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ECEL Skip to content Allah tarafından her canlı için önceden takdir edilen hayat süresi ve bu sürenin sonu olan ölüm vakti anlamında kelâm terimi.
Sözlükte geleceğe ait olmak üzere “belirlenmiş zaman, muayyen bir müddetin sonu” anlamına gelen ecel, bu temel anlamından hareketle iddet süresi ve borcun vadesi için de kullanılır. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de hayat süresinin sonu (ölüm vakti), borç için belirlenen son ödeme tarihi, boşanan veya eşi ölen kadının tekrar evlenmeden önce beklemesi gereken süre (iddet), kâfirlerin helâk edilmeden evvel kendilerine tanınan müddet anlamlarında olmak üzere ecelin hepsi de sözlük mânasıyla ilgili çeşitli kullanılışları vardır (M. F. Abdülbâkī, el-Muʿcem , “ecl” md.). Bazı âyetlerde ay, güneş ve diğer gezegenlerin düzenli hareketlerinin süresinin belirlenmiş olduğu ifade edilirken (er-Ra‘d 13/2; er-Rûm 30/8; Lokmân 31/29) bir kısmında göklerin, yerin ve ikisi arasındakilerin tâbi olduğu kozmik düzenin bozulacağı bir vaktin bulunduğu anlatılır (el-En‘âm 6/2, 128; İbrâhîm 14/10; el-Ankebût 29/5, 53). Ecelle ilgili âyetlerde, Allah’ın her insan için bir yaşama süresi ve bir ölüm vakti belirlediği ifade edilmiş (el-En‘âm 6/2, 60), kendilerine uzun ömür verilenlerin de ömrü kısaltılanların da mutlaka bir kitapta yazılı olduğu bildirilmiştir (Fâtır 35/11). İlâhî buyruklara uyanların tayin edilmiş ölüm vaktine kadar güzel bir şekilde yaşatılacakları müjdelenirken (Hûd 11/3) zalimlerin de ecelleri gelinceye kadar cezalandırılmayacağı, ancak zamanı gelince bir anlık öne alış veya erteleme yapılmayacağı belirtilmiştir (en-Nahl 16/61; el-Ankebût 29/53). Bazı insanların hayatlarının ihtiyarlamadan önce sona erdirildiği, bazı kişilerin ise kendileri için belirlenen süreye kadar yaşatıldığı anlatılmış (el-Mü’min 40/67), ayrıca fertler gibi toplumların da ecelleri bulunduğu ve yıkılış zamanı gelince bunun bir anlık bir süre için öne alınmayacağı gibi geriye bırakılmayacağı da haber verilmiştir (el-A‘râf 7/34; Yûnus 10/49; el-Hicr 15/5).
Ecel kelimesi Kur’an’daki kullanılışlarına benzer şekilde çeşitli hadislerde de yer almaktadır (Wensinck, el-Muʿcem , “ecl” md.). Bazı hadislere göre eceli gelmeyen hastalar şifa bulur; bu sebeple ziyaretçiler hastalar için şifa dileğinde bulunmalıdır (Müsned , I, 239). Bir kısım hadislerde ecelin insanın emellerine ulaşmasına engel olduğu, her insanın ecelinin önceden takdir edildiği bildirilirken (Müsned , V, 197; Tirmizî, “Tefsîr”, 2) diğer bir kısmında, çok uzun ömürlü olmaktan Allah’a sığınan Hz. Peygamber’in kendisine hizmet edenlere uzun ömürlü olmaları için dua ettiği, akrabayı ziyaret edip onları gözetmenin, komşulara karşı güzel davranmanın ve sadaka vermenin ömrü uzattığı ifade edilmiştir (Müsned , III, 156; VI, 159; Buhârî, “Daʿavât”, 26, “Edeb”, 12; Müslim, “Birr”, 20; İbn Mâce, “Muḳaddime”, 10).
Ashabın anlayışına göre eceli gelmeyen insanın bir hastalıktan ölmesi veya herhangi bir kimse tarafından öldürülmesi, buna karşılık eceli gelen kimsenin de ölümden kurtulup yaşamaya devam etmesi mümkün değildir. Nitekim düşmanlarıyla korkutulan Hz. Ali, ecelin insanı ölümden koruyan sağlam bir kalkan olduğunu söylemiş ve insanın eceli gelince de düşmanı tarafından atılan okun hedefinden sapmayıp o insana isabet edeceğini, yaralanması halinde ise iyileşmeden öleceğini belirtmiştir (Muhammedî er-Reyşehrî, I, 27).
