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EBÜZZİYA, Velid Skip to content (1882-1945)
Gazeteci, yazar, matbaacı ve yayıncı.
Temmuz 1882’de İstanbul’da doğdu. Ebüzziyâ Mehmed Tevfik’in küçük oğludur. Tahsiline Bakırköy’de Behram Ağa İlkokulu’nda başladı (1891-1892), oradan Mekteb-i Sultânî’ye geçti (1893-1894). Babasının ve aynı okulun son sınıfındaki ağabeyi Talha’nın Konya’ya sürgün edilmeleri üzerine okuldan uzaklaştırılarak göz hapsine alındı (Nisan 1900). Beş yıl kadar süren bu hapis müddetinde geceleri duvardan atlayarak evlerinin bitişiğindeki Fransız Frerler Mektebi’ne devam etmek suretiyle Fransızca’sını ilerletti. Bir yandan da babasının Konya’dan mektupla verdiği edebiyat ve dil derslerini sürdürdü; kendi gayretiyle Arapça, Farsça ve Almanca öğrendi. Göz hapsinin son bulması üzerine tekrar Mekteb-i Sultânî’ye devam etmek istediyse de buna izin verilmeyince lise tahsilini Bakırköy’deki Fransız Saint Benoit Mektebi’nde tamamladı. Daha sonra İstanbul Dârülfünunu Hukuk Mektebi’ne girdi.
II. Meşrutiyet’in ilânı ile çıkarılan umumi af üzerine babasıyla ağabeyi sürgünden dönüp Ebüzziya Matbaası’nı yeniden kurma hazırlığı içinde iken Velid de mütercim olarak Düyûn-ı Umûmiyye’ye girdi, bu arada Hukuk Mektebi’ni tamamlayarak doktora yapmak üzere Paris’e gitti (Kasım 1910). Sorbonne Üniversitesi’nde hukuk doktorası yaparken bir taraftan da Sciences Politiques’e devam etti. İstanbul’a döndüğünde babasının çıkarmakta olduğu Yeni Tasvîr-i Efkâr gazetesinde çalışabilmek için o devrin önde gelen Fransız gazetelerinden Le Temps ve Le Figaro ’da stajyer muhabir olarak çalıştı. Bu arada Sciences Politiques’ten mezun oldu, ancak doktorasını tamamlayamadan İstanbul’a döndü ve babasının gazetesinde çalışmaya başladı (Ekim 1912). Babaları Ebüzziyâ Mehmed Tevfik’in ölümünden sonra iki kardeşten Talha idarî işleri, Velid de yazı işlerini üzerine alarak gazetenin yayımını devam ettirdiler.
Balkan Savaşı’nın bu en felâketli günlerinde bir yandan birbiri ardına değişen hükümetler, ilân edilen örfî idareler, İttihat ve Terakkî Fırkası ile Hürriyet ve İtilâf Fırkası arasındaki çekişmeler, öte yandan yeni patlak veren I. Dünya Savaşı ve uygulanmaya başlanan ağır sansür gazeteciliği çok güç ve tehlikeli bir hale getirmişti. Balkan Savaşı’nın başlangıcından I. Dünya Savaşı’nın sonuna kadar geçen devrede Tasvîr-i Efkâr on yedi defa kapatılmış, her defasında da o dönemde kapatılan gazetelerin başvurduğu bir tedbirle, ellerinde bulundurdukları yedek imtiyazlarla kapanan gazetenin adını değiştirerek yayına devam etmişlerdir. Bu müddet zarfında gazete Yeni Tasvîr-i Efkâr , Tasvîr-i Efkâr , Tasfîr-i Efkâr , Tesvîr-i Efkâr , Tefsîr-i Efkâr , İntihâb-ı Efkâr ve Hak isimleri altında yayımlanmıştır.
