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EDEBİYAT TARİHİ Skip to content Edebî eser ve şahsiyetleri kronolojik ve sistematik olarak inceleyen bilim dalı.
Dünya ve Avrupa edebiyat tarihi gibi çok geniş coğrafya alanlarını ihtiva eden nâdir örneklere karşılık daha ziyade milletlerin (Türk Edebiyatı Tarihi ), belirli devirlerin (XIX. Asır Türk Edebiyatı Tarihi ), hatta edebî akımların (Türk Teceddüd Edebiyatı Tarihi ) ve türlerin (Türk Tiyatro Edebiyatı Tarihi ) edebiyat tarihleri daha yaygındır.
Edebiyat tarihinin bu ad altında sistemli bir bilim alanı olarak ele alınıp incelenmesi geç devirlerde ortaya çıkmıştır. Batı’da XV-XVI. asırlardan itibaren özellikle şiir alanında teori, tenkit, antoloji, biyografi ve bibliyografya ağırlıklı çalışmalar görülmeye başlar. Değişik türleri ihtiva etmeleri ve kronolojik-sistematik bir prensibe bağlanmaları söz konusu olmadığından bunlar birer edebiyat tarihi olarak düşünülemez. Bu mânada ilk edebiyat tarihlerinin XVIII. yüzyıl sonlarına doğru yayımlandığını kabul etmek daha doğru olur. Böylece Fransa dışında Batı’da 1772’de İtalyan, 1795’te Alman, 1822’de Rus, 1861’de İspanyol, 1864’te de ilk İngiliz edebiyatı tarihlerinin yazıldığı görülmektedir. Bazı eserlerin edebiyat tarihi olarak kabul edilip edilmeyeceği tereddüdü bu tarihleri bir miktar ileri veya geri kaydırabilir.
Her ne kadar edebî tenkitle edebiyat tarihi birbirinden farklı iki ayrı alan olarak düşünülmekteyse de edebiyat tarihinin kuruluşu ile edebî tenkit teorileri arasında paralellikler vardır. Tenkit münferit ve tahlilcidir, edebiyat tarihi ise genelleşmeye ve terkibe temayül eder. Edebiyat tarihçisi çok defa aynı zamanda tenkitçidir. Bir edebiyat tarihçisinin edebî esere yaklaşmasındaki felsefesi edebiyat tarihinin de esasını oluşturur. Böylece dogmatik, determinist, izlenimci, tarihçi, sosyolojist, fizyolojist, evolüsyonist, pozitivist ve Marksist tenkit teorilerine bağlı edebiyat tarihi anlayışları ortaya çıkmıştır. Bir edebiyat tarihi tertibinde bu görüşlerden biri veya birkaçı esas alınarak farklı planlarda gelişmeler düşünülebilir. Buna göre edebî eser ve şahsiyetlerin birbiriyle olan ilişkileri, fikir akımları, edebî eserden hareketle çağının kültürü, medeniyeti ve estetik zevki, edebî eseri doğuran psikolojik, sosyolojik faktörler, edebî nesillerin ve akımların birbiriyle ilişkisi, farklı milletlerin edebiyatlarının mukayeseleri gibi değişik edebî anlayışlara dayanan edebiyat tarihleri yazılmıştır.
Edebiyat tarihi ve sistemleri üzerine disiplinli çalışmalar yapan, zamanla ortaya çıkan farklı görüşleri dikkate alarak bunları fikir temellerine dayandıran, böylece diğer milletlerin bu alandaki çalışmalarına öncü olan ilk edebiyat tarihçileri büyük nisbette Fransızlar’dan çıkmıştır. İlk ciddi İngiliz edebiyatı tarihini Fransız Hippolyte Taine, İtalyan edebiyatını Ginguené yazmıştır. Türk edebiyatı tarihleri de hemen tamamen Fransızlar’ın sistemlerine bağlı olarak gelişmiştir. Antoloji, biyografi, bibliyografya ve münferit tenkitlerin üzerine çıkabilen ilk edebiyat tarihi örnekleri XVIII. yüzyıl sonunda Fransa’da görülür. François Granet’nin on iki ciltlik Réflexion sur les ouvrages de littérature (Edebî eserler üzerine düşünceler [1736-1740]) adlı büyük çalışması modern edebiyat tarihçiliğinin başlangıcı sayılmıştır. Bunu takip eden yüzyıl içinde birbirine benzer veya az çok farklı, Fransız edebiyatının çeşitli devirlerini konu edinen pek çok edebiyat tarihi yazılmıştır. Villemaine’in eseri (Cours de littérature française , 1828) çağının edebî zevkini ve formasyonunu aksettiren gerçek bir edebiyat tarihi olup kendisinden sonraki pek çok edebiyat tarihçisinin takip edeceği ve geliştireceği tarihî metodun edebiyata uygulanmasını başlatmıştır. Villemaine edebî eserlerin siyasî, fikrî ve dinî akımlarla ilgisini araştırdı. Nisard’ın edebiyat tarihi (1844), kabul edilmiş ve benimsenmiş usta yazarları esas alan dogmatik bir anlayış getirdi. Sainte-Beuve, çeşitli eserlerinde edebî şahsiyetlerin hayatlarına ve psikolojilerine önem verdi. Hippolyte Taine edebiyat tarihi teorisini ırkî karakter, çevre ve çağ gibi üç temel ilişki üzerine kurdu. Edebî eserlerin toplumun mânevî değerlerinden ve dehaların eseri olarak doğduğunu, böylece bir çeşit determinizmin mahsulü olduğunu ileri sürdü. Brunetière, Darwin’in nazariyesinden hareket ederek edebî türlerin gelişmesi ve birbirine intikalini esas alan bir metot uyguladı. Edebiyatı daima tarihî bir çerçeve içinde düşünmüş olan Lanson edebî eseri de sosyal hayatın bir tezahürü olarak benimsedi. Ona göre edebiyat tarihi medeniyet tarihinin bir parçasıdır. Lanson edebî esere yaklaşımda hem bu temel prensibi hem de izlenimci tenkidi kabul etti.
