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EBÛ HAYYÂN el-ENDELÜSÎ Skip to content EBÛ HAYYÂN el-ENDELÜSÎ (أبو حيّان الأندلسي; Ebû Hayyân Muhammed b. Yûsuf b. Alî b. Yûsuf b. Hayyân el-Endelüsî; ö. 745/1344) Endülüslü dil âlimi ve müfessir.
Müellif: Mahmut Kafes
654 Şevvalinin sonlarına doğru (1256 Kasım ortaları) Gırnata’ya bağlı Matahşâreş kasabasında doğdu. Berberî bir aileden gelmektedir. Lakabı Esîrüddin olup Nahvî, Gırnâtî, Ceyyânî ve Nefzî nisbeleriyle de anılır.
Çocukluğunu ve gençlik yıllarını Gırnata’da geçiren Ebû Hayyân, burada Abdülhak b. Ali el-Ensârî’den ifrad ve cem‘ yoluyla kırâat-i seb‘a okudu, bu maksatla yirmi hatim indirdi. Bu ilimde Ebû Ca‘fer b. Tabbâ‘ ve Ebû Ca‘fer Ahmed b. İbrâhim b. Zübeyr gibi üstatlardan da faydalandı. Ebü’l-Hasan el-Übbezî, Ebû Ca‘fer Ahmed b. İbrâhim b. Zübeyr, İbn Ebü’l-Ahvas gibi hocalardan Arapça dersleri aldı. Kendisini sarf, nahiv, dil, tefsir, hadis, usûl-i fıkıh ve kelâm konularında çok iyi yetiştirdi. Tahsilini tamamlayarak 674 (1275) yılından itibaren Arapça okutmaya başladı.
677 (1278) yılında (bazılarına göre 678 [1279] veya 679’da [1280]) bilgisini arttırmak ve bazı hocaları ile aralarında çıkan anlaşmazlıkların meydana getirdiği huzursuz ortamdan uzaklaşmak için Endülüs’ten ayrılıp doğuya seyahat eden Ebû Hayyân önce Kuzey Afrika’ya gitti; oradan İskenderiye, Kahire, Mekke, Medine, Bağdat ve Dımaşk’a geçti; bu arada hac farîzasını yerine getirdi. Bu merkezlerde kendilerinden istifade ettiği âlimlerle hocalarının sayısı 450’ye ulaşmaktadır. Aralarında Abdünnasîr b. Ali el-Meryûtî, İsmâil b. Hibetullah el-Melîcî, Ebü’l-İz Abdülazîz el-Harrânî, Bahâeddin Muhammed b. İbrâhim İbnü’n-Nehhâs, Alemüddin Abdülkerîm b. Ali el-Irâkī gibi âlimlerin bulunduğu birçok hocadan faydalanması yanında Şâmiyye bintü’l-Hâfız Ebû Ali Hasan b. Muhammed et-Temîmiyye, Mûnise bintü’s-Sultân el-Melikü’l-Âdil Ebû Bekir b. Eyyûb ve Zeyneb bint Abdüllatîf b. Yûsuf gibi kadın hocalardan da ders aldı. Öğrencisi Safedî’ye verdiği icâzetnâmede elliden fazla hocasının adını zikretmektedir.
Ebû Hayyân daha sonra Mısır’a dönerek Kahire’de ders verdi ve telifle meşgul oldu. Burada Câmiu’l-Akmer’de kıraat, el-Kubbetü’l-Mansûriyye’de tefsir okutan ve çeşitli ilimlerde müderrislik vazifesini ölünceye kadar sürdüren Ebû Hayyân’ın derslerinden pek çok âlim faydalanmış olup Tâceddin es-Sübkî ile babası Takıyyüddin es-Sübkî, Cemâleddin el-İsnevî, Selâhaddin es-Safedî, Bahâeddin İbn Akīl, Sefâkusî, Sirâceddin el-Bulkīnî ve İbnü’l-Lebbân bunlardan bazılarıdır.