Mütareke’nin ilânı üzerine Trakya ve Anadolu’da başlayan mahallî direniş hareketlerinin sözcüsü durumuna gelen gazete Damad Ferid Paşa hükümetleriyle de mücadele etmiş, Velid ve Talha beyler arka arkaya İstanbul hükümetinin meşhur Nemrud Mustafa Dîvânıharbi’nde muhakeme edilmişlerdir. Memleketin parçalanmak istenmesi üzerine halkı galeyana getirmek için matbaalarında bastıkları beyannâmeler dolayısıyla Talha Bey tutuklanarak Bekir Ağa Bölüğü’nde hapsedilmiştir. İngilizler’in, Mütareke şartlarını çiğneyip İstanbul’u resmen işgal etmeleri ve Şehzadebaşı Karakolu’nda uyumakta olan silâhsız askerleri yataklarında süngüleyerek şehid etmeleri üzerine (16 Mart 1920) kanlar akan naaşlarının resimlerini çeken Velid Bey, bunları çoğaltıp gizlice Anadolu’ya göndererek halkı galeyana getirmeye çalışmış, resimleri götüren bir kişinin yakalanması üzerine İngilizler Velid Bey’i tutuklayıp Malta adasına sürgün etmişlerdir (23 Mart 1920). Bir yıl kadar sonra Malta sürgünleri arasında bulunan gazeteciler serbest bırakılınca Velid Bey de İstanbul’a döndü. Tasvîr-i Efkâr ’ı çıkarmasına izin verilmeyince Tevhîd-i Efkâr adı altında yayımlamaya başladığı gazete ile gerek işgal kuvvetleri gerekse İstanbul’daki İngiliz taraftarları ile mücadeleye girişti. Tevhîd-i Efkâr bir taraftan Millî Mücadele hareketinin yayın organı haline gelirken diğer taraftan Velid Bey’in matbaasında kurduğu “Mim Mim grubu” yer altı teşkilâtı ile, işgal kuvvetlerinin Türk ordusundan toplayarak depolara doldurduğu silâh ve mühimmatı alıp Anadolu’ya kaçırmaya başladı. Büyük Taarruz’un yapılabilmesini sağlayan çok miktarda cephane bu teşkilât tarafından elde edildi; bunları Ladin adlı bir vapurla bizzat Velid Bey İnebolu’ya götürerek Millî Müdafaa Vekili Refet (Bele) Paşa’ya teslim etti (18 Aralık 1921). Bu hizmetine karşılık kendisine Erkân-ı Harbiyye Reisi Fevzi Çakmak imzasıyla istiklâl madalyası verildi (22 Nisan 1922). Zaferden sonra Mudanya Mütarekesi’ne katılan tek gazeteci Velid Bey olduğu gibi Lozan barış müzakerelerinde de bulunarak gazetesine günü gününe gönderdiği yazılarla, Anadolu ve İstanbul’la ilgili Lozan’da oynanmak istenen oyunlar ve Türk delegelerinin çetin mücadelesi hakkında bilgi verdi.
O zamana kadar Anadolu hükümetiyle birlikte çalışmış olan Velid Bey, hiçbir hazırlık yapılmadan birdenbire cumhuriyet ilân edilmesinin yanlış bir hareket olduğuna dair şiddetli tenkit yazıları yazdı. Özellikle hilâfetin kaldırılmasının büyük bir hata olduğunu ve bu hatanın Türkiye’yi bütün İslâm âleminin mânen hâkimi durumundan çıkaracağını, o yıllarda hemen hepsi Batı devletlerinin müstemlekesi olan İslâm devletlerini siyaset âleminde tamamen başsız ve hâmisiz bırakacağını, bunun da Türkiye’yi büyük devletlikten çıkarıp sıradan küçük bir devlet haline düşüreceğini ısrarla belirten makaleler yayımlaması Ankara hükümetini rahatsız etti. Yine bu sırada alfabenin değiştirilmesi hakkında ileri sürülen fikirler aleyhinde neşriyat yapması bardağı taşıran son damla oldu. Bu esnada gazetede Ağa Han’ın hilâfet hakkında yazdığı bir makalesi yüzünden (24 Kasım 1922) Velid Bey “hıyânet-i vataniyye” ithamı ile tutuklandı ve İstanbul’a gönderilen özel bir İstiklâl Mahkemesi