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EBÜ’l-HASAN el-MERÎNÎ Skip to content Ebü’l-Hasen el-Mansûr-Billâh Alî b. Osmân b. Ya‘kūb el-Merînî (ö. 752/1351)
Merînî hükümdarı (1331-1351).
692 (1293) veya 697 (1297-98) yılında doğdu. Babası Merînî Hükümdarı Ebû Saîd II. Osman, annesi Habeş asıllı Anber adlı bir câriyedir. İyi bir eğitim gördü. Babasının vefatından sonra devlet adamları ile kumandanlardan biat alarak el-Mansûr-Billâh unvanıyla tahta geçti (731/1331). Kardeşi Sicilmâse Emîri Ebû Ali Ömer ile Abdülvâdî Hükümdarı I. Ebû Tâşfîn arasında ittifak kurulmuş ve bu bölgede Ebü’l-Hasan aleyhinde ayaklanma meydana gelmişti. Ebü’l-Hasan, Hafsîler’den Sultan Ebû Yahyâ’nın kızıyla evli olduğundan Hafsîler’in desteğini sağladı ve bu sayede kısa süre içinde kardeşi Ömer’in ayaklanmasını bastırdı (733/1333). Ayrıca Hafsî-Abdülvâdî çatışması sırasında aracı rolü üstlenmek istedi; taraflar arasında anlaşma sağlanamayınca 1333-1335 yıllarında Abdülvâdî ülkesine birkaç sefer düzenledi; Tiklât, Vecde (Vücde), Vehrân, Vehnîn, Milyâne ve Cezayir şehirlerini zaptetti. 30 Ramazan 737 (2 Mayıs 1337) tarihinde Abdülvâdîler’in başşehri Tilimsân’ı ele geçirdi; böylece Mağrib-i Evsat ve Mağrib-i Aksâ’daki bütün Zenâte kabilelerini hâkimiyeti altına almış oldu. Abdülvâdî ailesinden sağ kalanlar affedildi, memuriyette bulunanlar da vazifelerini yapmaya devam etti.
Ebü’l-Hasan döneminde Endülüs’te müslüman-hıristiyan çatışmaları şiddetlendi ve hıristiyan krallıkların saldırıları karşısında zayıf düşen Benî Ahmer (Nasrî) Sultanı IV. Muhammed, Mağrib’e gelerek Ebü’l-Hasan’ın Fas’taki sarayını ziyaret etti ve Merînîler’i resmen Endülüs’e çağırdı. Bu çağrıya olumlu cevap veren Ebü’l-Hasan, Endülüs’e asker sevketti ve yirmi yıldan beri Kastilya Krallığı’nın istilâsı altında bulunan Cebelitârık ile Cezîretülhadrâ’yı (Algeciras) geri aldı (733/1333). Bu olaydan sonra düzenlenen bir suikast sonucunda IV. Muhammed katledildi ve Benî Ahmer tahtına I. Yûsuf geçti (1333-1354). Yeni sultan döneminde de Merînî-Nasrî ittifakı ve dostluk ilişkilerinin devam ettirilmesine rağmen Endülüs’teki işler yolunda gitmedi ve meydana gelen şiddetli bir savaş sonucunda yarımadadaki Merînî kuvvetleri yenilgiye uğradı. Merînîler’in büyük kayıplar verdiği bu savaşta sultanın oğlu Ebû Mâlik de şehid düştü. Yenilgi haberini duyan Ebü’l-Hasan 60.000 askerden oluşan bir ordu topladı ve bizzat Endülüs’e geçti. Benî Ahmer Sultanı I. Yûsuf da bu harekete katıldı. Merînî-Nasrî ittifakına karşı Portekiz Kralı IV. Alfonso ile Kastilya Kralı XI. Alfonso da güçlerini birleştirdiler. Tarîf yakınlarında vuku bulan savaşta Merînî-Nasrî orduları yenilgiye uğradı (Cemâziyelevvel 741 / Ekim 1340). Bu savaşta da Merînîler büyük kayıplar verdi, sultanın oğlu Ebû Ömer Tâşfîn ve birçok Merînî devlet adamı hayatını kaybetti. Sultan Ebü’l-Hasan, Cezîretülhadrâ’ya çekilmek zorunda kaldı. Tarîf yenilgisi Endülüs’teki Merînî etkinliğinin sonu oldu; Ebü’l-Hasan, Endülüs’ü yarımadanın hıristiyan krallıkları ile mücadele halinde bırakıp Mağrib’e döndü.
Tarîf vak‘asından sonra İfrîkıye’de meydana gelen gelişmeler Ebü’l-Hasan’ın dikkatini Hafsîler üzerine çekti. Kayınpederi Sultan Ebû Yahyâ’nın 747’de (1346) vefatı üzerine Hafsî emîrleri taht mücadelesine giriştiler. Bunu fırsat bilen Merînî hükümdarı Tunus’a asker sevketti, kısa süreli çatışmalar neticesinde bütün Hafsî ülkesini zaptetti (748/1347). Böylece Abdülvâdî ve Hafsî toprakları Ebü’l-Hasan’ın gayretleriyle Merînî sınırlarına dahil edildi. Ancak onun bu coğrafyadaki başarılı faaliyetleri çok sürmedi ve bölgede tam anlamıyla istikrar sağlanamadı. Ardından Mağrib’de karışıklıklar çıktı; Benî Hilâl ile Benî Süleym kabileleri Hafsî ailesinden bazı kişilerin liderliğinde ayaklandılar. İfrîkıye’deki ayaklanmaları bastıramayan Ebü’l-Hasan, Kayrevan’a çekilmek zorunda kaldı. Bu ayaklanmalar sırasında öldüğü yolunda söylentiler çıkınca yerine vekil olarak Fas’ta bıraktığı oğlu Ebû İnân el-Merînî tahta geçti (1348-1358). Devlet adamları baba ile oğul arasında kararsız kaldı. Bu gelişmeler üzerine Ebü’l-Hasan, Tunus’tan hareket ederek Merakeş’e ulaştı ve şehri zaptetti. Oğlu ile nihaî savaşı Ümmürrebî‘ (Medgūsa) vadisinde vuku buldu ve Ebü’l-Hasan savaşı kaybetti (751/1350). Taraflar arasında yapılan anlaşma sonucunda Ebü’l-Hasan oğlu Ebû İnân lehine tahttan feragat etti. Bu olaydan kısa bir süre sonra 23 Rebîülâhir 752’de (19 Haziran 1351) vefat etti. Naaşı önce Merakeş’te toprağa verildi, ardından oğlu Ebû İnân tarafından Fas’a nakledildi ve atalarının Şâle’deki (Chella) mezarlığına defnedildi (İbn Haldûn, VII, 287).
