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EBÛ ZER el-GIFÂRÎ Skip to content Ebû Zer Cündeb b. Cünâde b. Süfyân el-Gıfârî (ö. 32/653)
Servet terâkümü konusundaki görüş ve mücadelesiyle tanınan sahâbî.
Künyesiyle meşhur olduğundan adı âdeta unutulmuştur. Bu sebeple adının Berîr, Büreyr, Yezîd, Yüreyr, babasının adının Seken veya Abdullah olduğu da söylenmektedir. Haram aylar da bile baskın yapmaktan, yağmacılıktan ve yol kesmekten çekinmeyen Gıfâr kabilesine mensuptur. Müslüman olmadan önce Ebû Zerr‘in de yol kesip yağmacılık yaptığı, hatta kabilesinin en atılgan ve gözü pek yağmacılarından olduğu nakledilir. Ancak Gıfâr halkı gibi putlara tapmaz, onlardan nefret ederdi. Bizzat belirttiğine göre İslâmiyet’i kabul etmeden iki üç yıl önce Allah’a ibadet etmeye başladı. Hanîfler’le yakın ilgisi olduğu anlaşılan Ebû Zer, Mekke’de Hz. Peygamber’in bir olan Allah’a inanmaya davet ettiğini duyunca oraya gitti ve birçok güçlükten sonra Resûlullah’ı bularak müslüman oldu. Yine kendisinden nakledildiğine göre Hz. Peygamber Gıfâr kabilesinden birinin gelip müslüman olmasına hayret etmiş, Allah Teâlâ’nın dilediğine hidâyet nasip edeceğini söylemiştir (İbn Sa‘d, IV, 223). İlk bedevî müslüman diye bilinen Ebû Zerr’in dördüncü veya beşinci kişi olarak İslâmiyet’i kabul ettiğine dair rivayete göre bu olayın bi‘setin ilk yıllarında meydana geldiği söylenebilir. Kâbe’nin yanına giderek Müslümanlığını ilân eden Ebû Zer müşrikler tarafından kıyasıya dövüldü; ancak Abbas b. Abdülmuttalib’in araya girmesiyle ölümden kurtuldu. Ertesi gün yine aynı yerde müslüman olduğunu söyleyip dövülünce Hz. Peygamber onu, kabilesinin halkını İslâmiyet’e davet etmek üzere geri gönderdi ve çağrılmadıkça Mekke’ye gelmemesini istedi. Ebû Zer aldığı emri aynen uyguladı ve gayretleri sayesinde kabile halkının yarısı İslâmiyet’i kabul etti. Bu dönemde onun Kureyş kervanlarına baskınlar düzenlediği, bunlardan kelime-i şehâdet getirenlere mallarını geri verdiği, ele geçirdiği ganimetleri kabilesinden sadece müslüman olanlara dağıttığı rivayet edilmektedir (İbn Sa‘d, IV, 222, 224).
Ebû Zer Uhud (3/625) veya Hendek (5/627) Gazvesi’nden sonra Medine’ye hicret etti. Ashâb-ı Suffe ile beraber Mescid-i Nebevî’de yatıp kalktığı için her an Hz. Peygamber’in yanında ve hizmetinde bulundu. Hatta ashâb-ı Suffe akşam yemeklerinde zengin sahâbîlerin evlerine dağıtıldığı zaman bile o hep Resûl-i Ekrem’in evine misafir olurdu (İbnü’l-Cevzî, Telbîsü iblîs , s. 173).
Ebû Zer, Medine yakınlarında Gābe mevkiinde Hz. Peygamber’in sağmal develerine çobanlık ederken Uyeyne b. Hısn’ın baskınına uğradı ve çıkan çatışmada oğlunu kaybetti (Muharrem 6 / Haziran 627). Bu yılın muharrem ayında yapılan Zâtürrikā‘ Gazvesi ile şâban (aralık) ayında yapılan Benî Mustaliḳ Gazvesi esnasında Resûl-i Ekrem’in vekili olarak Medine’de kaldığına dair rivayetler zayıf görünmektedir. Aynı yılın şevval ayında (Şubat 628) Hz. Peygamber’in çobanlarını öldüren Ureyneliler’i yakalayan yirmi kişilik grubun içinde o da vardı. Emirlik isteği Hz. Peygamber tarafından uygun bulunmadı ve bu konuda yetersiz olduğu kendisine ifade edildi (Müslim, “İmâre”, 16-17). O günden sonra Ebû Zer ölünceye kadar hiçbir devlet görevine talip olmadı, verilen görevleri de kabul etmedi. Mekke fethinde ve Huneyn Gazvesi’nde kendi kabilesinin sancağını taşıdı. Hz. Peygamber onun hep yanında bulunmasını ister ve bazı konularda görüşünü alırdı. Resûl-i Ekrem son hastalığı sırasında da Ebû Zerr’i yanına çağırtmış ve kendisini kucaklamıştı.
