ b. Maîn, hadislerin fıkhını en iyi anlayanın Ahmed b. Hanbel, hadislerdeki gizli kusurları (illet) en iyi bilenin Ali b. Medînî olduğunu söylerdi.
Ebû Dâvûd tahsil hayatı boyunca muhtelif şehirlerde uzun süre kaldı; bu arada Tarsus’ta yirmi yıl ikamet etti. Memleketi olan Sicistan’a döndükten sonra da Herat’ta ve Bağdat’ta bulundu. Bağdat’ta iken Halife Mu‘temid-Alellah’ın kardeşi Emîr Ebû Ahmed Muvaffak b. Mütevekkil, Ebû Dâvûd’un evine giderek zenci hareketi yüzünden Basra’nın yakılıp yıkıldığını, halkının başka yerlere göç ettiğini, eğer Basra’ya gelip yerleşirse İslâm âleminin dört bir yanından ona gelecek talebeler sayesinde Basra’nın yeniden canlanacağını söyledi. Ebû Dâvûd emîrin bu ricası üzerine Basra’ya yerleşti. Zenci hareketi 868-883 yılları arasında devam ettiğine göre (İA , XIII, 521) Ebû Dâvûd’un ölümünden beş altı yıl kadar önce Basra’ya yerleştiği söylenebilir. Burada ve başka yerlerde kendisinden pek çok muhaddis faydalandı. Oğlu Abdullah başta olmak üzere Ebû Îsâ et-Tirmizî, İbn Ebü’d-Dünyâ, bir rivayete göre Nesâî, Abdân el-Ahvâzî, Zekeriyyâ b. Yahyâ es-Sâcî, Ebû Bişr ed-Dûlâbî, Ebû Bekir el-Hallâl ve Ebû Avâne el-İsferâyînî gibi muhaddis ve âlimler ona talebelik ettiler. Basralı talebelerinden Muhammed b. Ahmed el-Lü’lüî ile Ebû Bekir İbn Dâse kendisinden es-Sünen ’i rivayet edenlerin en tanınmışlardır. Ebû Dâvûd 16 Şevval 275’te (21 Şubat 889) Basra’da vefat etti ve Süfyân es-Sevrî’nin kabrinin yanına defnedildi.
Hadisçiliği. Birçok hadis âliminin belirttiği gibi Ebû Dâvûd hadislerin zayıfını sağlamından ayırma, rivayetlerdeki ince kusurları tanıma ve hadis râvilerini tenkit etme hususlarında tanınmış bir âlimdir. Râvileri tenkit ederken kesin bilgi sahibi olmadığı kimseler hakkında görüş bildirmekten sakınırdı. Onların güvenilir olmadığına dair ileri sürülen genel ifadelere önem vermez, hangi sebeplerle cerh edildiklerinin açıkça söylenmesini isterdi. Hadis rivayetinde yetersiz ve liyakatsiz bulduğu kimselere karşı hiç müsamaha göstermez, yakını bile olsa tenkit etmekten çekinmezdi. Nitekim oğlu Abdullah hakkında bilinmeyen bir sebeple yalancı dediği ileri sürülmektedir (Zehebî, Mîzânü’l-iʿtidâl , II, 433). Ṣaḥîḥ-i Buḫârî ’de iki rivayeti bulunan Ya‘kūb b. Humeyd b. Kâsib’in değersiz bir kişi olduğunu göstermek üzere onun rivayetlerinin yazılı olduğu kâğıtlarla kitaplarını kapladığı rivayet edilir (a.g.e. , IV, 451). Bir hadisin senedinde kopukluk bulunmadığı ve râvilerinin zayıflığı hakkında fikir birliğine varılmadığı takdirde onu kitabına almakta mahzur görmeyen Ebû Dâvûd, hayatı boyunca yazdığı 500.000 hadis arasından bu özelliklere sahip 4800 rivayeti seçerek es-Sünen ’e almıştır.