Türkçe, Farsça, Habeşçe ve Himyerî dilini de bilen, bu dillere dair eserleri olan Ebû Hayyân daha çok Arap dili ve grameri alanlarında ün yapmış, nahivde Basra mektebinin görüşlerini benimsemiş ve bu mektebin öncülerinden Sîbeveyhi’nin güçlü bir savunucusu olmuştur. Hatta çağdaşı ve çok sevip takdir ettiği Takıyyüddin İbn Teymiyye’nin Sîbeveyhi’yi tenkit etmesi üzerine araları açılmıştı.
Ebû Hayyân vaktinin çoğunu okuyup yazmak ve talebe yetiştirmekle geçirir, zeki ve çalışkan öğrencilerine özel ilgi gösterirdi. Derslerinde Sîbeveyhi’nin el-Kitâb’ını, kendi eserleri yanında İbn Mâlik et-Tâî’nin gramerle ilgili eserlerini de okuturdu. Dil ve edebiyattaki geniş ve köklü bilgisinden dolayı “emîrü’l-mü’minîn fi’n-nahv” ve “lisânü’l-Arab” gibi takdir ifadeleriyle anılmıştır.
Ebû Hayyân sekizinci tabaka müfessirlerinden olup eserlerinin çoğu, bu arada tefsiri daha çok gramer, lugat, belâgat ve fesahat ağırlıklı açıklamalarla doludur. Aynı zamanda şair olan Ebû Hayyân’ın bir divanı vardır. Şiirlerinin bir kısmı âlimane ve hakîmane, bir kısmı da âşıkanedir. Şiirleri içinde müveşşah ları daha parlaktır. Kâ‘b b. Züheyr’in Ḳaṣîdetü’l-bürde’sine yazdığı nazîre oldukça başarılıdır.
Ebû Hayyân’ın Türk dili bakımından ayrı bir önemi vardır. O dönemde Türk dilinin Mısır’da sahip olduğu itibar onu Türkçe üzerinde çalışmaya yöneltmiş, Türk dilinin en eski gramer kitaplarından biri olan ve daha sonra Doğu’da yazılan benzeri eserlere kaynaklık eden Kitâbü’l-İdrâk li-lisâni’l-Etrâk’i kaleme almıştır. Ayrıca Zehvü’l-mülk fî naḥvi’t-Türk, el-Efʿâl fî lisâni’t-Türk ve ed-Dürretü’l-muḍıyye fi’l-luġati’t-Türkiyye adlı henüz ele geçmeyen eserleri telif etmiştir.
Aile fertleri hakkında yeterli bilgi bulunmayan Ebû Hayyân’ın kaynaklarda Nudâr adında bir kızı, Hayyân adında bir oğlu, oğlundan Muhammed adında bir torunu ile künyesi Ümmü Hayyân olan bir hanımından bahsedilir. Hayatının sonlarına doğru gözlerini kaybetti. 28 Safer 745’te (11 Temmuz 1344) Kahire’de vefat etti ve ertesi gün Sûfiyye Mezarlığı’na defnedildi.
Ebû Hayyân başlangıçta Mâlikî iken o dönemde Endülüs’te çok yaygın olan Zâhiriyye mezhebine geçmiş, Mısır’a gittikten sonra çoğunluğu Şâfiî olan halkın mezhebini benimseyerek Şâfiî olmuştur. Ancak Zâhiriyye’nin görüşlerine daima yakınlık duymuş, zaman zaman da bunu açığa vurmuştur. Hz. Ali’ye karşı aşırı sevgisi olan Ebû Hayyân, Mu‘tezile ve Mücessime’ye ait görüşlerle felsefeden uzak bir hayat sürmüş, Mısır’da devlet adamlarıyla samimi ilişkiler kurmuştur. Çok yer gezip çeşitli insanlarla karşılaştığı için herkese ihtiyatla ve şüpheci bir tavırla yaklaşır, kimsenin aleyhinde konuşmazdı. Cömertlikten hoşlanmadığı, cimriliğiyle övündüğü rivayet edilir. Kitap satın alanları kınar, ihtiyaç duyduğu kitapları kütüphanelerden ödünç alıp okuduğunu söylerdi.
