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EBÛ ZÜR‘A er-RÂZÎ Skip to content Ebû Zür‘a Ubeydullāh b. Abdilkerîm b. Yezîd er-Râzî (ö. 264/878)
Hadis hâfızı ve münekkidi.
194 (809-10) yılında doğdu. 190’da (806), 200’de (816), hatta 200’den sonra doğduğu da söylenmektedir. Ebû Zür‘a künyesi ona, Dımaşk’ı ziyaretleri sırasında burada meşhur muhaddis Ebû Zür‘a ed-Dımaşkī’yi tanıyıp hayran kalan hemşerileri tarafından verilmiştir. Daha sonra seksenden fazla kişi aynı künyeyi kullandığı halde Ebû Zür‘a denilince sadece Ebû Zür‘a er-Râzî hatıra gelir olmuştur.
Ebû Zür‘a İslâmî ilimlerle yakından ilgilenen bir aileden gelmektedir. Amcaları İsmâil ile Muhammed ve babası Abdülkerîm hadis okumuş ve okutmuşlardır. Küçük bir çocukken babası tarafından hadis meclislerine götürülen ve ondan hadis ve hadis râvileri konusunda çeşitli bilgiler öğrenen Ebû Zür‘a, o devrin önemli bir ilim merkezi olan Rey’deki muhaddislerden ve Rey’e gelen otuz kadar âlimden faydalandı. İlk ezberlediği hadis kitabı İmam Mâlik’in el-Muvaṭṭaʾ ı oldu. On üç yaşında iken diğer İslâm ülkelerindeki âlimlerden hadis öğrenmek maksadıyla seyahatlere başlayarak önce Kûfe’ye gitti ve burada sekiz ay kaldı. Hocası Ebû Nuaym Fazl b. Dükeyn’den bu sırada okumuş olmalıdır. 227-232 (842-847) yılları arasında yaptığı ikinci ve en uzun seyahatinde hac görevini ifa ettikten sonra Mısır’a geçti. Burada iki yıl kalarak Rebî‘ b. Süleyman el-Cîzî’den İmam Şâfiî’nin bütün eserlerini okudu. Şam ve Cezîre’yi dolaşarak 230 (845) yılında Bağdat’a, daha sonra Basra’ya uğradı. Üçüncü seyahatinde Şam, Irak ve Mısır bölgelerinde dört buçuk yıl dolaştı. Sınır boylarında yaşayan mücahid âlimlerden hadis öğrenmek maksadıyla oralara kadar gitti. Kazvin ve Nîşâbur gibi yakın şehirlere de kısa seyahatleri oldu. Daha Nîşâbur’a gitmeden önce, Buhârî’nin hocası hadis hâfızı ve münekkidi İshak b. Râhûye’ye Reyli genç muhaddis Ebû Zür‘a’nın gelmekte olduğu bildirilince, bilgisinden faydalanmak için ona 50.000’i çeşitli kusurlar taşıyan 150.000 hadis okuyacağını söyledi. Defalarca gittiği Bağdat’ta Ebû Zür‘a’nın istifade ettiği en önemli muhaddis Ahmed b. Hanbel oldu. Ahmed b. Hanbel de sağlamlığı konusunda tereddüt ettiği muhtelif hadisleri onunla müzakere ederek görüşlerinden faydalandı. Basra’da iken burada gördüğü en mükemmel muhaddis diye kendisinden söz ettiği Ebû Seleme et-Tebûzekî’den 10.000 hadis, yanında sekiz yıl hadis tahsil ettiği hocası İbrâhim b. Mûsâ el-Ferrâ ile Ebû Bekir İbn Ebû Şeybe’nin her birinden yüzer bin hadis yazdı.