Ecel meselesi kader problemine bağlı olarak kelâm âlimleri arasında tartışılan önemli konulardandır. İlk defa Mu‘tezile âlimleri eceli tartışma konusu haline getirmişler ve farklı şekillerde açıklamışlardır. Onlara göre ecel hayat süresi ve ölüm vaktinden ibarettir. İster herhangi bir dış etki olmadan tabii bir şekilde olsun, ister bir kaza veya katil sonucu olsun her insan tek bir ecelle ölür. Ancak kaza sonucu ölen veya öldürülen insanın bu olaylarla karşılaşmaması halinde yine de ölüp ölmeyeceği hususunda Mu‘tezile âlimleri farklı görüşler ileri sürmüşlerdir. Erken devir âlimlerinden Ebü’l-Hüzeyl el-Allâf ile Ebû Hâşim el-Cübbâî ve ona uyan Behşemiyye grubu, ne şekilde olursa olsun ölen her insanın ömrünü tamamladığı ve eceli geldiği için öldüğü görüşündedirler (İbnü’l-Murtazâ, s. 98). Mu‘tezile’nin Bağdat ekolü, En‘âm sûresinin ikinci âyetini de dikkate alarak insanın “ecel-i kazâ” ve “ecel-i müsemmâ” denilen iki eceli bulunduğunu ileri sürmüştür. Buna göre insan herhangi bir dış müdahale olmadan ölürse ecel-i müsemmâya, kaza veya katil sebebiyle ölürse ecel-i kazâya göre ölmüş olur. İkinci durumda ölen kişi kazaya uğramasaydı veya öldürülmeseydi ecel-i müsemmâsına kadar yaşayacaktı. Aksi takdirde onu öldürenin cezalandırılması veya kendisine ait olmayan bir hayvanı kesen kimsenin tazminat ödemesi anlamsız olurdu. Mu‘tezile’den Kâ‘bî de bu görüşü benimseyenlerdendir. Kādî Abdülcebbâr’a göre ise katil yoluyla ölen kişinin bu olaya mâruz kalmaması durumunda yaşayacağını kesin olarak söylemek mümkün değildir, böyle bir kimsenin ölmesi de yaşaması da ihtimal dahilindedir (Şerḥu’l-Uṣûli’l-ḫamse , s. 782). Mu‘tezile’nin müteahhir âlimlerinden Zemahşerî Bağdat ekolünün görüşünü savunarak insanın tutum ve davranışlarına göre ömrünün uzatılıp kısaltılabileceğini belirtir. Nitekim ona göre Kur’an’da ömrü uzatılan ve kısaltılanların bir kitapta bulunduğunun bildirilmesi (Fâtır 35/11), ayrıca Hz. Ömer’in hançerle yaralanması sırasında Kâ‘b el-Ahbâr’ın, “Ömer Allah’a dua etseydi ecelini tehir ederdi” demesi bu görüşü teyit etmektedir (el-Keşşâf , III, 303).