Devrin hadis hâfızlarından İbrâhim b. Uvreme el-İsfahânî ile hadis hâfızı ve fakih Ebû Bekir b. Sadaka, hiç kimse hakkında kullanmadıkları övgü ifadelerini Ebû Dâvûd için kullanmışlardır. Mûsâ b. Hârûn, onun hadis için yaratıldığını ve ondan daha faziletli birini görmediğini söylemiştir. Talebesi Ebû Bekir el-Hallâl de hocasından, devrinin önde gelen imamlarından biri ve hadislerin sağlamlık derecesini anlayıp kaynağına inme hususunda en yetkili otorite diye söz etmiştir. Hâkim en-Nisâbûrî’ye göre Ebû Dâvûd asrın hadis imamı idi. Muhammed b. Mahled’e göre de 100.000 hadisi rahatlıkla müzakere edebilirdi. Târîḫu Herât müellifi İbn Yâsîn ise onu, en ince kusurlara varıncaya kadar rivayetleri çok iyi bilen büyük bir muhaddis ve son derece müttaki bir kimse olarak tanıtmıştır. İbn Hibbân’a göre Ebû Dâvûd fıkıh ve hadisteki bilgisi, hâfıza gücü ve takvâ bakımından en büyük âlimlerden biriydi. Ebû Abdullah İbn Mende, hadislerin sağlamını sakatından, doğrusunu yanlışından dört muhaddisin ayırabildiğini söyleyerek sırasıyla Buhârî, Müslim, Ebû Dâvûd ve Nesâî’nin adını verirdi.
es-Sünen ’i tasnif ettikten sonra İslâm dünyasında şöhreti artan Ebû Dâvûd, hadis ilmindeki otoritesi yanında fıkıh bilgisiyle de dikkati çekmiştir. Herhangi bir mezhebi taklit etmediği halde İbn Ebû Ya‘lâ (Ṭabaḳātü’l-Ḥanâbile , I, 159), Ebû İshak eş-Şîrâzî (Ṭabaḳātü’l-fuḳahâʾ , I, 171) ve Ebü’l-Yümn el-Uleymî (el-Menhecü’l-aḥmed , I, 256-258) onu Ahmed b. Hanbel’in talebesi olan Hanbelî fukahası, Sübkî de (Ṭabaḳāt , II, 293-296) Şâfiî fukahası arasında saymışlardır.
Ebû Dâvûd, Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’den sonra sünneti ön planda tutma konusunda Selefiyye’nin metodunu benimsemiştir. Hayat tarzı bakımından Hz. Peygamber’e benzetilen Ahmed b. Hanbel’i kendisine örnek aldığı ve zâhidâne bir hayat sürdüğü belirtilmektedir. İlmi her şeyin üstünde tuttuğu için -Buhârî’nin de yaptığı gibi- Emîr Ebû Ahmed el-Muvaffak b. Mütevekkil’in, kendi çocuklarına özel olarak es-Sünen ’i okutması teklifini reddetmiş, onlar da diğer hadis talebeleriyle birlikte ayrı bir bölmede Ebû Dâvûd’un derslerine devam etmişlerdir.
Ebû Dâvûd’un güzel sözleri vardır: “Baş olma sevdası gizli şehvettir”; “Sözün hayırlısı kulağa izinsiz girendir”; “Giyeceğe ve yiyeceğe değer vermeyen kimse vücudunu rahat ettirir.” Pratik sonuçlara değer verdiği anlaşılan Ebû Dâvûd, es-Sünen ’deki şu dört hadisin iyi bir müslüman olmak isteyen kişiye kâfi geleceğini söylerdi: “Ameller niyetlere göre değerlendirilir”; “İnsanın kendini ilgilendirmeyen işleri bırakması, onun iyi bir müslüman olduğunu gösterir”; “Kişi kendisi için istediği şeyi kardeşi için de istemedikçe iyi bir mümin olamaz”; “Helâl de bellidir haram da. Ancak bunların arasında (sakınılması gerekli), halkın çoğunun helâl mi haram mı olduğunu bilmediği şüpheli konular vardır.”
Eserleri. 1. es-Sünen . Sahihinden zayıfına kadar İslâm hukukuyla ilgili 4800 hadisi topladığı, bunlardan ileri derecede zayıf olanları belirtmeye özen gösterdiği bir eser olup İslâm dünyasında büyük rağbet görmüştür. Muhtelif şerhleri bulunan es-Sünen Kahire’de neşredilmiş (1280), daha sonra da pek çok baskısı yapılmıştır.