Hz. Peygamber’in vefatından sonra halifeliğe Hz. Ali’nin daha lâyık olduğu kanaatini taşımakla birlikte Hz. Ebû Bekir’e biat edildiğini görünce o da biat etti. Hz. Ömer’in hilâfeti söz konusu olunca hilâfetle ilgili görüşü değişmemekle beraber ona da biat etti. Hz. Ömer sahâbîlere maaş bağladığı zaman Bedir Gazvesi’ne katılmadığı halde Ebû Zerr’i Bedrî kabul ederek ona Bedrîler kadar atâ bağladı. Bu dönemde muhtemelen fetihlere iştirak etmek üzere Suriye’ye gitti; kendisine bağlanan atâ ile cihad için at satın alıp besledi ve atları başka mücahidlerle nöbetleşe kullandı. Onun atlarının Humus’ta bulunduğu da söylenmektedir. Hz. Ömer ile birlikte Kudüs’ün (18/639), daha sonra da Amr b. Âs ile Mısır’ın fethine (20/641) katıldı. Mısır fethedildikten sonra orada bir müddet kaldı. Hz. Ömer’in hilâfetinin son yıllarında Medine’de bulunduğu anlaşılmaktadır (İbn Sa‘d, II, 336).
Hz. Osman’a ilk biat edenlerden biri olmakla beraber onun yaşlılığı ve yumuşak tabiatı sebebiyle başarılı olamayacağından endişe ediyordu. Bu dönemde de fetih hareketlerinin içinde bulundu. Muâviye’nin idaresinde Ammûriye’ye kadar giden ordu ile Anadolu fetihlerine (23/643-44), yine onun Suriye valiliği esnasında yapılan Kıbrıs fethine katıldı. Suriye’de bulunduğu sıralarda Muâviye’nin bazı harcamalarını ve müslümanların ihtiyaç fazlası mallarını Allah yolunda sarfetmeyip biriktirmelerini (kenz) şiddetle eleştirdi. Ebû Zerr’in bu görüşleri bilhassa fakir halk ile yönetime muhalif kimseler arasında ilgi gördü ve hem yönetim hem de zenginler aleyhine bir hareketin başlamasına sebep oldu. Suriye Valisi Muâviye ile araları açılınca Muâviye halkın onunla konuşmasını yasakladı ve kendisini ileri gelen bazı sahâbîlere şikâyet etti. Bu tedbirlerden bir sonuç alamayınca durumu Hz. Osman’a bildirdi. Hz. Osman Ebû Zerr’i Medine’ye çağırdı (30/650-51). Görüşlerini açıklamaktan orada da vazgeçmemesi üzerine Rebeze’ye gidip orada yaşaması uygun görüldü. Medine’ye 3 mil mesafede Mekke yolu üzerindeki bir su kenarında bulunan Rebeze’de Gıfâr kabilesinin bazı mensupları zaman zaman çadır kurup otururlardı; kendisi de Hz. Peygamber zamanında zekât develerini burada otlatırdı. Hz. Osman, tenha olması ve burada Ebû Zerr’in tanıdıklarının bulunması gibi sebeplerle bu yeri seçmişti. İbn Sa‘d ise Ebû Zerr’in Rebeze’ye kendi isteğiyle gittiğini kaydetmektedir (eṭ-Ṭabaḳāt , IV, 227); buna karşılık Ya‘kūbî (Târîḫ , II, 172) ve muhtemelen ondan faydalanan Mes‘ûdî (Mürûcü’ẕ-ẕeheb , II, 350) onun Mekke, Basra, Kûfe veya Dımaşk’a gitmeyi arzu ettiğini, ancak Hz. Osman’ın bunu kabul etmediğini ileri sürmektedirler. Ebû Zerr’in Rebeze’ye halife ile aralarındaki anlaşmazlık sebebiyle gittiği kesin olmakla beraber burayı hangisinin uygun gördüğünü tesbit etmek mümkün değildir. Hz. Osman’ın Ebû Zerr’e Rebeze’ye giderken bir miktar deve ile iki hizmetçi verdiği, ayrıca günlük hesabıyla atâ bağladığı nakledilir (İbnü’l-Esîr, el-Kâmil , III, 115). Ebû Zer ailesiyle birlikte Rebeze’ye hareket ettiği sırada Hz. Ali ile oğulları Hasan ve Hüseyin, Ammâr b. Yâsir ve Akīl b. Ebû Tâlib bir müddet birlikte yürüyerek onu uğurladılar.
