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EBÛ MÛSÂ el-EŞ‘ARÎ Skip to content Ebû Mûsâ Abdullāh b. Kays b. Süleym el-Eş‘arî (ö. 42/662-63)
Hakem Vak‘ası’nda Hz. Ali’yi temsil eden fakih sahâbî.
Yemen’in Zebîd şehrinde oturan, ahlâk ve meziyetleri Hz. Peygamber tarafından övülen Eş‘ar kabilesindendir. Annesi Zabye (Tufye) bint Vehb Medine’ye hicret edip orada vefat eden sahâbedendir. Hz. Peygamber’in halkı İslâm’a davet ettiği duyulunca Ebû Mûsâ ile iki ağabeyinin de aralarında bulunduğu elli iki kişilik bir heyet onun yanına gitmek üzere bir gemiye bindi; fakat gemi kötü hava şartları yüzünden Habeşistan’a sürüklendi. Heyet mensupları, Ca‘fer b. Ebû Tâlib ve arkadaşlarının orada bulunduğunu öğrenince bir süre Habeşistan’da kaldılar. 7 (628) yılında Hayber’in fethi sırasında Habeşistan’daki müslümanlarla birlikte Medine’ye döndüler ve Hz. Peygamber’in Hayber’de olduğunu öğrenince oraya gittiler. Ele geçen ganimetten kendilerine pay veren Resûl-i Ekrem, hem Habeşistan’a hem de Medine’ye hicret etmeleri sebebiyle iki hicret sevabı aldıklarını söyleyerek kendilerini tebrik etti (Buhârî, “Farżu’l-ḫumus”, 15, “Meġāzî”, 38, 55; Müslim, “Feżâʾilü’ṣ-ṣaḥâbe”, 169). Ebû Mûsâ’nın müslüman oluşuyla ilgili bilgi veren bazı kaynaklar ise onun Mekke’de İslâmiyet’i kabul ederek memleketine döndüğünü ve daha sonra müslüman olan Eş‘arîler’le birlikte Ca‘fer b. Ebû Tâlib ve arkadaşlarının Habeşistan’dan döndükleri tarihte Medine’ye gittiklerini, dolayısıyla Habeşistan’a hicret etmediklerini kaydetmektedir.
Ebû Mûsâ Hayber’in fethinden sonra yapılan gazve ve seriyyelere katıldı. Huneyn Gazvesi’nde bozguna uğrayan düşman askerlerini takip etmekle görevlendirilen amcası Ebû Âmir el-Eş‘arî kumandasındaki birlikte o da vardı. Ebû Âmir şehid düşerken kumandayı kendisine bıraktı. Birlik Medine’ye dönünce Resûl-i Ekrem her iki kumandana da dua etti.
Hz. Peygamber, Ebû Mûsâ’yı Vedâ haccından önce Yemen’in Zebîd, Aden, Me’rib ve sahil taraflarının zekâtını toplamakla görevlendirdi. Hz. Ebû Bekir’in halifeliği döneminde de orada kalan Ebû Mûsâ ridde olaylarında Esved el-Ansî ile mücadele etti. Daha sonra Medine’ye dönerek Suriye fetihlerine katıldı. Hz. Ömer onu, Mugīre b. Şu‘be’den boşalan Basra vali ve kadılığına tayin etti (17/638). Bu görevlerinin yanı sıra Basralılar’a Kur’an öğretti. Valiliği esnasında Nusaybin, Dînever, Kum, Kâşân gibi birçok şehrin fethinde önemli hizmetler ifa etti. Ahvaz ve İsfahan’ı fethetti. Tüster’de İran ordusunu kuşatarak Hürmüzân’ı esir aldı ve halifeye gönderdi. Daha sonra Hz. Ömer, Ammâr b. Yâsir’den boşalan Kûfe valiliğini de ona verdi (22/642-43). Ebû Mûsâ Hz. Osman devrinde de Basra ve Kûfe valiliği yaptı. 29 (649-50) yılında valilikten azledilince Kûfe’de Kur’an ve fıkıh öğretmeye devam etti; talebelerinin sayısı bazan 300’ü buluyordu. 