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EBÛ TEMMÂM Skip to content Ebû Temmâm Habîb b. Evs b. Hâris et-Tâî (ö. 231/846)
el-Ḥamâse adlı eseriyle tanınan Arap şairi.
Kendisinden nakledilen bir rivayete göre 190 (805-806) yılında Taberiye gölünün kuzeybatısında Havran bölgesinin Ceydûr kasabası köylerinden Câsim’de doğdu. Bu sebeple Havrânî, Ceydûrî, Câsimî nisbeleriyle de anılır. Ayrıca 172 (788), 182 (798), 191 (807), 192 (808) yıllarında doğduğuna dair rivayetler de vardır. Babasının Tedus (Theodose) adında bir hıristiyan olduğu söylenmektedir. Ebû Temmâm bu adı sonradan Evs’e çevirmiş ve kendisinin Tay kabilesinden olduğunu ileri sürmüştür. Bazıları bu durumunu hiciv konusu yapmışsa da Ebû Temmâm şiirlerinde Tay kabilesine mensup olmakla övünmüş ve methettiği kimselerin çoğunu bu kabileden seçmiştir.
Fakir bir ailenin çocuğu olan şair babasıyla birlikte Şam’a göç ederek oraya yerleşti. Burada bir dokumacının yanında çalışırken bir yandan da ders halkalarına devam etti ve bu sırada şiirle ilgilenmeye başladı. Daha sonra Humus’a gidip Dîkülcin ve Utbe b. Abdülkerîm et-Tâî gibi şairlerden faydalandı. 208 (823) yılında gittiği Mısır’da bir taraftan Fustat’ta Amr b. Âs Camii’nde sakalık yaparken diğer taraftan edip ve şairlerin meclislerine katıldı ve sanatını daha da geliştirdi. Yazdığı şiirler sanat çevrelerinde takdir görünce kısa zamanda şöhrete kavuştu.
Şiir söylemeye muhtemelen Şam’da başlamış olan Ebû Temmâm, ilk kasidesini Mısır’da asayiş ve vergi işlerini yürüten Ayyâş b. Lehîa’ya sunmuştur. Kindî’nin el-Vülât ve’l-ḳuḍât ’ında onun 211-214 (826-829) yıllarında söylediği bazı beyitler bulunmaktadır. 214’te (829) Suriye’ye dönen şairin Vezir Hasan b. Sehl hakkında söylediği bir kasidesinden yirmi altı yaşında Bağdat’ı da ziyaret ettiği anlaşılmaktadır. Bağdat’ta fazla kalmadan Musul’a döndü. Ayrıca çağdaşı olan şair Buhtürî’nin kendisini Humus’ta ziyaret ettiği ve bazı şiirlerini düzeltmesi için ona verdiği bilinmektedir.
Halife Me’mûn, 830-833 yıllarında yaptığı Bizans seferinden dönünce Ebû Temmâm’ın Şam’da okuduğu bir kasideyi pek beğenmemiş, Mu‘tasım-Billâh zamanında şair daha fazla itibar kazanmasına rağmen bu hükümdar da onu ilk dinlediğinde sesini çirkin bulmuştur. Ammûriye’nin fethinden sonra Ebû Temmâm Sâmerrâ’da kendisini tekrar ziyaret etmek istediği zaman sesinin çirkin olduğunu hatırlayarak onu kabul etmemiş, ancak yanında güzel sesli bir râvisi olduğu söylenince huzuruna getirtmiştir. Ebû Temmâm bundan sonra Bağdat ve Sâmerrâ’da büyük şöhret kazanmıştır.
Ebû Temmâm daha sonra Horasan Valisi Abdullah b. Tâhir’in yanına gitti; vali onu birçok edip ve şairle birlikte karşıladı. Ebû Temmâm kendisine kasidesini sunduğu zaman şairin üzerine 1000 dinar saçtı. Ancak Ebû Temmâm’ın böyle bir câizeden ve valinin kendisine karşı aşırı ilgisinden sıkıldığı rivayet edilir (Aʿyânü’ş-Şîʿa , IV, 467-471). Şair Horasan’da kaldığı sürece birçok kâtip, kumandan ve devlet büyüğüne, ayrıca dönüş yolu üzerinde bulunan bazı valilere kasideler yazmış, bu arada Hemedan’da Ebü’l-Vefâ b. Seleme’nin yanına uğramış, kış yüzünden orada bir süre ikamet etmek zorunda kaldığından Ebü’l-Vefâ’nın zengin kütüphanesinde beş şiir mecmuası telif etmiştir. Bunlardan en önemlisi şaire büyük şöhret kazandıran el-Ḥamâse ’dir.