Kıraat ilmini bu sahanın otoriteleri olan Kālûn, Halef b. Hişâm ve Dûrî gibi âlimlerden okuyan Ebû Zür‘a, ezberindeki 600.000 sahih rivayetten 14.000’inin tefsir ve kıraate dair olduğunu söylemiş, Sa‘dî el-Hâşimî onun hayatını incelediği eserinde 580 hocasının adını zikretmiştir (Ebû Zürʿa er-Râzî , I, 85-155).
Otuz iki yaşından itibaren hadis okutmaya başlayan Ebû Zür‘a, her gün mescidde iki veya üç grup talebeye hadis dersleri verirdi. Kendisinden Harmele b. Yahyâ, Fellâs, Yûnus b. Abdüla‘lâ gibi hocalarından başka Müslim b. Haccâc el-Kuşeyrî, İbn Vâre, Tirmizî, Ebû Hâtim er-Râzî, Ebû Zür‘a ed-Dımaşkī, İbrâhim el-Harbî, Abdullah b. Ahmed b. Hanbel, Nesâî, Ebû Ya‘lâ el-Mevsılî, Muhammed b. Cerîr et-Taberî, Ebû Avâne el-İsferâyînî, İbn Ebû Dâvûd gibi tanınmış âlimler hadis rivayet ettiler. Talebeleri arasında İbn Ebû Hâtim’in önemli bir yeri vardır. İbn Ebû Hâtim, babası Ebû Hâtim’in râviler hakkındaki görüşlerini kaleme alırken babasının arkadaşı olan Ebû Zür‘a’nın aynı konudaki görüşlerine dokuz ciltlik el-Cerḥ ve’t-taʿdîl ile Aṣlü’s-sünne ve iʿtiḳadü’d-dîn adlı kitaplarında geniş yer vermiştir.
Ebû Zür‘a, 264 yılı Zilhicce ayının son gününde (2 Eylül 878) Rey’de vefat etti. Biyografisine yer veren hemen bütün kaynaklarda, ölümü esnasında yanında Ebû Hâtim, Ebû Vâre ve başka âlimlerin de hazır bulunduğu kaydedilir. Yanındakiler ona herhangi bir kimse gibi telkinde bulunmak yerine, son sözü “lâ ilâhe illallah” olanın cennete gideceğini müjdeleyen hadisin senedinden birkaç isim okudular. Arkadaşlarının kendisine telkinde bulunmak istediklerini anlayan Ebû Zür‘a hadisi senediyle birlikte okumaya başladı. Hadisin, “Kimin son sözü lâ ilâhe illallah olursa…” kısmını okurken ruhunu teslim etti (Zehebî, Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ , XIII, 85). Ebû Hâtim er-Râzî, zühdüne hayran kaldığı dört kişi arasında Ebû Zür‘a’nın adını da zikretmiş, devrin âlimleri zühdü ve takvâsı sebebiyle onu akranlarından üstün tutmuşlardır.
Hadis İlmindeki Yeri. Buhârî’nin hocalarından tanınmış muhaddis Kuteybe b. Saîd Rey’e geldiği zaman etrafına toplanan hadis talebeleri kendilerine hadis rivayet etmesini istemişlerdi; o da Ahmed b. Hanbel, Yahyâ b. Maîn, Ali b. Medînî, Ebû Hayseme ve Ebû Bekir İbn Ebû Şeybe gelmeden rivayete başlamayacağını söylemişti. Reyliler, ona küçük bir çocuk olan Ebû Zür‘a’yı göstererek kendisinin daha önceleri çeşitli meclislerde rivayet ettiği hadisleri onun ezbere okuyabileceğini söylemeleri, Ebû Zür‘a’nın da bunu ispat etmesi üzerine Kuteybe b. Saîd hemen hadis okutmaya başlamıştı. Çoğu Ebû Zür‘a’dan yaşlı ve tecrübeli olan hadis otoritelerinin hemen hepsi onun hadis bilgisine duydukları hayranlığı farklı şekillerde dile getirmişlerdir. Ebû Bekir b. Ebû Şeybe hâfızası Ebû Zür‘a’dan daha kuvvetli birini görmediğini söylemiş, İshak b. Râhûye onun bilmediği hadisin asılsız olduğunu ifade