Selefiyye, Mâtürîdiyye ve Eş‘ariyye’den oluşan Ehl-i sünnet âlimlerine göre ecel daha çok “Allah’ın canlıların öleceğini bildiği zaman” diye tarif edilir. Buna göre ecel, hayat süresi ve ölüm için takdir edilen zamanı ifade ettiğinden kaderle ilgili bir konudur. Bu sebeple canlıların her birinin yaşayacağı ecel tek olup kesinlikle değişmez. Hiçbir canlı kendisi için takdir edilen zamandan önce hayat bulamayacağı gibi hakkında takdir edilen ölüm vakti gelmeden de ölmez. İlgili âyetteki “ecel-i müsemmâ” kıyametin kopmasına dair olup bununla insanın değil kâinatın eceline işaret edilmiştir. Tabii yolla da olsa, kaza ve katil yoluyla da olsa herkes kendi eceliyle ölür. “Maktul öldürülmeseydi yaşardı” demek vâkıaya aykırıdır, ecel ise vâkıanın ifadesidir. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de Allah’ın izni olmadıkça hiçbir nefsin ölmeyeceği, ölümün vakti tayin edilmiş bir yazıya göre vuku bulduğu bildirilmiştir (Âl-i İmrân 3/145). Ayrıca eceli gelen hiçbir nefsin yaşatılmayacağı kesin bir şekilde anlatılarak herkesin eceliyle öldüğüne işaret edilmiştir (el-Münâfikūn 63/11). İlâhî ilim mümkini mümkin olarak, vâkii de gerçekte olduğu gibi ihata eder. İki ecel kabul etmek veya ecelin değişebileceğini savunmak ilâhî ilimde değişikliğin meydana gelebileceğini benimsemek anlamına gelir ki bu husus, Allah’ın kullarının âkıbetlerini önceden bilmeye muktedir olmamasını ve dolayısıyla O’na bedâ görüşünün nisbet edilmesini gerekli kılar, bu ise ulûhiyyet makamıyla bağdaşmaz (Mâtürîdî, I, vr. 196a , 315b ; III, vr. 711a ).
Ehl-i sünnet âlimleri, tıpla meşgul olan bazı İslâm filozofları ile Mu‘tezile bilginleri tarafından yapılan “ecel-i tabîî” (ecel-i müsemmâ) ve “ecel-i ihtirâmî” (ecel-i kazâ) şeklindeki ayırımı genelde kabul etmemekle birlikte ölümden önce hayatın değerini bilmek, hastalanmadan önce sağlığı korumak, hastalanınca tedavi olmak gibi tedbirlere başvurmayı sağlamaya yönelik olarak ecel hakkında böyle bir taksimin düşünülebileceğini, ancak bunun vâkii değil sadece aklî imkânı ifade edeceğini söylemişlerdir (Elmalılı, III, 1875-1876). Zira gerçek ecel vâki olan ecel olup teorik açıdan mümkün bulunan ecellerin sınırı yoktur. Mu‘tezile’nin, maktulün eceliyle ölmediğini ispatlamak için dayandığı deliller de geçerli değildir. Çünkü katilin adam öldürmekten dolayı Kur’an’da kötülenmesi ve kısas cezasına çarptırılması, maktulün Allah tarafından tayin edilen ecel-i müsemmâsına ulaşmasını engellediğinden değil, yasaklanan katil fiilini işleyip ilâhî emre aykırı davranmak suretiyle maktulün ölümüne zâhiren sebep olması sebebiyledir. Ölümü gerçekleştirmek (imâte) ilâhî bir fiil olmakla birlikte öldürmeye teşebbüs edip ölüm hadisesinin meydana gelmesine sebebiyet vermek katile ait bir fiildir.
Ehl-i sünnet âlimlerine göre insan ömrü uzamaz ve kısalmaz. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de ve bazı hadislerde ilk bakışta ömrün uzatılması veya kısaltılması anlamına gelebilecek naslar varsa da bunların, mânası apaçık olan ecelle ilgili muhkem nasların ışığında açıklanması gerekir. Kur’an’da bazı insanların ömürlerinin uzatılmasının, bazılarının ise kısaltılmasının apaçık bir kitapta bulunduğu ifade edilmektedir (Fâtır 35/11). Burada kastedilen şey, sağlık kurallarına uyup gerekli tedbirleri almak suretiyle uzun müddet yaşayacak olanlarla hastalık, tedbirsizlik, kaza, katil vb. sebeplerle ömrü kısaltılanların Allah tarafından bilindiği, bunun da bir kitapta yazılmış olduğu hususudur. Bundan, dünyaya gelip yaşamaya başladıktan sonra insanlar için -ilâhî bilgi dışında kalan- ömür uzatılması veya kısaltılması sonucunu çıkarmak isabetli değildir (Cüveynî, s. 363). Ayrıca ilgili âyetteki “ziyade” ve “noksan” ile diğer bir âyetteki (er-Ra‘d 13/39) “mahv” ve “isbât”ın, “ümmü’l-kitâb”da (levh-i mahfûz) değil meleklerin ellerinde bulunan kitapta meydana gelmesi ihtimal dahilindedir. Akrabaları ziyaret edip gözetmenin, komşularla iyi geçinmenin ve sadaka vermenin ömrü uzatacağına ilişkin hadislere gelince, her şeyden önce bunlar âhâd rivayetlerdir ve zâhirî mânaları itibariyle kesin anlamlı âyetlere aykırı olduklarından muhkem âyetleri bunların ışığında açıklamak doğru değildir. Bu hadislerde belirtilen ömrün uzaması, yapılan iyilikler veya yetiştirilen hayırlı evlât sebebiyle insanın öldükten sonra hayırla anılarak adının yaşatılması anlamına gelebileceği gibi, güzel amellerle dolu bir hayatın bereketlenip mutlu bir şekilde geçirilmesi ve dolayısıyla ömrün psikolojik olarak uzun algılanması anlamını da ifade etmiş olabilir.