heyetine teslim edildi (9 Aralık 1923). Ancak vatana yaptığı hizmetler sebebiyle, ayrıca İstiklâl madalyası sahibi olduğu için mahkeme sonunda beraat etti. Velid Bey’in, hükümetin yanlış bulduğu icraatını şiddetli makalelerle tenkide devam etmesi üzerine, o sıralarda doğuda patlak veren Şeyh Said isyanı dolayısıyla (11 Şubat 1925) çıkarılan Takrîr-i Sükûn Kanunu ile (4 Mart 1925) Tevhîd-i Efkâr kapatıldı. Kendisi de Şeyh Said isyanına sebep olmakla suçlanarak tutuklandı ve Diyarbakır’da bulunan İstiklâl Mahkemesi’ne gönderildi (12 Mart 1925). Aynı şekilde suçlanan, İstanbul ve Adana’da muhalefette bulunan başka gazeteler de kapatıldı, yazarları tutuklanıp aynı mahkemeye gönderildi. Diyarbakır’da başlayan mahkeme Elazığ’a nakledilerek devam etti; suçsuz bulunan gazetecilerin hepsi beraat etti. Ancak beraat kararı şartlı oldu; Velid Bey’den başka diğer bütün gazetecilerin hayatları boyunca bir daha gazetecilik yapmaları yasaklandı. Velid Bey, bu ağır ve haksız şarttan istisna edilmesine rağmen gazetesini tekrar yayımlamadı, bir çeşit inzivaya çekilerek matbaasıyla meşgul oldu. Tutuklanmadan önce İstanbul’da yeni kurulmuş olan Türk Matbuat Cemiyeti başkanlığına seçilmiş olduğu halde yapılan teklifleri reddederek burada tekrar görev almadığı gibi 1924-1925 yıllarında bulunduğu İstanbul Belediyesi Şehir Meclisi üyeliği görevine de devam etmedi. Atatürk’e karşı suikast teşebbüsü ortaya çıkarılınca (15 Haziran 1926) hükümetin muhalif olarak tesbit ettiği tanınmış kimselerle beraber Velid Bey de tutuklanarak Ankara İstiklâl Mahkemesi’ne gönderildi, ancak ilk sorgusundan sonra serbest bırakıldı.
Velid Bey 11 Haziran 1934’te Zaman adıyla bir gazete çıkararak tekrar gazeteciliğe başladı. Ancak burada da tek parti idaresinin ağır baskısı yüzünden dilediği gibi yazı yazamadığı için gazeteye rağbet sağlayamadı; ayrıca gazetenin iki defa kapatılması üzerine yayın hakkını devrederek matbaası ile meşgul olmaya devam etti. Bu ikinci inzivâ dönemi altı yıl sürdü; aile gazetesini yeniden çıkarmaya karar veren ağabeyi Talha Bey’in oğlu Ziyad Ebüzziya’nın yayımlamaya başladığı Tasvîr-i Efkâr ’da (2 Mayıs 1940) başmakale ve Selim Sabit takma adıyla günlük siyasî yazılar yazdı. Velid Bey’in tekrar gazeteciliğe başlaması hükümetçe hoş karşılanmadı ve gazete daha yayımının ilk haftasında on gün tatil edildi. II. Dünya Savaşı’nın en hareketli günlerinde hükümet çeşitli vesilelerle arka arkaya Tasvîr-i Efkâr ’ı kapatmaya devam etti; nihayet gayri resmî olarak, “Velid Bey yazı yazmaktan vazgeçmezse gazete tamamen kapatılacaktır” tehdidi üzerine gazeteye yazı yazmaktan vazgeçti. Velid Bey 12 Ocak 1945 tarihinde öldü.
Geniş bir kültüre ve ansiklopedik bilgiye sahip olan Velid Bey inançlarından fedakârlık etmeyen, kanaatlerini ne pahasına olursa olsun yılmadan müdafaa eden, memleket meselelerinde asla müsamaha göstermeyen, son derece çalışkan bir kimse idi. Ülkenin ancak dinine, geleneklerine ve aile mefhumuna bağlı kalarak yükselebileceğine inanıyordu. Aynı zamanda her türlü ilmî ve fikrî yeniliğe taraftardı. Kendisine yapılan menfaat tekliflerinde olduğu gibi en ağır baskı ve tehditler karşısında da fikir ve kanaatlerinden asla vazgeçmemiştir.
