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EDEBİYÂT-ı CEDÎDE Skip to content Türk edebiyatında 1896-1901 yılları arasında faaliyet gösteren edebî topluluk.
Çevresinde toplandıkları dergiden dolayı bu gruba “Servet-i Fünûn edebî topluluğu” da denilmektedir. 1859’da Şinâsi ile başlayan yeni edebî faaliyetler, devri içinde “Şinâsi mekteb-i edebi” veya “edebiyât-ı cedîde” adlarıyla anılmıştır. 1896’ya kadar pek de yaygın olarak kullanılmayan bu isimler, belirli bir gruplaşmayı değil sadece divan edebiyatına tepki olarak yenileşmeyi belirtiyordu. Daha sonra Servet-i Fünûn dergisi etrafında toplanan şair ve yazarlar, yeni bir edebî akımı başlattıklarını ifade edecek şekilde kendilerinden ve yayınlarından “edebiyât-ı cedîde” diye bahsettiler. Önceki yenilikleri benimseyenlerce bu hareket bir süre “yeni edebiyât-ı cedîdeciler” şeklinde hafife alındıysa da daha sonra kabul gördü. Bugün Servet-i Fünûn edebiyatı ile Edebiyât-ı Cedîde adları, 1896-1901 yılları arasında özellikle şiir, roman ve hikâye alanında verilmiş olan eserler ve yazarlar hakkında kullanılmaktadır.
Edebiyât-ı Cedîde hareketinin tarihi, Servet-i Fünûn dergisinin 1896 başlarında Tevfik Fikret ve arkadaşlarının idaresine geçmesi ve 1901’de geçici olarak kapanması arasındaki yayın hayatının tarihiyle paralellik gösterir.
Bu hareket Cedîde Türk edebiyatı tarihinde eski-yeni, yerli-Avrupaî edebiyat çatışmalarının doğurduğu önemli merhalelerden biridir. 1895 yılı sonlarında Hasan Âsaf adlı genç bir şairin bir beytinde geçen “abes” (عبث ) – “muktebes” (مقتبس ) kelimelerinin kafiye olup olamayacağı konusunda başlayan tartışma bu yeni edebiyat topluluğunun kurulmasına vesile olmuştur. Divan şiiri geleneğinde mukayyed kafiyenin şartlarından olan hurufat benzerliğinin bu kelimelerde bulunmadığı şeklinde yapılan itirazlara karşılık Recâizâde Mahmud Ekrem ve taraftarları kafiye nin göz için değil kulak için olduğunu ileri sürerler. Tartışmanın merkezi olan Ma‘lûmât dergisi bu konuda muhafazakâr bir tavır takındığından Ekrem Bey kendileri için yeni bir yayın organı olarak Servet-i Fünûn ’u bulur. Birkaç yıldan beri Servet adlı bir gazetenin ilâvesi olarak çıkan Servet-i Fünûn , Recâizâde Ekrem’in Mekteb-i Mülkiyye’den talebesi olan Ahmed İhsan ’ın gayretleriyle bir süre sonra seviyeli bir edebiyat dergisi haline gelir. Recâizâde’nin aracılığıyla 7 Şubat 1896 tarihli 256. sayısından itibaren Tevfik Fikret derginin sanat ve edebiyat yöneticiliğine getirilir. Bu tarih, Edebiyât-ı Cedîde’nin itibarî kuruluş tarihi kabul edilir. Aynı edebiyat anlayışına sahip olan ve o zamana kadar değişik dergilerde yazan şair ve yazarlar bu tarihten sonra yavaş yavaş Servet-i Fünûn dergisinde toplanırlar. Esasen Ahmed İhsan, Tevfik Fikret, İsmâil Safâ , Hüseyin Cahit, Halit Ziya, Mehmed Rauf, Cenab Şahabeddin gibi gençler hocalık-öğrencilik, okuyuculuk-yazarlık ve mektuplaşma gibi ilişkilerle Recâizâde’nin etrafında bir edebiyat ağı örmüş bulunuyorlardı.