34’te (654-55) Saîd b. Âs’ın azlinden sonra tekrar Kûfe valiliğine getirildi. Hz. Osman’ın şehid edildiği tarihte bu görevini sürdürüyordu. Cemel Vak‘ası’nda tarafsız kalmayı tercih ettiği için Hz. Ali onu valilikten azletti. Ebû Mûsâ da Dımaşk taraflarında bir köyde inzivaya çekildi. Sıffîn Savaşı başlamadan önce, Hz. Ali’yi destekleyen bazı kimselerin hakaretine uğramasına rağmen fitne konusunda bizzat Hz. Peygamber’den duyduğu hadisleri rivayet ederek Kûfeliler’i bu savaşta tarafsız kalmaya teşvik etti. İki grup arasında barışın tarafsız hakemlerce gerçekleştirilmesi kararlaştırıldığı zaman Hz. Muâviye Amr b. Âs’ı, taraftarlarının ısrarı üzerine Hz. Ali de Ebû Mûsâ’yı hakem olarak seçti. Hakemler Ezruh’ta bir araya geldiklerinde Hz. Ali ile Muâviye’nin azledilerek halifenin bir şûra tarafından seçilmesini kararlaştırdılar. Bu karar önce Ebû Mûsâ tarafından açıklandı; söz sırası Amr’a gelince Amr Hz. Ali’yi azledip hilâfet makamına Muâviye’yi tayin ettiğini bildirdi. Ebû Mûsâ buna karşı çıkmışsa da durum değişmemiş ve neticede hakem olayı hilâfet meselesini bir çıkmaza götürmüştür (bk. SIFFÎN). Bu hadiseye çok üzülen Ebû Mûsâ siyasî hayattan tamamıyla uzaklaşıp uzlete çekildi.
Hicrî takvimin tesbitine onun vesile olduğu söylenmektedir. Buna göre Ebû Mûsâ, “Bize tarihsiz mektuplar gönderiyorsunuz” diye Hz. Ömer’i uyarmış, halife de bir şûra toplayarak hicreti tarih başlangıcı olarak kabul etmiştir (Taberî, II, 388; İbnü’l-Esîr, I, 10; ayrıca bk. İA , V/1, s. 477).
42 (662-63) yılında vefat eden Ebû Mûsâ’nın 43, 44, 53, 54 yıllarında öldüğüne dair rivayetler de vardır. Onun Kûfe’de mi yoksa Mekke’de mi vefat ettiği hususu ihtilâflıdır.
Ebû Mûsâ el-Eş‘arî’nin İbrâhim, Ebû Bürde, Ebû Bekir, Mûsâ ve Muhammed adlarında beş oğlu olduğu, ilk çocuğu İbrâhim’in adını Hz. Peygamber’in koyduğu ve ona hayır duada bulunduğu bilinmektedir.
Ebû Mûsâ, Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’i bizzat Hz. Peygamber’den öğrenerek ezberleyen sayılı sahâbîlerden biridir. Güzel sesiyle Kur’an okuyuşu herkesi hayran bırakırdı. Bir gece Hz. Peygamber Ebû Mûsâ’nın Kur’an okuyuşunu dinlemiş, kendisine Hz. Dâvûd’unkine benzer bir ses verildiğini söylemişti (Buhârî, “Feżâʾilü’l-Ḳurʾân”, 31). Hasan-ı Basrî, Basralılar’a Kur’an ve fıkıh öğreten Ebû Mûsâ’nın halka çok faydalı olduğunu ve Basra’ya ondan daha hayırlı bir kimsenin gelmediğini ifade etmiştir. Tâbiîn âlimlerinden Şa‘bî ulemânın altı kişiden ibaret olduğunu söyleyerek Hz. Ömer, Hz. Ali, Abdullah b. Mes‘ûd, Zeyd b. Sâbit ve Übey b. Kâ‘b ile birlikte onun adını da zikrederdi. Esasen Hz. Peygamber’in sağlığında fetva verenler Hz. Ömer, Hz. Ali, Muâz b. Cebel ve Ebû Mûsâ el-Eş‘arî idi. Verdiği fetvalar küçük bir cüz hacminde olan Ebû Mûsâ, “Gerçek gün ışığı gibi ortaya çıkmadan bir hâkimin hüküm vermesi doğru değildir” derdi.