Tam anlamıyla gazeteci olarak doğmuş bulunan Velid Bey Türkiye’de çağdaş gazeteciliği kurmuştur. Paris’teki gazetecilik stajında mesleğin bütün inceliklerini kavramış, bunları daha sonra kendi gazetesinde başarıyla uygulamıştır. Türk basınında foto muhabirliğini ihdas eden, olayları fotoğraflarla görüntüleyip sunan, idarehanede karanlık oda ve klişehane kuran odur. Yine olayların temsilî resim ve karikatürlerle verilmesi âdeti de onunla başlamıştır. Memleketin tanınmış birçok gazetecisinin yetiştiği Tasvîr-i Efkâr ve daha sonra Tevhîd-i Efkâr Türk matbuatında başlı başına bir gazetecilik okulu sayılır. Velid Bey’in önemli hizmetlerinden biri de Millî Mücadele sırasında gazetesine topladığı devrin güçlü kalemlerine hamâsî yazılar yazdırması ve tanınmış ressamlara çizdirdiği hamâsî desenlerle halkın zafere olan inancını arttırarak onlara mânevî kuvvet vermiş olmasıdır.
Ebüzziya Matbaası’nda yayıncılığa başlayan Velid Bey, gazetecilik yapması yasaklanınca daha önce babasının yayımladığı Takvîm-i Ebüzziyâ ’yı 1943’ten itibaren tekrar çıkarmaya başlamıştır. Yine bu sırada Fen ve Sanat Halk Ansiklopedisi adıyla fasikül halinde bir eserin yayımına başlamış, ancak vefatı üzerine eser ilk ciltten sonra yarım kalmıştır.
Velid Bey “eau forte” denilen çini mürekkebi kullanarak tarama usulüyle resim yapmakta ve bilhassa portre resmetmekte usta idi. Matbaasında bastığı kendi eserlerinde ve babasının takvimlerinde bu tarz resimleri vardır. Ayrıca kûfî hatta ve bilhassa arabesk tezyinatta usta olup matbaasında basılan eserlerin kûfî hatla olan yazılarını kendisi yazmıştır.
Eserleri. Şarlok Holmes’in Sergüzeştleri (Conan Doyle’den trc., İstanbul 1328 r.); Delik İğne (Conan Doyle’den trc., 1910); Kuyruklu Yıldızlar ve Halley Kevkeb-i Gîsûdârı (İstanbul 1328 r.); Girid, Mâzisi, Hali, İstikbali (bir heyet tarafından hazırlanmıştır, İstanbul 1328 r.); Tayyârecilik, Mâzisi, Ehemmiyeti, Terakkiyât-ı Hâzırası, İstikbali (2. bs., İstanbul 1329 r.); Türkiye Demiryolları Cep Atlası (İstanbul 1931); Takvîm-i Ebüzziyâ (1943-1945 yıllarına ait ansiklopedik duvar takvimi); Fen ve Sanat Halk Ansiklopedisi (İstanbul 1945).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Nevsâl-i Millî , İstanbul 1345/1924, s. 315-322.
Gövsa, Türk Meşhurları , s. 109.
Âsım Us, Gördüklerim, Duyduklarım, Duygularım , İstanbul 1964, II, 89-92.
Cemal Kutay, Bilinmeyen Tarihimiz , İstanbul 1974, II, 291-365.
Feridun Kandemir, “Cumhuriyetten Günümüze Siyasî Hadiselerin İç Yüzü”, Son Saat , 15-21, 26-31 Ekim 1950.
“Cemalettin Saraçoğlu’nun Hatıratı”, Yirminci Asır , sy. 147, 149, 160, İstanbul 1955.
Eşref Edip, “Sebîlürreşâd’ın Romanı: Sebîlürreşâd İstiklâl Mahkemelerinde”, Sebîlürreşâd , XII, İstanbul 1959, s. 111, 281-283, 305-306, 325-326, 340-341, 354-355, 367-368; XIII, 24-25, 51, 71-72, 109; XIV (1962), s. 250, 281-283, 293, 316, 331-332, 361.
Cihad Baban, “Ebüzziya Velid”, Meydan Dergisi , sy. 553-555 (Ocak 1978).
Ragıp Pıgar, “Abdurrahman Velid Ebüzziya”, Yeni Defne , II/13, İstanbul 1982, s. 21-24.
R. Ekrem Koçu, “Ebüzziya (Velid)”, İst.A , IX, 4867-4869.
TDEA , II, 417-418.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1994 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 10. cildinde, 371-373 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.