Seyahati çok seven Ebû Temmâm, çeşitli bölgelerde görev yapan devlet büyükleriyle görüşüp onlara kasideler takdim etmek üzere birkaç defa seyahate çıkmıştır. Vâsiḳ-Billâh’ın halifeliğinin (842-847) ikinci yılında Musul’a giden ve Vezir Muhammed b. Abdülmelik b. Zeyyât’ın kâtibi Hasan b. Vehb’in delâletiyle şehre posta âmiri (sâhibü’l-berîd) tayin edilen şair, bu görevde iken oğlunun rivayetine göre 231’de (846), diğer rivayetlere göre ise 228 (842-43), 229 (843-44) veya 232 (846-47) yılında vefat etti. Ölümü üzerine Hasan b. Vehb ve Muhammed b. Abdülmelik b. Zeyyât birer mersiye yazmışlardır. İbn Hallikân Musul’da onun kabrini gördüğünü söylemektedir (Vefeyât , II, 17).
Ebû Temmâm biraz kekeme olmakla birlikte fasih konuşurdu; ayrıca hazırcevap ve nüktedan olup kuvvetli bir hâfızaya sahipti. Aynı zamanda eser veren pek az şairden biridir. Bu sebeple İbnü’l-Enbârî, edip ve nahivcileri konu alan Nüzhetü’l-elibbâʾ adlı eserinde şair olarak sadece ona yer vermiştir.
Dört tabakaya ayrılan Arap şairlerinden dördüncü tabakaya mensup olanların (müvelledûn veya muhdesûn) şiirleriyle istişhâd edilmesi pek uygun görülmemekle beraber Zemahşerî, müvelledûn şairlerinin ikinci tabakasının önderi kabul edilen Ebû Temmâm’ın şiirlerini eski şairlerin şiirleriyle aynı ayarda kabul ederek bir beytini tefsirinde (el-Keşşâf , I, 170) şâhid olarak kullanmıştır. Ebû Temmâm Arapça’ya tercüme edilen yabancı kültür ürünlerinden de faydalanarak sanat gücünü geliştirmiş, orijinaliteyi ifadeden çok muhtevada aramıştır. Bundan dolayı şiirlerinde mantıkî dokuya ve ince kinayelere en fazla yer veren şairlerdendir. Belki de sanattaki lirizmi yakalamak için cinas, mutabakat ve istiareye gereğinden çok yer veriyordu. Bazıları bu durumu eleştirmiştir. Bu sebeple Ebû Temmâm’ı takdir edenlerle tenkit edenler arasında derin görüş ayrılıkları vardır. Meselâ gelenekçiler onu, bediî sanatlara lüzumundan fazla yer vererek eski Arap şiir üslûbunun dışına çıkmakla suçlamışlar, yenilikçiler ise eski mazmunlardan kurtulup şiire yeni kavramlar kazandırdığını ileri sürerek kendilerine örnek almışlardır.
Ebû Temmâm’ın şiirlerini eleştiren ilk müellif İbnü’l-Mu‘tez’dir (ö. 296/908). Daha sonra onu takdir edenlerden biri olan Ebû Bekir es-Sûlî (ö. 335/946) Aḫbâru Ebî Temmâm adlı eserini kaleme almış, Hasan b. Bişr el-Âmidî ise (ö. 371/981) el-Muvâzene ’de şiir sanatındaki yerini Buhtürî ile mukayese etmiştir. Yaşadığı dönemden günümüze kadar edebiyat kitaplarında önemli bir yer işgal eden Ebû Temmâm Arap edebiyatı alanındaki çalışmaların birçoğuna konu olmuş, hayatı, sanatı ve eserleri hakkında çeşitli araştırmalar yapılmıştır (M. Abdülmün‘im Hafâcî, el-Buḥûs̱ü’l-edebiyye , s. 76-81).