Eserleri. Ebû Hayyân’ın kıraat ilminde on beş, tefsirde üç, hadiste iki, fıkıhta beş, edebiyat alanında on bir, çeşitli dillerle (Arapça, Farsça, Türkçe, Habeşçe vb.) ilgili olarak yirmi altı, tarih sahasında dokuz olmak üzere yetmişten fazla eser yazdığı kaydedilmekte olup bunlardan günümüze ulaştığı bilinenler yirmi civarındadır.
1. el-Baḥrü’l-muḥîṭ . Nahvî-edebî bir tefsir olup ilk defa, kenarında müellifin en-Nehrü’l-mâd adlı eseriyle talebesi Tâceddin Ahmed b. Abdülkādir’in el-Baḥrü’l-muḥîṭ’in muhtasarı olan ed-Dürrü’l-laḳīṭ mine’l-Baḥr bulunduğu halde sekiz cilt olarak yayımlanmıştır (Kahire 1328-1329). Yine sekiz cilt halinde Kahire’de yapılmış diğer bir baskısı daha vardır (Bulak 1928). Ofset olarak Riyad ve Bağdat’ta da basılan eser, Arafat el-A‘şâ Hassune, Sıdkī Muhammed Cemîl ve Züheyr Caîd’in tashihleriyle on cilt halinde yeniden neşredilmiştir (Beyrut 1412/1992). Sabri İbrâhim es-Seyyid, bu tefsirle ilgili olarak Şevâhidü Ebî Ḥayyân fî tefsîrih (İskenderiye 1989) ve İʿrâbü’l-Ḳurʾân fî tefsîri Ebî Ḥayyân (İskenderiye 1989) adıyla iki eser kaleme almıştır.
2. en-Nehrü’l-mâd. el-Baḥrü’l-muḥîṭ’in bazı değişiklikler ve ilâvelerle kaleme alınmış bir muhtasarıdır. Önce el-Baḥrü’l-muḥîṭ’in kenarında basılan eser (Kahire 1328-1329), daha sonra Bûrân ed-Dannâvî ve Hidyân ed-Dannâvî tarafından iki cüz (üç cilt) halinde müstakil olarak yayımlanmıştır (Beyrut 1402/1987).
3. Tuḥfetü’l-erîb bimâ fi’l-Ḳurʾân mine’l-ġarîb. Kaynaklarda İtḥâfü’l-erîb… adıyla zikredilen eser ilk defa Hama’da yayımlanmış (1345/1926), daha sonra Ahmed Matlûb ile Hadîce el-Hadîsî (Bağdad 1397/1977) ve Semîr el-Meczûb (Beyrut 1403/1983) tarafından tahkik edilerek neşredilmiştir. Ayrıca Dâvûd Sellûm ve Nûrî Hammûdî el-Kaysî, eseri alfabetik şekilde tertip ederek aslında bulunmayan bazı kelimeleri de eklemek suretiyle Tertîbü Tuḥfeti’l-erîb bimâ fi’l-Ḳurʾâni mine’l-ġarîb adıyla yeniden yayımlamışlardır (Beyrut 1409/1989).
4. Dîvânü Ebî Ḥayyân. Ahmed Matlûb ve Hadîce el-Hadîsî’nin tahkikiyle neşredilmiştir (Bağdad 1966).
5. Ġāyetü’l-iḥsân fi’n-naḥv (Beyrut 1408/1988, 2. bs.).
6. en-Nüketü’l-ḥisân fî şerḥi Ġāyeti’l-iḥsân. Abdülhüseyin el-Fetlî’nin tahkikiyle yayımlanmıştır (Beyrut 1405/1985, 1408/1988).