Şîa’dan İsnâaşeriyye’nin dört ana kitabının yazarlarından biri olan Ebû Ca‘fer et-Tûsî de iki ecel görüşünü reddetmiştir. Ona göre kaza veya katil sonucu ölen kişinin bu olaylarla karşılaşmaması durumunda ölüp ölmeyeceğine dair kesin bir hüküm verilemez, böyle bir kimsenin ölmesi de yaşaması da mümkündür (el-İḳtiṣâd fîmâ yeteʿallaḳu bi’l-iʿtiḳād , s. 170-171). Müteahhir dönem Şiî âlimlerine göre ise ecel, ecel-i mübhem (ecel-i muallak, ecel-i mevkūf) ve ecel-i müsemmâ (ecel-i mahtûm) olmak üzere ikiye ayrılır. Birincisi, bir insanın meselâ yüz yıl yaşamasının mümkün olduğunu ifade eden mutlak eceldir. “Mahv” ve “isbât” levhinde (bk. er-Ra‘d 13/39) yazılı olan bu ecel değişebilir. İkincisi ise sağlık şartlarına uymak suretiyle gerçekleşen ve değişikliğe uğraması mümkün olmayan gerçek eceli ifade eder ki bu “ümmü’l-kitâb”da yazılıdır (Âmilî, I, 587-589). Zeydiyye âlimlerinden Hâdî-İlelhak Yahyâ b. Hüseyin’e göre de Allah kulları için eceller tayin etmiş ve onlara hem birbirlerini öldürme gücü vermiş hem de haksız yere adam öldürmeyi yasaklamıştır. Bu sebeple bir insanın diğerini Allah katında bilinen eceline ulaşmadan öldürmesi mümkündür (Kitâbü’r-Red , II, 161-168). Daha sonra gelen Zeydî âlimlerince de benimsenen bu görüş Mu‘tezile’nin çoğunluğu ile İsnâaşeriyye’nin görüşüne yakındır.
Ecel konusunda mezhepler arasında görülen ihtilâflar, daha çok iki ecelin bulunup bulunmadığına ve dolayısıyla ömrün uzayıp uzamayacağına ilişkindir. Genel olarak Mu‘tezile ve Şîa insanların iki eceli olduğunu ve ömürlerinin uzayıp kısalabileceğini savunurken Ehl-i sünnet umumiyetle muhkem âyetlere dayanarak insanların bir tek ecelleri bulunduğunu, bunun da ölümleriyle gerçekleşen vakit olduğunu kabul etmiştir. Ecelin kazâ ve kadere imanın bir parçasını teşkil eden itikadî bir mesele olduğu ve bunun daha ziyade ilâhî ilim ve iradeyi ilgilendirdiği dikkate alınırsa, insanlar için önceden belirlenen değişmez bir ecel takdir edildiğini benimseyen görüşün daha isabetli olduğunu söylemek mümkündür. Zira kişilerin sağlık kurallarına uyup uymayacakları, bu konuda ne gibi gelişmelerin ortaya çıkacağı, herhangi bir kaza veya katil hadisesiyle karşılaşıp karşılaşmayacakları hususu ilâhî bilgi ve iradenin kapsamı dışında değildir. İnsanların ecelleri sadece Allah tarafından bilindiğine ve kendilerince keşfedilmesi mümkün olmadığına göre yaşamak için gerekli tedbirleri almaları kulluk vazifelerinin bir gereğidir.