etmiştir. Ebû Zür‘a ile uzun bir süre hadis müzakere eden Ahmed b. Hanbel, sahâbe ve tâbiîn sözlerini de dikkate alarak 700.000 kadar sahih rivayet bulunduğunu, onun bunlardan 600.000’ini ezbere bildiğini belirtmiştir. Ebû Zür‘a, bizzat kendisi de 200.000 rivayeti İhlâs sûresi gibi ezbere bildiğini, 300.000 rivayeti ise hadisleri müzakere ederken okuyabileceğini söylemiş, ayrıca asılsız haberleri ve mevzû hadisleri tanımak maksadıyla ezberinde 10.000 uydurma rivayet bulunduğunu ifade etmiştir. Müslim, 250 (864) yılında el-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ ’ini tamamladıktan sonra Ebû Zür‘a’nın tetkikine sunmuş ve onun uygun görmediği rivayetleri kitabına almamıştır. Son hastalığı sırasında kendisini ziyarete gelen hadis hâfızlarına tereddüt ettikleri bir hadisin senedini hemen okuması, ömrünün sonuna kadar hâfızasının hiç zayıflamadığını göstermektedir.
Yıllarca kendisiyle hadis müzakere ettiği arkadaşı Ebû Hâtim er-Râzî onun bir hadis otoritesi olduğunu belirtmiş, hadisin sağlamıyla sakatını birbirinden ayırma ve rivayetlerdeki ince kusurları (ilel) anlama hususunda Ahmed b. Hanbel, Yahyâ b. Maîn ve Ali b. Medînî’den sonra onun geldiğini, fakat geride kendisi gibi birini bırakmadan vefat ettiğini söylemiştir.
İmam Mâlik’in hadislerini topladığı için “Mâlikî” diye tanınan Reyli hadis hâfızı Ali b. Hüseyin b. Cüneyd, İmam Mâlik’in el-Muvaṭṭaʾ da bulunan ve bulunmayan bütün rivayetlerini Ebû Zür‘a kadar mükemmel bilen başka bir kimseye rastlamadığını belirtmiş, Medine kadısı Ebû Mus‘ab ez-Zührî, Mâlik b. Enes’i ve daha başkalarını da gördüğünü, fakat hayatta Ebû Zür‘a gibi birine rastlamadığını ifade etmiştir. Ebû Ya‘lâ el-Mevsılî, güçlü hâfızalarıyla isim yapanların genellikle abartıldığını, ancak Ebû Zür‘a’nın şöhretinden daha büyük bir şahsiyet olduğunu söylemiştir.
Nâfile ibadete düşkün olan ve Ebû Zür‘a’yı Bağdat’a geldiğinde misafir eden Ahmed b. Hanbel, o günden itibaren onunla hadis müzakere etmeyi nâfile namaz kılmaya tercih etmişti. Zehebî’nin işaret ettiği gibi Ebû Zür‘a’nın son derece müttaki olması tenkit üslûbuna da yansımış, arkadaşı Ebû Hâtim’in aksine râvileri insaflı ifadelerle tenkit etmiştir.
Son derece basit giyinip sade bir hayat yaşamayı çok istemesine rağmen dünyayı terk ve ihmal etmediğini göstermek için giyimine de dikkat eden Ebû Zür‘a er-Râzî hakkında Sa‘dî el-Hâşimî, üç ciltten meydana gelen Ebû Zürʿa er-Râzî ve cühûdühû fi’s-sünneti’n-nebeviyye adlı bir eser kaleme almıştır. Eserin I. cildinde Ebû Zür‘a’nın hayatı ele alınmış, II. ciltte onun Kitâbü’ḍ-Ḍuʿafâʾ adlı eseri neşredilmiş, III. ciltte ise İbn Ebû Hâtim’in el-Cerḥ ve’t-taʿdîl ’i, Zehebî’nin Mîzânü’l-iʿtidâl ’i ve İbn Hacer el-Askalânî’nin Tehẕîbü’t-Tehẕîb ’i gibi eserlere dayanarak Ebû Zür‘a’nın Kitâbü’ḍ-Ḍuʿafâʾ da geçmeyen 274 râvi hakkındaki tenkidi, 825 râvi hakkındaki ta‘dîl i bir araya getirilmiştir.