7. el-İrtiḍâʾ fi’l-farḳ beyne’ḍ-ḍâd ve’ẓ-ẓâʾ. Muhammed Hasan Âl-i Yâsîn tarafından tahkik edilerek yayımlanmıştır (Bağdad 1961).
8. Menhecü’s-sâlik fi’l-kelâmi ʿalâ Elfiyyeti İbn Mâlik. Sidney Glazer’in tahkikiyle neşredilmiştir (New Haven 1947).
9. et-Teẕyîl ve’t-tekmîl fî şerḥi’t-Teshîl. İbn Mâlik et-Tâî’nin (ö. 672/1274) sarf ve nahve dair Teshîlü’l-fevâʾid ve tekmîlü’l-maḳāṣıd adlı eserinin on cilt halinde yapılmış şerhidir. İlk iki cildi yayımlanmış olup (Kahire 1328) bazı kütüphanelerde çeşitli ciltlerinin nüshaları bulunmaktadır (Süleymaniye Ktp., Cârullah Efendi, nr. 1910, c. X; Köprülü Ktp., nr. 1475-1483, c. I-IX; Dârü’l-kütübi’l-Mısriyye, Nahiv, nr. 62, c. II-VI; nr. 6016, c. I-IV, VII; nr. 61, c. VII; nr. 465, c. V-VII).
10. İrtişâfü’ḍ-ḍarab min lisâni’l-ʿArab. et-Teẕyîl ve’t-tekmîl’in bir muhtasarı olup Mustafa Ahmed en-Nemmâs tarafından yayımlanmıştır (Kahire 1984). Mezîd İsmâil Nuaym bu eser üzerinde, Kahire Üniversitesi Külliyyetü dâri’l-ulûm’da Menhecü Ebî Ḥayyân en-Naḥvî fî kitâbihî İrtişâfü’ḍ-ḍarab min lisâni’l-ʿArab maʿa taḥḳīḳi faṣl minhu adıyla bir doktora çalışması yapmıştır (1397/1978).
11. Teẕkiretü’n-nüḥât. Dört cilt olduğu kaydedilen gramere dair bu eserin günümüze ulaşan ikinci cüzü Afîf Abdurrahman’ın tahkikiyle neşredilmiştir (Beyrut 1406/1986).
12. Kitâbü’l-İdrâk li-lisâni’l-Etrâk. el-İdrâk olarak da anılan eser, 2200 kelimelik bir sözlükle sarf ve nahiv bölümlerinden meydana gelmiştir. Kendi alanında elde mevcut ilk eser olan bu kitap, önce Beyazıt Devlet Kütüphanesi’ndeki (Veliyyüddin Efendi, nr. 2896) yazma nüshası esas alınarak Mustafa Bey tarafından yayımlanmış (1309/1891-92), daha sonra Ahmet Caferoğlu İstanbul Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi’ndeki (Hâlis Efendi, nr. 6574) nüshasını da dikkate alarak eseri yeniden tahkik ve tercüme etmiştir (İstanbul 1931).
13. Taḳrîbü’l-Muḳarrib. İbn Usfûr el-İşbîlî’nin gramere dair el-Muḳarrib adlı eserinin şerhi olup Afîf Abdurrahman (Beyrut 1983) ve Muhammed Câsim ed-Düleymî (Beyrut 1987) tarafından yayımlanmıştır.
14. et-Tedrîb fî tems̱îli taḥṣîli’t-Taḳrîb. Bir önceki eserin birtakım örnekler ilâvesiyle yeniden telif edilmiş şekli olup bir nüshası Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’nde bulunmaktadır (Hacı Beşir Ağa, nr. 174).
15. el-Lemḥatü’l-bedriyye fi’l-ʿilmi’l-ʿArabiyye. Nahve dair yedi babdan oluşan bu risâleye pek çok şerh yazılmıştır. Bunlardan İbn Hişâm el-Ensârî’nin (ö. 761/1350) şerhi Salâh Râvî’nin (Kahire 1982), Muhammed b. Abdüddâim el-Birmâvî’nin (ö. 831/1428) şerhi ise Abdülhamid Mahmûd Hassân el-Vekîl’in tahkikiyle (Kahire 1986) basılmıştır.