Ecel konusu kelâma dair çeşitli eserlerin içinde ele alındığı gibi bununla ilgili müstakil eserler de yazılmıştır. Abdülbâsıt el-Malatî’nin Nefʿu ifâdeti’l-aġmâr fî menʿi ziyâdeti’l-aʿmâr (Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , II, 1969), Mer‘î b. Yûsuf el-Makdisî’nin İrşâdü ẕevi’l-ʿirfân limâ fi’l-ʿömr mine’z-ziyâde ve’n-noḳṣân (Îżâḥu’l-meknûn , I, 60), Muhammed Fakīhî el-Aynî’nin Tebyînü’l-ḥaḳ fî eceli’l-ḫalḳ (Süleymaniye Ktp., Tekelioğlu [Antalya], nr. 821), Kemalpaşazâde’nin Risâle fî beyâni’l-ecel (İstanbul 1310), Sâlih b. Abdülhalîm’in Risâle fi’l-eceli’l-muḳaddere (Beyazıt Devlet Ktp., nr. 198, 734), Osman Karadeniz’in Ecel Üzerine (İzmir 1992) adlı kitapları bunlardan bazılarıdır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Wensinck, el-Muʿcem , “ecl” md.
M. F. Abdülbâkī, el-Muʿcem , “ecl” md.
Mustafavî, et-Taḥḳīḳ , “ecl” md.
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Buhârî, “Daʿavât”, 26, “Edeb”, 12.
Müslim, “Birr”, 20, “Ḳader”, 1, 32.
İbn Mâce, “Muḳaddime”, 10, “Zühd”, 31.
Tirmizî, “Tefsîr”, 2, “Daʿavât”, 113.
Yahyâ b. Hüseyin el-Hâdî, Kitâbü’r-Red ve’l-iḥticâc ʿale’l-Ḥasan b. Muḥammed b. el-Ḥanefiyye (nşr. Muhammed İmâre, Resâʾilü’l-ʿadl ve’t-tevḥîd içinde), Kahire 1971, II, 161-168.
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Mâtürîdî, Teʾvîlâtü’l-Ḳurʾân , Hacı Selim Ağa Ktp., nr. 40, I, vr. 196a , 315b ; III, vr. 711a .
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Kādî Abdülcebbâr, Şerḥu’l-Uṣûli’l-ḫamse , s. 782-783.
a.mlf., el-Mecmûʿ fi’l-muḥîṭ bi’t-teklîf , Beyrut 1986, II, 406-411.
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Cüveynî, el-İrşâd (Muhammed) , s. 361-363.
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Zemahşerî, el-Keşşâf (Beyrut) , III, 303.
Fahreddin er-Râzî, Mefâtîḥu’l-ġayb , XII, 153-154; XIX, 64.
Şerḥu’l-ʿAḳīdeti’ṭ-Ṭaḥâviyye , s. 88-92.
Teftâzânî, Şerḥu’l-Maḳāṣıd , II, 117-119.
Cürcânî, Şerḥu’l-Mevâḳıf , II, 389.
İbnü’l-Murtazâ, el-Ḳalâʾid fî taṣḥîḥi’l-ʿaḳāʾid (nşr. A. N. Nader), Beyrut 1986, s. 98.
Şa‘rânî, el-Yevâḳīt ve’l-cevâhir , Kahire 1378/1959, II, 132-133.
Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , II, 1969.
Beyâzîzâde, İşârâtü’l-merâm , s. 240-241.
Âlûsî, Rûḥu’l-meʿânî , IV, 76-77.
İzmirli, Yeni İlm-i Kelâm , II, 225-226.
Elmalılı, Hak Dini , II, 1195-1196; III, 1875-1876.
Îżâḥu’l-meknûn , I, 60.
Muhammedî er-Reyşehrî, Mîzânü’l-ḥikme , Kum 1362 hş./1403, I, 27, 29-30.
Hasan M. Mekkî el-Âmilî, el-İlâhiyyât , Beyrut 1410/1989, I, 587-589.
Binyamin Abrahamov, “The Appointed Time of Death (Ağal) According to ʿAbd al-Ğabbār”, Israel Oriental Studies , XIII, Leiden 1993, s. 7-38.
I. Goldziher, “Ecel”, İA , IV, 104.
a.mlf. – W. Montgomery Watt, “Ad̲j̲al”, EI2 (İng.) , I, 204.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1994 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 10. cildinde, 380-382 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.