Edebiyât-ı Cedîde’nin edebiyat görüşlerini yansıtan belirli bir beyannâmesi yoktur. Mensuplarının dağınık birtakım teorik yazılarından, romanlarındaki kahramanlarının -özellikle Halit Ziya’nın Mâi ve Siyah ’ta Ahmed Cemil’e söylettiği- ifade ve davranışlarından, edebî ürünlerinin ortak özelliklerinden, nihayet daha sonraları kaleme alınan hâtıra larından dil, edebiyat, genel olarak sanat ve hayat hakkındaki görüş ve düşüncelerini öğrenmek mümkün olabilmektedir. Mehmet Kaplan, Edebiyât-ı Cedîdeciler’i bir araya getiren sebepleri tahlil ederken aynı zamanda onların ortak özelliklerine de işaret etmiştir. Bunların başında, yazarları yalnız ferdî meseleler üzerinde durmaya sevkeden âmil olarak devrin siyasî durumunu dikkate almak gerekir. 1877’den itibaren Osmanlı-Rus Savaşı (Doksanüç Harbi) ve mağlûbiyeti, Meclis-i Meb‘ûsan’ın kapatılışı, zamanla sansüre ve jurnallere dayanan bir rejimin oluşması, yazarları da siyaset ve toplum meselelerinde susmaya zorlamıştır. Bu durum edebiyatta içe kapanma, kendi ıstıraplarını dile getirme şeklinde tezahür etti. Siyasî ve sosyal problemler yerine estetik değerlerde gelişme ve derinleşme görüldü. Bu tavır Abdülhak Hâmid ve Recâizâde Mahmud Ekrem neslinin de özelliklerindendir. Edebiyât-ı Cedîde bir bakıma bunların devamı sayılabilir. Nitekim Recâizâde tam anlamıyla Edebiyât-ı Cedîde’nin içinde bulunmasa da onun kurucusu ve destekleyicisi olmuştur.
Edebiyât-ı Cedîde mensuplarını bir araya getiren sebepler arasında, bunların orta sınıf esnaf ve memur çocukları olmaları, disiplinli, programlı ve yabancı dil öğreten okullarda eğitim görmeleri gibi benzer sosyal ve kültürel çevrelerde yetişmiş bulunmaları da zikredilir. Nihayet bu sebeplere birçoğunun psikolojik olarak içe kapanık, hissî hatta marazî yaratılışlı şahsiyetler olduklarını da eklemek gerekir. Bunlardan bazıları her ne kadar hâtıralarında, nisbeten serbest bir siyasî ortamda daha farklı eserler meydana getirebileceklerini ifade etmişlerse de II. Meşrutiyet’ten sonra eser verenlerinin çoğu Edebiyât-ı Cedîde’nin hemen aynı özelliklerini devam ettirmiştir.
Bu edebiyata mensup olanların estetik değerlere önem vermeleri, en çok edebî dilin teşekkül ve gelişmesinde kendini gösterir. Şiirde olduğu gibi nesirde de uzun vokalli, âhenkli kelimeleri, Farsça terkipleri, vasf-ı terkîbîleri bol bir dil benimsemişler, bu yüzden Tanzimat’ın başlangıcından beri tedrîcî bir sadeleşmeye doğru giden yazı dilini yeniden ağırlaştırmakla suçlanmışlardır. Eski sözlüklerde mevcut olan “tîrâje, şegaf, ibtikâ, pûşîde, tekattur” gibi kelimelerle Arapça ve Farsça’da bile bulunmayan “tebeşbüş, mükevkeb, müşemmes, mukmir, nevîn” gibi kelimeleri etimoloji kurallarını zorlayarak kullanmışlardır. Şiir ve romanlarındaki kadın ve erkek kahramanların adları da Sezâ, Sühâ, Behlül, Lâmia, Bihter, Peyker, Pervîn gibi müzikal değeri olan, fakat pek kullanılmamış isimlerdir. Biri mücerret, diğeri müşahhas kelimelerden yapılmış, zihinde yeni imajlar uyandıran Farsça terkipler de bu dilin özelliklerindendir: “Leyâl-i girîzân, inkisâr-ı hayâl, teb-i ümmîd, havf-ı siyâh” gibi. Aşırı hassasiyet, heyecan ve teessür ifade eden ünlemler, yardımcı ve ara cümlelerle bazan bir sayfa uzayan, bazan çok kısa, bazan da devrik olan cümleler, çoğu Fransızca’nın tesiriyle ortaya çıkmış ifade şekilleridir.