Abbâsî devrinin en ünlü şairlerinden olan Ebû Temmâm’dan büyük ölçüde etkilenen Mütenebbî ve Ebü’l-Alâ el-Maarrî gibi şairlerin şöhretine rağmen onun sanatına karşı gösterilen ilgi daha sonra da devam etmiştir. Beşşâr b. Bürd ile başlayıp Müslim b. Velîd’le gelişen, nazmın ileri derecede bediî sanatlar üzerine kurulması hususu Ebû Temmâm ile zirveye ulaşmıştır (İbnü’l-Mu‘tez, Ṭabaḳātü’ş-şuʿarâʾ , s. 235). Ancak bu durum edebî tartışmalara yol açmış, Ebû Temmâm garîb lafızları, tasvirleri ve bediî sanatları çok kullandığı için şiiri bozmakla itham edilmiştir. Halbuki tarih, kelâm, felsefe ve mantık gibi ilimlere vâkıf olan şair, bunları şiirlerinde ustaca kullanması sebebiyle şiir sanatına yeni bir boyut kazandırmıştır. Ebû Temmâm kasidelerinde birtakım tarihî olaylara, meselâ Ammûriye’nin fethi, Bâbek’in ve Afşin’in idamı gibi konulara yer vermiş, övdüğü kimselerin kabilelerini ve onlarla ilgili olayları anlatmış, cömertlik ve kahramanlık gibi hasletleri dile getirmiştir. Hikemî şiirleri darbımesel haline gelmekle beraber felsefenin etkisinde kalması bazan şiirlerinin zor anlaşılmasına sebep olmuştur.
Arap şiirinin her dalında eser veren Ebû Temmâm’ın en başarılı şiirleri kasideleridir. Özellikle nesîb e getirdiği yenilikler İbnü’r-Rûmî ve Mütenebbî gibi şairler tarafından benimsenmiştir. Mersiyeleri de methiyeleri kadar başarılı olup (Ebû Hilâl el-Askerî, II, 177) İbn Humeyd et-Tûsî için yazdığı mersiye bu türün en güzel örneklerinden biridir. İ‘tizâr ve itâb türü şiirlerde de son derece başarılı olan Ebû Temmâm’ın en güzel i‘tizârlarından biri, mensup olduğu Tay kabilesini kuzey Araplar’ına tercih etmesi yüzünden kendisine kızıp bir müddet huzuruna kabul etmeyen İbn Ebû Duâd’a yazdığı şiirdir.
Ebû Temmâm’ın kasideleri içinde yer alan gazellerinden başka bazı gazelleri de mevcuttur; fakat bunlar diğerleri kadar güzel değildir. Ayrıca zühde dair şiirleri ve bazı hicviyeleri varsa da bunlar da fazla başarılı kabul edilmemektedir.
Ebû Temmâm’ın şiirlerinde İslâmî kavramlara çokça rastlanır. Kasidelerine bakarak onun bir cihad ve kahramanlık şairi olduğu söylenebilir. Cihadla ilgili şiirlerinde cihadın faziletlerini anlatmış, Bedir, Hendek, Huneyn gazveleri ve Mekke’nin fethi gibi ilk savaşlara telmihte bulunmuştur. Muhtemelen Kur’an’ı ezberlemiş olan Ebû Temmâm’ın Kur’ân-ı Kerîm ve hadislerden büyük ölçüde etkilendiği görülmektedir. Cihadı anlatırken birçok âyetten iktibaslar yapmıştır. Onun Kur’an’dan yaptığı iktibaslarla darbımesel haline gelen şiirlerinin çokluğuna dikkat çeken Necîb Muhammed el-Behbîtî (Ebû Temmâm eṭ-Ṭâʾî , s. 67), Ebû Temmâm kadar Kur’an’dan etkilenen bir başka şair tanımadığını söylemiştir. İslâm hukukunun muhtelif konularına da temas eden Ebû Temmâm’ın şiirlerinde İslâmî temaların çokça görülmesi, bazı kaynaklarda onun inanç ve dinî duygularının zayıflığıyla ilgili rivayetlerin doğru olmadığını ortaya koymaktadır.
Eserleri. 1. Dîvân . Ebû Temmâm’ın divanı ilk defa Ebû Bekir es-Sûlî tarafından toplanarak harf sırasına konmuş, daha sonra Ali b. Hamza el-İsfahânî eseri bablara göre tasnif etmiştir. Divan Bombay’da (1856), Kahire’de (1292, 1299, 1941, 1942, 1957), Beyrut’ta (1889) ve Dımaşk’ta (1967) yayımlanmış, bazı beyitleri R. P. Dewhurst tarafından İngilizce’ye tercüme edilmiştir. Ebû Temmâm’ın divanı üzerine çeşitli dönemlerde on bir kadar şerh yazılmıştır. Bunların en önemlileri Ebû Bekir es-Sûlî, Ebû Mansûr el-Ezherî, Hasan b. Bişr el-Âmidî, Ebü’l-Alâ el-Maarrî, Hatîb et-Tebrîzî ve İbnü’l-Müstevfî tarafından kaleme alınan şerhlerdir. Hatîb et-Tebrîzî’nin şerhi, Muhammed Abduh Azzâm tarafından dört cilt halinde neşredilmiştir (Kahire 1951-1957). İbnü’l-Müstevfî’nin şerhinden bazı kısımları da ihtiva eden bu neşir divanın en mükemmel baskısıdır. Ebû Bekir es-Sûlî’nin şerhini Halef Reşîd Nu‘mân yayımlamıştır (I-II, Bağdad 1977-1978).