Ebü’l-Hasan İslâm devletleri arasında dostluklar tesis etmeye çalıştı. Öncelikle Mali Devleti ile Merînîler arasında elçiler gidip geldi. İbn Haldûn’un anlattıklarına göre Ebü’l-Hasan’ın Mağrib-i Evsat’taki zaferleri dolayısıyla Mali Sultanı Mense Mûsâ, Merînî sarayına tebriklerini sunmak amacıyla elçi göndermiş, Ebü’l-Hasan elçiyi törenle karşılamış ve devletinin ihtişamını göstermek için Mali sultanına şatafatlı hediyeler ve diplomatik bir heyetle karşılık vermiştir (a.g.e. , VII, 266). Merînî-Memlük ilişkilerine gelince eskiden kurulan dostane ilişkiler Ebü’l-Hasan döneminde yeniden gündeme geldi; 738 (1337-38) ve 745 (1344-45) yılları arasında birkaç defa Merînî elçileri Kahire’ye uğradı. Bu iki devlet arasında gidip gelen elçiler, Mağrib’den kutsal topraklara giden hac kafilelerinin güvenliğinin temin edilmesi hususunda fikir alışverişinde bulundu, her iki devlet arasındaki dostluk münasebetlerini ortaya koyan mektuplar ve hediyeler ulaştırıldı. el-Melikü’n-Nâsır Muhammed b. Kalavun döneminde Mısır’a uğrayan ilk Merînî kafilesinin taşıdığı hediyeler arasında Ebü’l-Hasan’ın bizzat kendisinin yazdığı altın tezyinatlı Kur’an nüshası da vardı. Bunlar Haremeyn’e götürülmek için gönderilmişti. Merînî kafilesini devlet töreniyle karşılayan Memlük sultanı, Mekke ve Medine emîrlerine mektuplar yazarak Mağrib kafilesinin iyi ağırlanmasını emretti; kafilenin Mağrib’e dönüşü sırasında Sultan Ebü’l-Hasan’a mektup ve hediyeler gönderdi (a.g.e. , VII, 264-266; Ahmed b. Hâlid es-Selâvî, II, 61-64).
Ebü’l-Hasan, Merînîler’in yükseliş devrinde hüküm süren önemli bir devlet adamı ve güçlü bir kumandandı. Abdülvâdîler ve Hafsî devletlerini yıkan Merînîler onun döneminde en geniş sınırlarına ulaşmış, ancak Merînîler’in çöküş süreci de onun zamanında başlamıştır. Bazı tarihçiler onu “halife” ve “emîrü’l-müminîn” unvanlarıyla anmışlardır. İktidara geldiğinde “meks” adı verilen gayri şer‘î vergileri kaldırmıştı. Esmer tenli olmasından dolayı Mağrib halkı ona “es-sultânü’l-ekhal” lakabını vermişti (a.g.e. , II, 57). Ayrıca sanata yatkın bir kişiliğe sahip olup iyi bir edip, şair ve münşî idi. Ebü’l-Hasan döneminde Merakeş, Fas, Tilimsân ve Selâ gibi şehirlerde çok sayıda köprü, hastahane, zâviye, türbe, cami ve medrese inşa edilmiş, Tilimsân’daki Sîdî Bû Medyen Türbesi ve Camii ile (Ubbâd) birçok mimari eser de Ebü’l-Hasan tarafından onarılıp genişletilmiştir. Fas’taki Misbâhiyye Medresesi ile Sihrîc Medresesi, Enfâ (Dârülbeyzâ) ve Miknâs medreseleri bu dönemin önemli eğitim kurumları arasındadır. Selâ şehrinde yapılan medrese önemli bir ihtisas okulu olup tabip yetiştirmek amacıyla inşa edilmişti. Ayrıca çok sayıda Mağribli ve Endülüslü âlim ve şairi himaye etmiştir. Bunlar arasında hadis ve fıkıhta Ahmed b. Muhammed ez-Zevâvî, İbn Merzûk el-Hatîb ve Muhammed b. Muhammed el-Makkarî, tıpta Ahmed b. Şuayb, matematikte İbn Hilâl gibi âlimlerin isimleri zikredilebilir. İbn Merzûk el-Hatîb’in el-Müsnedü’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥu’l-ḥasen fî meḥâsini Mevlânâ Ebi’l-Ḥasan adlı eserinde Ebü’l-Hasan’ın hayatı ve faaliyetleriyle toplumun mânevî ve kültürel durumu anlatılır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA :
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2016 yılında İstanbul’da basılan (gözden geçirilmiş 2. basım) EK-1. cildinde, 382-383 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.