16. el-Mevfûr min Şerḥi İbn ʿUṣfûr. Zeccâcî’nin nahve dair el-Cümelü’l-kübrâ adlı eserine İbn Usfûr tarafından yazılan şerhin (eş-Şerḥu’l-kebîr) muhtasarıdır (Dârü’l-kütübi’l-Mısriyye, nr. Ş-24).
17. el-Mübdiʿ fi’t-taṣrîf. İbn Usfûr’un el-Mümtiʿ fi’t-taṣrîf adlı sarfa dair eserinin (nşr. Fahreddin Kabâve, Halep 1390/1970; Beyrut 1982, 1983, 1987; Libya 1983) bir özetidir (Süleymaniye Ktp., Hacı Beşir Ağa, nr. 173/2; Dârü’l-kütübi’l-Mısriyye, nr. Ş-24). Muhammed ez-Zeyn Zerrûk bu eser üzerine Mekke Ümmülkurâ Üniversitesi Külliyyetü’l-lugati’l-Arabiyye’de, el-Cühûdü’ṣ-ṣarfiyye li-Ebî Ḥayyân en-Naḥvî maʿa taḥḳīḳ ve dirâse li-kitâbihi’l-Mübdiʿ adıyla bir yüksek lisans tezi hazırlamıştır (1401/1981).
18. el-Hidâye fi’n-naḥv (Dârü’l-kütübi’l-Mısriyye, nr. 1726, Mecâmî‘, nr. 721, Nahiv, nr. 428) (eserleri için ayrıca bk. Teẕkiretü’n-nüḥât, nâşirin mukaddimesi, s. 20-21; Tuḥfetü’l-erîb, nâşirin mukaddimesi, s. 29-34; Bulut, I, 267-274; Hadîce el-Hadîsî, s. 101-126).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Ebû Hayyân el-Endelüsî, Teẕkiretü’n-nüḥât (nşr. Afîf Abdurrahman), Beyrut 1406/1986, nâşirin mukaddimesi, s. 9-36. a.mlf., Tuḥfetü’l-erîb bimâ fi’l-Ḳurʾâni mine’l-ġarîb (nşr. Semîr el-Meczûb), Beyrut 1403/1983, nâşirin mukaddimesi, s. 3-37. a.mlf., en-Nüketü’l-ḥisân fî şerḥi Ġāyeti’l-iḥsân (nşr. Abdülhüseyin el-Fetlî), Beyrut 1408/1988, nâşirin mukaddimesi, s. 5-27. Abdülbâkī b. Abdülmecîd el-Yemânî, İşâretü’t-taʿyîn fî terâcimi’n-nüḥât ve’l-luġaviyyîn (nşr. Abdülmecîd Diyâb), Riyad 1986, s. 290-292. Zehebî, Maʿrifetü’l-ḳurrâʾ , II, 723-724. Vâdîâşî, Bernâmec (nşr. Muhammed Mahfûz), Beyrut 1982, s. 74-76. İbnü’l-Verdî, Tetimmetü’l-Muḫtaṣar fî aḫbâri’l-beşer (nşr. Ahmed Rif‘at el-Bedrâvî), Beyrut 1389/1970, II, 482-483. Kütübî, Fevâtü’l-Vefeyât , IV, 71-78. Safedî, el-Vâfî , V, 267-283. a.mlf., Aʿyânü’l-ʿaṣr (faksimile nşr. Fuat Sezgin), Frankfurt 1990, III, 230-241. a.mlf., Nektü’l-himyân fî nüketi’l-ʿumyân (nşr. Ahmed Zeki Bek), Kahire 1329/1911, s. 280-286. Ebü’l-Mehâsin el-Hüseynî, Ẕeylü Teẕkireti’l-ḥuffâẓ li’ẕ-Ẕehebî, Haydarâbâd 1376/1956 → Beyrut, ts. (Dâru ihyâi’t-türâsi’l-Arabî), s. 23. Sübkî, Ṭabaḳāt (Tanâhî), IX, 