Zühd ve takvâsıyla tanınan Ebû Mûsâ el-Eş‘arî, uzun yıllar idarecilik yapmasına rağmen dünya malına hiç iltifat etmedi. Etrafındakilere Hz. Peygamber zamanında yaşadıkları mütevazi hayattan örnekler vererek sade yaşamanın güzelliğini anlattı. Onun en belirgin vasıflarından biri de hayâ duygusu idi. Allah’tan hayâ ettiği için karanlıkta iki büklüm yıkandığını söylerdi. Talebelerini yumuşak kalpli olmaya teşvik eder, Allah korkusundan ağlamayı tavsiye eder, “Ağlayamıyorsanız ağlamaya gayret edin; zira cehennem ehli göz pınarları kuruyana kadar ağlayacak, sonra içinde gemiler yüzecek kadar kanlı yaşlar dökecekler” derdi. Hz. Peygamber onun hakkında, “Allahım! Abdullah b. Kays’ın günahını affeyle ve kıyamet gününde ona en güzel makamı ver” diye dua etmiştir (Buhârî, “Meġāzî”, 55).
Rivayet ettiği hadisleri Hz. Peygamber’den, ayrıca dört halifeden, Muâz b. Cebel, Abdullah b. Mes‘ûd, Übey b. Kâ‘b ve Ammâr b. Yâsir gibi sahâbîlerden almıştır. Kendisinden de oğulları Mûsâ, İbrâhim, Ebû Bürde, Ebû Bekir, ashaptan Ebû Saîd el-Hudrî, Enes b. Mâlik, tâbiîlerden Kays b. Ebû Hâzim, Saîd b. Müseyyeb, Zir b. Hubeyş, Ebû Osman en-Nehdî ve Hasan-ı Basrî gibi âlimler rivayette bulunmuşlardır. Oğullarından Ebû Bürde’nin torunu Ebû Bürde Büreyd b. Abdullah’ın, Ebû Mûsâ’dan rivayet edilen ve sonraları Müsnedü Büreyd diye anılan kırk hadislik cüzünün bir nüshası Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’nde mevcuttur (Şehid Ali Paşa, nr. 541, vr. 136a -174a ). Rivayet ettiği 360 hadisin kırk dokuzu Ṣaḥîḥayn ’da bulunmaktadır. Bunlardan dördü yalnız Buhârî, on beşi yalnız Müslim tarafından rivayet edilmiştir.
Hz. Ömer’in yargılama hukukuyla ilgili olarak Ebû Mûsâ’ya gönderdiği mektup İslâm hukuk tarihinde önemli bir yere sahiptir. Hz. Ömer bu mektubunda kazânın muhkem bir farîza ve uyulan bir sünnet olduğunu belirttikten sonra kadının tarafsızlığı, tarafların delil getirme yükümlülüğü, barışma, hâkimin hatalı karardan dönmesi gibi yargılama hukukunun temel meselelerine temas etmektedir. Ayrıca Kitap ve Sünnet’te bulunmayan hususlarda kıyasa başvurulması, yalancılığı sabit olmadıkça bütün müslümanların dürüst birer şahit sayılması gibi meseleler üzerinde durmaktadır. Bu mektubun özellikle tarafsızlığa önem vermesi, kanunî-maddî delilleri bugünkü hukuk anlayışına uygun bir biçimde ortaya koyması ve eski hukuklarda rastlanan keyfî delilleri kaldırması, maddî delillerin bulunmadığı durumlarda yemin gibi dinî-ruhî delilleri onların yerine ikame etmesi, hukuk tarihinde ileri bir anlayış olarak kabul edilmektedir. Bu mektup, sonraki dönem İslâm hukukçuları tarafından yargılama hukukunun esasları ortaya konurken kendisine sıklıkla başvurulan temel bir kaynak olmuştur. Mektup İbn Kayyim tarafından şerhedilmiştir (İʿlâmü’l-muvâḳḳıʿîn , I, 85 vd.).