2. el-Merâsîl . 544 mürsel hadisi ihtiva eden ve sahasının ilk ve orijinal eseri olan kitap, bilindiği kadarıyla ilk defa Alî es-Sünnî et-Trablusî tarafından senedleri zikredilmeksizin neşredilmiş (Kahire 1310), daha sonra senedleriyle birlikte muhtelif baskıları yapılmıştır.
3. Mesâʾilü’l-İmâm Aḥmed b. Ḥanbel . el-Mesâʾilü’lletî ḫâlefe ʿaleyhe’l-İmâm Aḥmed b. Ḥanbel adıyla da bilinen eser, Ahmed b. Hanbel’e sorulan bazı soruların Ebû Dâvûd tarafından kaydedilen cevaplarından ibarettir. Fıkıh bablarına göre tertip edilen kitap Muhammed Behcet el-Baytâr tarafından neşre hazırlanmış ve Reşîd Rızâ’nın takdim yazısıyla yayımlanmıştır (Kahire 1353).
4. İcâbâtühû ʿalâ suʾâlâti Ebî ʿUbeyd Muḥammed b. ʿAlî b. ʿOs̱mân el-Âcurrî . Râvilerin cerh ve ta‘dîl ine dair talebesi Ebû Ubeyd el-Âcurrî’nin sorularına verdiği cevapları ihtiva eden ve Âcurrî tarafından derlenen eser beş cüzden meydana gelmektedir. İbn Hacer’in Tehẕîbü’t-Tehẕîb ’de çok faydalandığı bu eserin Köprülü Kütüphanesi’ndeki üçüncü cüzü (nr. 292, 30 varak) Muhammed Ali Kāsım el-Ömerî tarafından yayımlanmıştır (Medine 1403). Dördüncü ve beşinci cüzleri Bibliothèque Nationale’de bulunan (nr. 2085, 68 varak) eserin birinci ve ikinci cüzlerinin günümüze ulaşıp ulaşmadığı bilinmemektedir.
5. Risâletü Ebî Dâvûd ilâ ehli Mekke fî vaṣfi Sünenihî . Risâle fî vaṣfi teʾlîfihî li-kitâbi’s-Sünen adıyla da anılan risâle, bir müellifin kendi eserini tanıtıp benzerleriyle karşılaştırması ve o devirde pek âdet olmayan bir usulü ortaya koyması bakımından önem taşımaktadır. Eserin Dârü’l-kütübi’z-Zâhiriyye’deki yegâne nüshasını (Hadis, nr. 348, vr. 188a -191a ) ilk defa Zâhid Kevserî (Kahire 1369), daha sonra da Muhammed Lutfî es-Sabbâğ (Beyrut 1394, 1405) yayımlamışlardır.
6. Kitâbü’z-Zühd . Mağrib hattıyla yazılmış bir nüshası Fas’ta Karaviyyîn Kütüphanesi’nde bulunmaktadır (nr. 80/133).
7. Tesmiyetü iḫve elleẕîne ruviye ʿanhümü’l-ḥadîs̱ . Tesmiyetü’l-iḫve min ehli’l-emṣâr adıyla da bilinen risâle Dârü’l-kütübi’z-Zâhiriyye’dedir (Mecmua, nr. 129, vr. 216a -223b ).
8. Kitâbü’l-Baʿs̱ ve’n-nüşûr . Brockelmann bu eserin Dımaşk’ta bulunduğunu söylemektedir (GAL [Ar.], III, 189).
9. Kitâbü’l-Ḳader . Günümüze gelip gelmediği bilinmeyen eser, er-Red ʿalâ ehli’l-ḳader ve er-Red ʿale’l-ḳaderiyye adlarıyla da anılmaktadır.