276-309. İsnevî, Ṭabaḳātü’ş-Şâfiʿiyye , I, 457-459. İbnü’l-Cezerî, Ġāyetü’n-Nihâye , II, 285-286. İbn Hacer, ed-Dürerü’l-kâmine , IV, 302-310. İbn Tağrîberdî, en-Nücûmü’z-zâhire , X, 111-115. Süyûtî, Buġyetü’l-vuʿât , I, 280-285. a.mlf., Ḥüsnü’l-muḥâḍara, I, 534-536. Dâvûdî, Ṭabaḳātü’l-müfessirîn , II, 286-291. İbnü’l-Kādî, Dürretü’l-ḥicâl , II, 122-124. Makkarî, Nefḥu’ṭ-ṭîb , II, 535-584, 655-656.Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I, 6, 61, 153, 226, 393; II, 1189, 1882, 1976. Şevkânî, el-Bedrü’ṭ-ṭâliʿ , II, 288-291. Köprülü, Türk Edebiyatı Tarihi , s. 313-314. Serkîs, Muʿcem , I, 306-308. Brockelmann, GAL , II, 133-134; Suppl., II, 135-136.Hediyyetü’l-ʿârifîn , II, 152-153. M. Hüseyin ez-Zehebî, et-Tefsîr ve’l-müfessirûn, Kahire 1381/1961, I, 317-321. Sarton, Introduction , III/1, s. 1011-1014. Ahmet Caferoğlu, Türk Dili Tarihi, İstanbul 1964, II, 198-199, 203. Hadîce el-Hadîsî, Ebû Ḥayyân en-Naḥvî, Bağdad 1385/1966. Şevkī Dayf, el-Medârisü’n-naḥviyye, Kahire 1968, s. 320-326. Ömer Ferruh, Târîḫu’l-edeb , VI, 426-430. I. Goldziher, Zâhirîler (trc. Cihad Tunç), Ankara 1982, s. 149-154. Ahmet Bulut, “Ebû Hayyân el-Endelüsî”, Bilim Felsefe Tarih, İstanbul 1991, I, 241-276. Abdülâl Sâlim Mekrem, “Ebû Ḥayyân el-Endelüsî ve menhecühû fi’d-dirâsâti’n-naḥviyye”, Mecelletü’l-âdâb ve’t-terbiye Câmiʿatü’l-Küveyt, sy. 2, Küveyt 1972, s. 926. Abdülmecîd el-Muhtesib, “Ḥayâtü Ebî Ḥayyân ve s̱eḳāfetüh”, ed-Dirâsâtü’l-İslâmiyye, XIII/1, İslâmâbâd 1978, s. 8-19. Afîf Abdurrahman, “et-Teẕkire li-Ebî Ḥayyân el-Endelüsî”, MMLADm. , LIII/1 (1978), s. 50-76. Abdülkādir Zimâme, “Min Âs̱âri Ebî Ḥayyân en-Nifzî el-Endelüsî”, a.e., LVIII/3 (1983), s. 259-262. Hüseyin Avni Çelik, “Ebû Hayyân el-Endelüsî ve Tefsirdeki Metodu”, EAÜİFD , sy. 9 (1990), s. 143-187; sy. 10, s. 118-129.Kāmûsü’l-a‘lâm , I, 712-713. M. Th. Houtsma, “Ebû Ḥayyân”, DMİ , I, 332-333. Mecdud Mansuroğlu, “Ebû Hayyân”, İA , IV, 30-32. S. Glazer, “Abū Ḥayyān”, EI2 (Fr.), I, 129-130.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1994 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 10. cildinde, 152-153 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.