Eserleri. Ebû Zür‘a’nın günümüze ulaşan tek eseri Kitâbü’ḍ-Ḍuʿafâʾ ve’l-keẕẕâbîn ve’l-metrûkîn min aṣḥâbi’l-ḥadîs̱ ’tir. Eser, Berzaî’nin hadis râvileri hakkındaki sorularına Ebû Zür‘a er-Râzî ile Ebû Hâtim er-Râzî’nin verdikleri cevaplardan meydana gelmektedir. Bu cevapların büyük kısmının Ebû Zür‘a er-Râzî’ye ait olduğunu söyleyen Sa‘dî el-Hâşimî, eseri Köprülü Kütüphanesi’ndeki yegâne nüshasına (nr. 40/3) dayanarak Ebû Zür‘a hakkında hazırladığı üç ciltlik çalışmanın II. cildi olarak yayımlamıştır (Medine 1409/1989). Sa‘dî el-Hâşimî’nin tesbitlerine göre muhtelif kitaplarda, Ebû Zür‘a er-Râzî’nin günümüze ulaşmadığı anlaşılan şu eserlerinden dolaylı olarak söz edilmektedir: ez-Zühd , Fevâʾidü’r-râziyyîn , Feżâʾil , Aʿlâmü’n-nübüvve (Delâʾilü’n-nübüvve ), es-Siyer , el-Muḫtaṣar , el-Eṭʿime , el-Ferâʾiż , eṣ-Ṣavm , el-Âdâb , el-Vuḍûʾ , eş-Şüfʿa , el-Efrâd , el-ʿİlel , el-Cerḥ ve’t-taʿdîl , Beyânü ḫaṭaʾi Ebî ʿAbdillâh Muḥammed b. İsmâʿîl el-Buḫârî fî Târîḫihî , et-Tefsîr , eṣ-Ṣaḥâbe , el-Müsned .
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İbn Ebû Hâtim, el-Cerḥ ve’t-taʿdîl , I, 328-349.
Hatîb, Târîḫu Baġdâd , X, 326-337.
İbn Ebû Ya‘lâ, Ṭabaḳātü’l-Ḥanâbile , I, 199-203.
İbnü’l-Cevzî, el-Muntaẓam , V, 47-48.
Zehebî, Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ , XIII, 65-85.
a.mlf., Teẕkiretü’l-ḥuffâẓ , II, 557-559.
İbn Manzûr, Muḫtaṣaru Târîḫi Dımaşḳ , XV, 333-340.
İbn Receb el-Hanbelî, Şerḥu ʿİleli’t-Tirmiẕî (nşr. Nûreddin Itr), [baskı yeri yok] 1398/1978, I, 221-224.
İbn Hacer, Tehẕîbü’t-Tehẕîb , VII, 30-34.
İbnü’l-İmâd, Şeẕerât , II, 148-149.
Kettânî, er-Risâletü’l-müsteṭrafe , s. 64.
Sezgin, GAS , I, 145.
Sa‘dî el-Hâşimî, Ebû Zürʿa er-Râzî ve cühûdühû fi’s-sünneti’n-nebeviyye , Medine 1409/1989, I-III.
a.mlf., “er-Ruvât elleẕîne künnû bi-Ebî Zürʿa”, Mecelletü’l-Câmiʿati’l-İslâmiyye , XV/58, Medine 1403, s. 29-70.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1994 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 10. cildinde, 274-275 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.