Ebû Dâvûd’un bunlardan başka Nâsiḫu’l-Ḳurʾân ve mensûḫuh , Delâʾilü’n-nübüvve , et-Teferrüd fi’s-sünen , Feżâʾilü’l-enṣâr , Müsnedü Mâlik , ed-Duʿâʾ , İbtidâʾü’l-vaḥy , Aḫbârü’l-ḫavâric , Mâ teferrede bihî ehlü’l-emṣâr ve el-Âdâbü’ş-şerʿiyye adlı eserlerinin bulunduğu kaynaklarda zikredilmektedir.
Ebû Dâvûd hakkında müstakil bazı eserler kaleme alınmış ve ilmî araştırmalar yapılmıştır. Ebû Ahmed el-Cellûdî’nin (ö. 302/914-15) Aḫbâru Ebî Dâvûd adlı bir eseri vardır (Âgā Büzürg-i Tahrânî, I, 316). Ümmülkurâ Üniversitesi’nde Muhammed Sîrân Efendi el-Endonîsî’nin el-Metrûkûn ve’l-mechûlûn ve merviyyâtühüm fî Süneni Ebî Dâvûd es-Sicistânî adıyla yaptığı yüksek lisans tezi basılmıştır (Mekke 1396/1976). Takıyyüddin el-Mezâhirî en-Nedvî, Ebû Dâvûd el-imâm el-ḥâfıẓ el-faḳīh adlı araştırmasında (Ayn 1978) Ebû Dâvûd’un hayatını ve ilmî şahsiyetini incelemiştir. Muavvad b. Bilâl el-Avfî, yine Ümmülkurâ Üniversitesi’nde Ebû Dâvûd es-Sicistânî ve es̱eruhû fî ʿilmi’l-ḥadîs̱ adlı bir yüksek lisans tezi hazırlamıştır (Mekke 1400/1980). Muhammed Lutfî es-Sabbâğ’ın da Ebû Dâvûd ḥayâtühû ve Sünenühû adlı bir çalışması bulunmaktadır (Beyrut 1405/1985).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Ebû Dâvûd, Sünen (nşr. Kemâl Yûsuf el-Hût), Beyrut 1409/1988, nâşirin mukaddimesi, I, 720.
Hatîb, Târîḫu Baġdâd , IX, 55-59.
Şîrâzî, Ṭabaḳātü’l-fuḳahâʾ , I, 171.
İbn Ebû Ya‘lâ, Ṭabaḳātü’l-Ḥanâbile , I, 159.
Nevevî, Tehẕîb , II, 224-227.
Zehebî, Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ , XIII, 203-221.
a.mlf., Mîzânü’l-iʿtidâl , II, 433; IV, 451.
Sübkî, Ṭabaḳāt , II, 293-296.
İbn Hacer, Tehẕîbü’t-Tehẕîb , IV, 169-173.
Uleymî, el-Menhecü’l-aḥmed (nşr. M. Muhyiddin Abdülhamîd – Âdil Nüveyhiz), Beyrut 1403/1983, I, 256-258.
Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , II, 1387, 1004-1006, 1402, 1458.
Brockelmann, GAL (Ar.) , III, 185-189.
Bedrân, Tehẕîbü Târîḫi Dımaşḳ , VI, 246-247.
M. Abdurrahman el-Mübârekfûrî, Muḳaddimetü Tuḥfeti’l-aḥveẕî , Kahire 1386/1967, I, 352-353.
Sezgin, GAS , I, 149-152, 165.
Âgā Büzürg-i Tahrânî, eẕ-Ẕerîʿa ilâ teṣânîfi’ş-Şîʿa , Beyrut 1403/1983, I, 316.
Nüveyhiz, Muʿcemü’l-müfessirîn , I, 215.
Kays Âl-i Kays, el-Îrâniyyûn , II/1, s. 244-254.
Şeşen, Fihrisü maḫṭûṭâti’ṭ-ṭıbbi’l-İslâmî , I, 157.
“Ebû Dâvûd es-Sicistânî”, ʿÂlemü’l-kütüb , V/2, Kahire 1984, s. 759.
Vahid Çabuk, “Zenc”, İA , XIII, 521-522.
J. Robson, “Abū Dāʾūd al-Sid̲j̲istānī”, EI2 (Fr.) , I, 117.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1994 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 10. cildinde, 119-121 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.