Edebiyât-ı Cedîdeciler şiirde sadece aruz u hemen hiçbir ârıza (imâle vb.) göstermeden kullanmışlardır. Divan nazım şekilleri ise tamamen terkedilmiş gibidir. Buna karşılık Fransız menşeli soneyi ve daha ziyade kural dışı nazım şekillerini denemişlerdir. Müstezad şeklinin her vezinde ve kuralsız kullanılışlarıyla serbest şiire yol açması, yine bu devir şiirinin şekle ait önemli özelliklerindendir. Aynı mısralarda şuurlu olarak ünsüzlerin (aliterasyon) veya ünlülerin (asonans) arka arkaya kullanılmak suretiyle âhenk sağlanması, şiirde cümle yapısının beyitten ayrılarak değişik sayıda mısralara dağılması da (anjambman) Servet-i Fünûn şairlerinde başlar. Ancak şiirin muhtevasında derinlik yoktur. Genel olarak aşk ve tabiat konuları aşırı bir hassasiyetle işlenmiştir. Önceki nesilden Abdülhak Hâmid’in metafizik temaları zorlayan şiiri yerine Recâizâde Mahmud Ekrem’in derinliksiz, sathî temalarını takip etmeyi tercih etmişlerdir. Yine Ekrem’in her şiirin vezinli ve kafiyeli olması gerekmediğini söylemesi “mensur şiir” adını verdikleri, fikirden çok duygu ve hayal yüklü kısa metin parçalarından ibaret yeni bir türün yayılmasına yol açmıştır.
Servet-i Fünûn roman ve hikâyesi Türk edebiyatında önemli bir hamle teşkil eder. Vak‘adan çok ruh tahlillerine, edebî bir dil kullanmaya önem verme, şuurlu olarak roman tekniğine yönelme Halit Ziya ve Mehmed Rauf’un romanlarıyla başlamıştır. Psikolojik yapı olarak hissî, bu sebeple de romantik olması gereken Edebiyât-ı Cedîdeciler, Fransız edebiyatından realist ve natüralist romancıları takip etmişlerdir. Bu durumda roman tekniği, dil ve tasvirlerde realist olan Servet-i Fünûn yazarları kahramanlarını çok defa romantik, gerçek hayatı tanımayan, hislerine mağlûp insanlardan seçmişlerdir. Bu tezat, hayatın gerçekleri karşısında hayal kırıklığına uğrayan iradesiz insanların romanlarını doğurmuştur. Bu romanlarda realist-natüralist mektebin gereği olarak çevre-insan ilişkileri, biyolojik veraset problemleri başarıyla işlenmiştir. Devrin diğer bir yeniliği de roman ve hikâye türlerinin birbirinden kesin olarak ayrılması ve küçük hikâye türünün yaygınlık kazanmasıdır. Edebiyât-ı Cedîdeciler’in gerçeklerden kaçıp hayale sığınmaları hayatlarında olduğu kadar eserlerinde de ortaya çıkar. Baskı rejiminin verdiği sıkıntıyla toplumdan uzaklaşmak için önce Yeni Zelanda’ya, daha sonra Manisa’da bir çiftliğe çekilip Robenson yaşayışına özendikleri bilinmektedir. Gerçekleşmeyen bu arzuları eserlerinde küçük ütopik tahayyüllerle kendini gösterir. Pek çok şiir ve romanın adları, hayal-hakikat tezadını veya hayata karşı kırıklığı ifade eder: Hayal İçinde , Hayât-ı Muhayyel , Hayât-ı Hakîkiyye Sahneleri , Mâi ve Siyah , Kırık Hayatlar , Ömr-i Muhayyel , Rübâb-ı Şikeste gibi. Duygu bakımından böyle içe kapanık, marazî ve melankolik tavırlarına karşılık şiirde parnasyen, romanda realist mektebe bağlı olmaları tasvir ve tahlillerde onları gerçekçi olmaya sevketmiştir. Fotoğrafın yaygınlaştığı bu yıllarda (Servet-i Fünûn , Ma‘lûmât gibi pek çok dergi bol ve güzel fotoğraflarla doludur) edebiyatta tabiat ve çevre tasvirlerinin gerçekçiliğini, biraz da bu yeni aletin moda oluşuna bağlamak gerekir. Nihayet yazarların resim kültürü de (Tevfik Fikret’in ressamlığı da vardır) bu konuda dikkate alınmalıdır.