Rebeze’de iki yıl kadar münzevi bir hayat süren Ebû Zer, Hz. Osman’ın isteği üzerine zaman zaman Medine’ye gidip geldi. Halifeye isyan edeceklerini söyleyerek kendisine liderlik teklif eden bazı yönetim aleyhtarlarına yüz vermediği gibi onlara halifeye bağlı kalmalarını ve onu küçük düşürecek hareketlerden uzak durmalarını tavsiye etti.
Ebû Zer el-Gıfârî, 32 yılının Zilhicce ayında (Temmuz 653) Rebeze’de vefat etti. Cenaze namazını, bir kafile ile oradan geçmekte olan Abdullah b. Mes‘ûd’un kıldırdığı söylenir. Evinde Ebû Zerr’e yetecek kadar kefen bezi bulunmadığı, kafiledeki bir gencin onu kendisine ait bezlerle kefenleyip cenaze namazını kıldırdığı da nakledilir. Bir rivayete göre ise cenaze namazını Cerîr b. Abdullah kıldırmıştır. Diğer bazı sahâbîler gibi Ebû Zerr’in de İstanbul’da Ayvansaray semtinde bir makam-kabri bulunmaktadır (İst.A , IX, 4860-4861). Hanımı, kızı ve bir hizmetçiden ibaret ailesine üç merkep, birkaç keçi ile diğer bazı hayvanların miras kaldığı ve Hz. Osman’ın ailesini Medine’ye götürüp kendi ailesi arasına aldığı zikredilmektedir.
Ebû Zer esmer, iri cüsseli, uzun boylu ve gür saçlı bir kimseydi. İslâmiyet’ten önce yol kesen ve canlara kıyan bu sert tabiatlı insan İslâm’ın terbiyesiyle tamamen değişmiş, fakir ve düşkünlerin hâmisi olmuş, yaptığı bir kusurdan dolayı kendisini bağışlamasını istediği bir zencinin ayağının altına yanağını koyacak kadar mahviyetkâr, hizmetçisiyle aynı elbiseyi giyecek ve aynı yemeği yiyecek kadar mütevazi bir kimse haline gelmişti. Aynı zamanda cesur, doğru, açık kalpli bir kişiydi. Hz. Peygamber onun hakkında, “Gökkubbenin altında ve yeryüzünün üstünde Ebû Zer’den daha doğru sözlü kimse yoktur” demiştir (Tirmizî, “Menâḳıb”, 35; İbn Mâce, “Muḳaddime”, 11). Allah’ın emirlerine te’vile kaçmadan uyar, cihaddan geri kalmaz ve dünyevî zevklere değer vermezdi. Rivayet edildiğine göre Ebû Zer, insanın helâl rızık kazanmak ve âhireti elde etmek için yaşaması gerektiğine inanır, üçüncü bir hedefi zararlı görürdü. Dolayısıyla paranın da aile fertlerine helâl lokma yedirmek ve âhiret yolunda sarfetmek için kazanılması gerektiğini söylerdi. Hz. Peygamber’in onun hakkında, “Ebû Zer yeryüzünde Îsâ b. Meryem’in zühdüyle yürür” dediği nakledilmektedir (Tirmizî, “Menâḳıb”, 35).