2. el-Ḥamâse . Tam adı el-Ḥamâsetü’l-kübrâ ’dır. Arap şiirinin mükemmel örneklerinden oluşan eser Ebû Temmâm’ın en meşhur kitabı olup onun ince zevkini ve geniş şiir kültürünü göstermektedir. 465 şairden şiirler ihtiva eden el-Ḥamâse on bab halinde düzenlenmiştir. İlki 1856’da Kalküta’da olmak üzere muhtelif tarihlerde basılan kitap Muhammed Abdülmün‘im Hafâcî (I-II, Kahire 1955), Abdülmün‘im Ahmed Sâlih (Bağdad 1980) ve Abdullah Abdürrahîm Asîlân (Riyad 1401/1981) tarafından neşredilmiş, ayrıca Batı dillerine de tercüme edilmiştir. el-Ḥamâse üzerine yazılmış birçok şerh mevcuttur (bk. Şerḥu Dîvâni Ḥamâseti Ebî Temmâm , nâşirin mukaddimesi, I, 11-39).
3. el-Ḥamâsetü’ṣ-ṣuġrâ (el-Vaḥşiyyât ). Kitapta, pek az bilinen şairlere ait ekserisi altı beyti geçmeyen kısa parçalar toplanmıştır. Bu eser de on bab olup Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Kütüphanesi’ndeki (III. Ahmed, nr. 2614) yegâne nüshasına dayanılarak Abdülazîz el-Meymenî ve Mahmûd Muhammed Şâkir tarafından yayımlanmıştır (Kahire 1963, 1970, 1987).
4. Fuḥûlü’ş-şuʿarâʾ . İḫtiyârü’ş-şuʿarâʾi’l-fuḥûl adıyla da anılan ve konulara göre tertip edilmiş bu eser Câhiliye, muhadramûn ve İslâmî dönem şairlerine ait şiirleri ihtiva etmektedir. Bir nüshası Meşhed’de bulunmaktadır (Sezgin, II, 72).
Ebû Temmâm’ın kaynaklarda zikredilen diğer eserleri de şunlardır:
1. el-İḫtiyârü’l-ḳabâʾili’l-ekber . Her kabileden seçilmiş bir kasideyi ihtiva ettiği kaydedilmektedir.
2. el-İḫtiyârü’l-ḳabâʾili’l-aṣġar . Muḫtârâtü şuʿarâʾi’l-ḳabâʾil ve Muḫtâru eşʿâri’l-ḳabâʾil adlarıyla da anılan eser, çok az tanınmış şairlerden seçilmiş parçaları içine almaktadır.
3. İḫtiyârü’l-muḳaṭṭaʿât . Muhtelif beyitleri ve bazı kasidelerden seçilmiş parçaları ihtiva eden eserin el-Ḥamâsetü’l-kübrâ ’nın tertibinde olduğu söylenmektedir (Sezgin, II, 90).
Şairin ayrıca İḫtiyâr mücerred min eşʿâri’l-muḥdes̱în adlı bir kitabı olduğu belirtilmektedir. Neḳāʾiżu Cerîr ve’l-Aḫṭal adlı eserin Ebû Temmâm’a nisbet edilmesi ise doğru değildir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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a.mlf., Resâʾil (nşr. M. Abdülmün‘im Hafâcî), Kahire 1954, s. 19-31.
Ebû Bekir es-Sûlî, Aḫbâru Ebî Temmâm (nşr. Halîl M. Asâkir v.dğr.), Kahire 1356/1937.
Mes‘ûdî, Mürûcü’ẕ-ẕeheb (Abdülhamîd) , s. 68-76.
Kindî, el-Vülât ve’l-ḳuḍât (Guest) , s. 180, 183, 186, 187.
Ebû Hilâl el-Askerî, Dîvânü’l-meʿânî , Kahire 1952, II, 177.