Devrin siyasî baskısı sebebiyle tiyatro edebiyatında büyük bir gelişme yoktur. Cenab Şahabeddin, Hüseyin Suat ve Halit Ziya’nın birkaç tiyatro denemesi ise kayda değer nitelikte değildir.
Bu dönemde edebî tenkit büyük gelişme gösterir. Daha önce Beşir Fuad ’ın, tenkidi sübjektif ve tesadüfî olmaktan çıkarıp âdeta matematik ölçüleri olan bir ilim haline getirme yolundaki gayretleri, hemen bütün Servet-i Fünûncular’ı bu alanda başarılı denemelere sevketmiştir. Kültür temelini yine Batı’dan, özellikle Fransız edebiyatından alan bu devir tenkidinin en önemli şahsiyeti Ahmed Şuayb’dır. Başta Cenab Şahabeddin ve Halit Ziya olmak üzere diğer Edebiyât-ı Cedîde yazarlarının çoğunun da zengin tenkit yazıları vardır.
Ferdiyetçi bir edebiyatın taraftarı olarak ortaya çıkan Edebiyât-ı Cedîdeciler’in hem ferdiyetçiliklerinin aşırılığından, hem de Tevfik Fikret’in hırçın ve çabuk gücenir karakterinden dolayı zamanla aralarında çözülme başlamıştır. 16 Ekim 1901 tarihli Servet-i Fünûn ’da Hüseyin Cahit ’in tercüme bir yazısından dolayı geçici olarak kapatılan dergi bir süre sonra yeniden yayımlanmaya başladıysa da topluluk dağılmış ve dergi Edebiyât-ı Cedîdeciler’in yayın organı olma karakterini kaybetmiştir.
Edebiyât-ı Cedîde’de isimleri ve eserleriyle ün yapmış başlıca şahsiyetler şunlardır: Şairler. Tevfik Fikret, Cenab Şahabeddin, Hüseyin Sîret (Özsever), Ali Ekrem (Bolayır) , Ahmet Reşit (Rey), Süleyman Nazif , Süleyman Nesib, Faik Âli (Ozansoy), Celâl Sahir (Erozan), Hüseyin Suat (Yalçın). Roman ve hikâye yazarları. Halit Ziya (Uşaklıgil), Mehmed Rauf, Hüseyin Cahit (Yalçın), Ahmed Hikmet (Müftüoğlu) ve Saffetî Ziya.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Cahit Kavcar, Batılılaşma Açısından Servet-i Fünun Roman ı , Ankara 1985.
Fevziye Abdullah Tansel, “Muallim Naci ile Recaizâde Ekrem Arasında Münakaşalar ve Bu Münakaşaların Sebep Olduğu Edebî Hadiseler”, TM , X (1951-53), s. 159-200.
İsmail Parlatır, “Servet-i Fünun Edebiyatı”, TDEA , VII, 528-536.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1994 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 10. cildinde, 398-399 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.