Ebû Zerr’in ilmî kudret bakımından Abdullah b. Mes‘ûd’un dengi olduğu rivayet edilir. Hz. Peygamber’le devamlı bir arada bulunması ve aklına takılan her şeyi ona sorması sebebiyle ilimde üstün bir seviye kazanmıştır. Hz. Ali, Ebû Zerr’in Resûl-i Ekrem’den elde ettiği ilimde âciz kaldığını ifade eden sözüyle (İbn Sa‘d, II, 346, 354; IV, 232) herhalde onun, bildiği her şeyi tam olarak öğretmeye ve yaymaya imkân bulamadığını anlatmak istemiştir. Çünkü Ebû Zer ömrünün büyük bir kısmını fetih hareketlerine katılarak geçirmiş, hayatının son döneminde de münzevi bir hayat yaşamak zorunda kalmıştır. Fakat ilmi yaymanın gerekli olduğuna inandığı ve Hz. Peygamber de kendisine bu yönde tavsiyede bulunduğu için, şartlar ne olursa olsun bildiği gerçekleri imkân ölçüsünde açıklamaktan geri kalmamış, duyduğu hadisleri rivayet etmiş ve kendisine sorulan konularda fetvalar vermiştir. Fazla hadis rivayet etmesi sebebiyle Hz. Ömer’in onu birkaç arkadaşıyla birlikte Medine dışına çıkarmadığı da söylenir (İbn Sa‘d, II, 336; Ahmed b. Hanbel, el-ʿİlel , I, 62). Halka bazı şeyler anlattığı bir sırada bir adamın Ebû Zerr’e yaklaşarak Hz. Osman’ın kendisini bundan menettiğini hatırlatması üzerine, bir kelime de olsa Hz. Peygamber’den duyduklarını anlatmaktan geri durmayacağını söylemesi (Buhârî, “ʿİlim”, 10) onun bu konudaki titizliğini göstermektedir. Bununla beraber Ebû Zerr’in rivayetlerinin en çok yer aldığı Ahmed b. Hanbel’in el-Müsned ’inde tekrarlarıyla birlikte 281 hadisi bulunmaktadır; bu sayı Buhârî ve Müslim’de otuz üçtür. İlmî faaliyetlere yeteri kadar zaman bulamaması ve Hz. Peygamber’in vefatından sonra uzun yıllar yaşamaması, onun rivayetlerinin azlığının başlıca sebeplerini teşkil eder. Ebû Zer’den pek çok sahâbî ve tâbiî rivayette bulunmuştur. Enes b. Mâlik, İbn Abbas, İbn Ömer, Zir b. Hubeyş, Saîd b. Müseyyeb ve Atâ b. Yesâr bunlardan bazılarıdır.
Servet Hakkındaki Görüşleri. “Altın ve gümüşü Allah yolunda sarfetmeyip biriktirenleri” elem verici bir azap ile korkutan âyetlere dayanarak (et-Tevbe 9/34, 35) diğer sahâbîlerin aksine, ihtiyaç fazlası malın Allah yolunda harcanması gerektiğini savunur, hatta bazı rivayetlere göre Hz. Peygamber’in de bu kanaatte olduğunu söylerdi. Halbuki ashabın bir kısmı bu âyetlerin zekât âyetleriyle neshedildiğini, birçoğu ise bunların zekât vermeyenleri hedef aldığını söylüyordu. Hz. Ali âyetlerin, 4000 dirhemden fazla olan malı Allah yolunda harcamayarak biriktirenler hakkında indiğini, Muâviye ise bu âyetlerle Ehl-i kitabın kastedildiğini ileri sürmekteydi.
Zekât mükellefi olabilmek için elde ihtiyaç fazlası bir miktar malın bulunması gerektiğine göre ihtiyaç fazlası malın dağıtılması konusunda hassasiyet gösteren Ebû Zerr’in bu gerçeği bilmemesi ve burada sözü edilen fazla malla zekât nisabına dahil malı kastetmiş olması düşünülemez. Eğer bu malı ihtiyaç fazlası olarak görüp onun da Allah yolunda harcanması gerektiği üzerinde durmuşsa, halkın büyük maddî sıkıntı içinde bulunduğu bir dönemde böyle bir ictihadı benimsemiş olduğu düşünülebilir. Nitekim ilk iki halife dönemiyle Hz. Osman devrinin ilk yıllarında onun bu görüşleri savunduğuna dair bilgi bulunmamaktadır. İhtiyaç fazlası mallar konusunda farklı ictihadlarda bulunan diğer sahâbîlerden hiçbirinin yönetimle ihtilâfa düşmemesi, Ebû Zerr’in söz konusu ihtilâfının ictihadı dolayısıyla değil siyasî sebeplerle olduğunu göstermektedir. Zira onun görüşleri fakir halkla birlikte yönetim aleyhtarlarının da işine yaramış, böylece mesele siyasî bir veche kazanmıştı.
Ebû Zerr’in görüşlerinde sosyalizm ve komünizmin belirtilerini bulmak isteyenlerin bir sonuca varamamaları tabiidir. Zira onun imanı, sahip olduğu ahlâkî değerler ve İslâmiyet’in sosyal adalet anlayışının bir tezahürü olan görüşleriyle bu sistemleri telif etmek mümkün değildir.