Bu mektubun Basra’da kadı olarak değil vali olarak görev yapan Ebû Mûsâ’ya gönderilmemesi gerektiğini, Buhârî ve Müslim gibi muteber kaynakların böyle bir mektuba yer vermediğini, Ebû Yûsuf’un benzer bir mektubu Ebû Ubeyde b. Cerrâh’a gönderilmiş gibi gösterdiğini ileri süren D. S. Margoliouth, Emile Tyan, Joseph Schacht gibi çağdaş bazı Batılı araştırmacılar mektubun varlığını şüphe ile karşılamaktadırlar. Halbuki birkaçı dışında bütün İslâm kaynakları mektubu gerçek olarak kabul etmektedir. Mektubun Hz. Ömer’e aidiyetini kabul etmeyen İslâm âlimlerinden biri de Zâhirîler’den İbn Hazm olup (el-Muḥallâ , I, 59) Batılı araştırmacılar onun karşı çıkmasını da kendi iddialarına delil olarak göstermektedirler.
Ancak ileri sürülen iddia inandırıcı değildir. Her şeyden önce Ebû Mûsâ’nın o dönemde Basra valisi olması mektubun sıhhatine halel getirmez. Kazâî ve idarî görevlerin henüz tam olarak ayrılmadığı ilk dönemlerde bir bölgeye vali (âmil) tayin edilen kişilerin belirli kazâî görevleri de olmuştur. Ebû Mûsâ 17 (638) yılında Basra valiliğine tayin edilmiştir. Hz. Ömer’in buraya Kâ‘b b. Sûr’u kadı olarak göndermesi de 18’de vuku bulmuştur. Söz konusu mektubun Kâ‘b b. Sûr’un kadı tayin edilmesinden önce, yani Ebû Mûsâ’nın idarî ve kazâî görevleri uhdesinde birleştirdiği dönemde gönderilmiş olması kuvvetle muhtemeldir. Mektubun Ṣaḥîḥ-i Buḫârî ve Ṣaḥîḥ-i Müslim ’de yer almaması da önemli değildir. Belgenin tamamını veya bir kısmını Ma‘mer b. Râşid, Mâlik b. Enes, Ebû Yûsuf, Muhammed b. Hasan eş-Şeybânî, Abdürrezzâk, Şâfiî, Beyhakī, Dârekutnî, Belâzürî başta olmak üzere birçok muteber kaynak üç farklı senedle rivayet etmiştir (bu kaynakların geniş bir listesi için bk. Hamîdullah, el-Ves̱âʾiḳu’s-siyâsiyye , s. 425-427). Ebû Yûsuf’un, benzer bir mektubun Ebû Ubeyde b. Cerrâh’a gönderilmiş olmasından bahsetmesi de Ebû Mûsâ’ya gönderilen mektubun sıhhatine halel getirmez. İslâm devlet teşkilâtının ve adlî yapısının kurulmakta olduğu bir dönemde böyle bir mektubun farklı bölgelerdeki görevlilere gönderilmesi tabiidir. Zira benzer muhtevaya sahip mektuplar Kadı Şüreyh ve Muâviye’ye de gönderilmiştir (a.g.e. , s. 437-440). İbn Hazm’ın mektubun Hz. Ömer’e aidiyetini reddetmesine Hamîdullah’ın getirmiş olduğu yorum dikkate değer. Hz. Ömer mektubunda Ebû Mûsâ’ya Kitap ve Sünnet’te hükmü bulunan olayların benzerlerini dikkatle tesbit edip aralarında kıyas yapmasını söylemektedir. Kıyası reddeden Zâhirîler’in önde gelen hukukçularından olan İbn Hazm, buradaki “kıyas et” ifadesinin fıkıh usulündeki terim anlamında kullanıldığını düşünerek kendi aleyhlerine kuvvetli bir delil olacak bu mektubu kökten reddetmeyi mezhebin prensipleri açısından daha uygun görmüştür. Halbuki Hamîdullah’a göre bu ifade terim anlamında değil sözlük anlamında kullanılmıştır.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1994 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 10. cildinde, 190-192 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.