Ebü’l-Ferec el-İsfahânî, el-Eġānî , XVI, 383-397.
İbnü’n-Nedîm, el-Fihrist (Flügel) , s. 165.
Ebü’l-Alâ el-Maarrî, Şerḥu Dîvâni Ḥamâseti Ebî Temmâm (nşr. Hüseyin M. Nakşe), Beyrut 1411/1991, nâşirin mukaddimesi, I, 3-39.
İbn Reşîḳ el-Kayrevânî, el-ʿUmde (nşr. M. Muhyiddin Abdülhamîd), Kahire 1383/1963, I, 130, 131; II, 244, 247.
Zemahşerî, el-Keşşâf , I, 170.
İbnü’l-Enbârî, Nüzhetü’l-elibbâʾ (nşr. M. Ebü’l-Fazl İbrâhim), Kahire 1967, s. 155, 156.
İbn Hallikân, Vefeyât , II, 11-26.
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Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I, 691, 770.
Abdülkādir el-Bağdâdî, Ḫizânetü’l-edeb (Bulak) , I, 172.
Brockelmann, GAL (Ar.) , I, 77; II, 71-77.
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M. Abdülmün‘im Hafâcî, İbnü’l-Muʿtez , Kahire 1958, s. 528, 532-549.
a.mlf., el-Buḥûs̱ü’l-edebiyye , Beyrut 1987, s. 76-81.
Sezgin, GAS , II, 66-72, 90, 551-558.
Şevkī Dayf, Târîḫu’l-edebi’l-ʿArabî , Kahire 1966, III, 268-289.
Necîb M. el-Behbîtî, Ebû Temmâm eṭ-Ṭâʾî , Beyrut 1970.
Nihad M. Çetin, Eski Arap Şiiri , İstanbul 1973, s. 5, 6, 32-35.
R. A. Nicholson, A Literary History of the Arabs , Cambridge 1979, s. 129-130.
Ömer Ferruh, Târîḫu’l-edeb , II, 251-268.
a.mlf., Ebû Temmâm: Şâʿirü’l-ḫalîfe Muḥammed el-Muʿtaṣım-Billâh , Beyrut 1398/1978.
Mücâhid Mustafa Behcet, et-Teyyârü’l-İslâmî fî şiʿri’l-ʿAbbâsiyyi’l-evvel , Bağdad 1982, s. 639-667.
Aʿyânü’ş-Şîʿa , IV, 389-539.
Hüseyin M. Nakşe, Ḥamâsetü Ebî Temmâm ve şürûḥuhâ , Kahire 1987.
M. Rızâ Mürüvve, Ebû Temmâm , Beyrut 1411/1990.
Abdul Hak, “Abu Tammam, His Life and Poetry”, IC , XXVI/2 (1952), s. 16-27.
G. Kanazi, “Ebū Hilāl al-ʿAskari’s Attitude Towards Poetry and Poets”, JSS , XX (1975), s. 75-77.
Zekeriyyâ Abdurrahman, “Ebû Temmâm fî ṣanʿatihi’ş-şiʿriyye”, ed-Dâre , IV/6, Riyad 1980, s. 106-118.
Hâdî el-Catlâvî, “Haṣâʾiṣü’ş-şürûhi’l-ʿArabiyye ʿalâ Dîvâni Ebî Temmâm”, Fuṣûl , VI/1, Kahire 1985, s. 137-153.
Susan P. Stetkevych, “Ebû Temmâm fî Muvâzeneti’l-Âmidî” (trc. Ahmed Utmân), Fuṣûl , VI/2, Kahire 1986, s. 42-57.
Abdurrahman Utbe, “İstilḥâmü’t-türâs̱ fî şiʿri Ebî Temmâm”, Mecelletü Merkezi’l-ves̱âʾiḳ ve’d-dirâsâti’l-insâniyye , III/3, Katar 1991, s. 221-284.
Abdülkerîm Habîb, “Dîvânü Ebî Temmâm eṭ-Ṭâʾî bi-Şerḥi’l-Ḫaṭîb et-Tebrîzî”, ʿÂlemü’l-kütüb , XV/2, Küveyt 1414/1994, s. 207-211.
H. Ritter, “Ebû Temmâm”, İA , IV, 54-56.
a.mlf., “Abū Tammām”, EI2 (İng.) , I, 153-155.
Zülfikar Tüccar, “Buhtürî”, DİA , VI, 381-383.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1994 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 10. cildinde, 241-243 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.