Ebû Zer yaşadığı devirden itibaren dikkatleri üzerine çekmiş, hatta bazan istismar edilerek kendisiyle ilgili haberler uydurulmuştur (İbnü’l-Esîr, el-Kâmil , III, 114). İbn Teymiyye onun rivayet ettiği, “Ey kullarım, ben zulmetmeyi kendime haram kıldım” meâlindeki hadîs-i kudsîyi şerhetmiş, Abdülalî Abdülhamîd Hâmid bu şerhi İnʿâmü’l-bârî fî şerḥi ḥadîs̱i Ebî Ẕerri’l-Ġıfârî adıyla yayımlamıştır (Bombay 1407/1989). Ebû Zerr’in hayatına dair müstakil eserler de yazılmıştır. Bunlar arasında Salâh Azzâm’ın Şehîdü’l-kelime Ebû Ẕer el-Ġıfârî (Kahire 1966); Abdülhalîm Mahmûd’un Ebû Ẕer el-Ġıfârî ve’ş-şüyûʿiyye (Kahire 1976, 1981); Muhammed Ali es-Sûrî’nin Aṣdaḳu ehli zamânihî Ebû Ẕer el-Ġıfârî el-iştirâki’l-muṭârid (Beyrut 1979); Muhammed Azraf’ın Ebû Ẕer el-Ġıfârî (Dakka 1980); Mahmûd Şelebî’nin Ḥayâtü Ebî Ẕer (Beyrut 1981); Muhammed Ali’nin Hel ḳaraʾte Ebâ Ẕer (Beyrut 1981); Muhsin el-Emîn’in Ebû Ẕer el-Ġıfârî (Beyrut 196?); Münîr Gadbân’ın Ebû Ẕer el-Ġıfârî ez-zâhidü’l-mücâhid (Zerkā 1390/1970); Abdülmecîd Muhammed el-Aktaş’ın Ebû Ẕer el-Ġıfârî ve ârâʾühû fi’s-siyâse ve’l-iḳtiṣâd (Amman 1405/1985); Ali b. Sâib el-Amrî’nin en-Nübẕe fî tercemeti Ebî Ẕer ve târîḫi Rebeẕe (Riyad 1407) ve Hüsni Şeyh Osman’ın Hâẕâ Ebû Ẕer: Târîḫu’l-ḥayâti’l-ictimâʿiyye ve’s-siyâsiyye ve’l-iḳtiṣâdiyye fi’l-müctemaʿi’l-İslâmî (Cidde 1410/1990) adlı eserleri sayılabilir. Ebû Zer hakkında Farsça olarak yazılmış eserler de vardır. Bunlardan Ali Rızâ Allahyârî’nin Ebû Ẕerr-i Ġıfârî (Tahran 1964) ve Muhammed Muhammedî İştihârdî’nin Sîmâ-yi Ebû Ẕerr-i Ġıfârî: Şehîd-i Rebeẕe (Kum 1974) adlı eserleri zikredilebilir. Ali Şerîatî’nin Ebû Ẕerr-i Ġıfârî ’si (Meşhed, ts.), Abdülhamîd Cûde es-Sehhâr’ın aynı adı taşıyan Arapça eserinin Şiî rivayetlerle genişletilmiş Farsça tercümesinden ibarettir. Ali Şerîatî’nin bu tercümesi Salih Okur tarafından Sosyal Adaletçi Ebû Zer-i Gıfârî adıyla Türkçe’ye tercüme edilmiştir (İstanbul 1987). A. J. Cameron’un da Abû Dharr al-Ghıfârî an Examination of his Image in the Hagiography of Islam (London 1973) başlıklı bir çalışması vardır.
Türk Ansiklopedisi ’nde Ebû Zer el-Gıfârî hakkında, “Hazret-i Peygamber tarafından özellikle övülen dört uludan biridir (ötekiler: Ali, Selman ve Mikdâd)” denmesi (XIV, 283), bu konuda Şiî kaynaklara bağlı kalındığı kanaatini uyandırmaktadır. Zira çeşitli meziyetleri sebebiyle Hz. Peygamber’in övdüğü pek çok sahâbî vardır. Bu eserdeki bilgileri tekrarlayan diğer bazı ansiklopedilerde de Ebû Zer hakkında yanlış bilgilere rastlanmaktadır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Buhârî, “ʿİlim”, 10.
a.mlf., et-Târîḫu’l-kebîr , II, 221.
Müslim, “İmâre”, 16-17.
İbn Mâce, “Muḳaddime”, 11.
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Vâkıdî, el-Meġāzî , bk. İndeks.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1994 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 10. cildinde, 266-269 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.