XX. yüzyılın başlarında ve özellikle iki dünya savaşı arasında tenkit anlayışıyla beraber edebiyat tarihçiliğinde de yeni görüşler ortaya çıktı. Mukayeseli edebiyat çalışmaları ve edebiyat sosyolojisi üzerine araştırmalar çoğalarak bu istikamette edebiyat tarihlerinin yazılmasına yol açıldı. Fransa’da Thibaudet bir biyolojist gibi davranarak edebî eserlerin iç gelişmeleri ve tahlilleri üzerinde durdu. Eserin tekevvünî (genèse) tarihini yazdı. Bergson sezgiciliğine bağlı olan Thibaudet edebiyatı fikirler, zevkler, örfler ve aydın çevreleri etrafında değerlendirdi. Rus Plekhanov ve Jdanov, Marksist felsefeyi edebiyata uygulayarak edebî eseri sosyal ve ekonomik bir hadise olarak kabul ettiler.
Bütün bu teorilerin hemen hepsi yanlış veya eksik bulunarak tenkide uğramış, böylece edebiyat tarihi de yeni teorilerle zenginleşmiştir. II. Dünya Savaşı’ndan sonra İngiltere ve Amerika’da görülmeye başlanan “yeni tenkit” edebiyat tarihçiliğine de değişik bir ufuk açmıştır. Wellek’in sistemleştirdiği bu görüşe göre birbirinden farklı gibi görünen önceki teorilerin ortak özelliği, hepsinin edebî eseri kendi dışındaki vâkıalara yani sosyoloji, psikoloji, tarih, ekonomi gibi edebiyat dışı alanlara taşırmalarıdır. Edebiyat tarihini modern çağın bağımsız bilim alanları arasında görmek isteyen Wellek, her sanat eseri gibi edebî eserin de yalın olarak ve kendi bütünlüğü içinde incelenmesi gerektiğini, gerçek edebiyat tarihinin edebî metinlerin tarihi olacağını ileri sürmüştür.
Osmanlılar’da edebiyat tarihi denemeleri, Batı’daki benzerlerini örnek alarak ancak onlardan bir buçuk asır kadar bir gecikmeyle ortaya çıkar. Bazılarına göre bir çeşit edebiyat tarihi olarak kabul edilen tezkireler ise sadece biyografi ve antoloji mahiyetinde çalışmalardır. Bunların da bir edebiyat tarihi için malzeme teşkil edeceği şüphesizdir. Oldukça yaygın ve örnekleri bol olan tezkire ve diğer terâcim-i ahvâl kitaplarının yanı sıra bibliyografya (Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn ve zeyilleri), teori (belâgat vb.), antoloji (mecmua, güldeste) gibi eserlerin de aynı şekilde daha sonraki devirlerin edebiyat tarihleri için malzeme olarak kullanıldığı muhakkaktır.
Bu geleneğin dışında edebiyat tarihi denilebilecek çalışmalar Tanzimat’tan da epey sonra başlar. Ziyâ Paşa’nın Mukaddime-i Harâbât ’ının (1291/1874) bir bölümü, divan şairleri hakkında çok muhtasar değer hükümleri ihtiva eden manzum bir özetten ibarettir. Yine de Osmanlı şairlerini “kudemâ, evâsıt, evâhir” gibi tasnife tâbi tutması onu tezkire geleneğinden uzaklaştırır.
Osmanlılar’da edebiyat tarihi adını taşıyan ilk kitap, Abdülhalim Memduh’un Târîh-i Edebiyyât-ı Osmâniyye ’sidir (1306/1889). Küçük boyda 134 sayfadan ibaret olan bu eser, edebiyat hakkında genel bilgiler verdikten sonra Âkif Paşa’yı değişme sınırı kabul ederek Türk edebiyatını iki devrede, şahsiyetlerle ilgili bazı değerlendirme ve örnek metinler halinde verir. Şehâbeddin Süleyman’ın Târîh-i Edebiyyât-ı Osmâniyye ’si (1328/1912) hacimli (383 sayfa) ve oldukça ayrıntılıdır; Osmanlı edebiyatını Âşık Paşa’dan başlatarak Servet-i Fünûn sonuna kadar getirir. Bunu takip eden yıllarda basılan Fâik Reşad’ın Târîh-i Edebiyyât-ı Osmâniyye ’si (taş bs. 1327/1330 [1909/1911], 1913), Ali Ekrem’in (Bolayır) Târîh-i Edebiyyât-ı Osmâniyye ’si (taş bs. 1328/1912, 1923), şair ve yazarların bir temel fikre bağlı olmaksızın tasnif değişikliklerinden başka bir yenilik göstermezler. M. Fuad Köprülü’nün ilk edebiyat tarihi denemesi, Dârülfünun’da okutulmak üzere ders notları halinde basılan Türk Târîh-i Edebiyyâtı Dersleri (taş bs. 1329/1914), Osmanlı öncesi ve Osmanlı sınırları dışındaki Türk edebiyatının varlığından ilk defa bahsetmesi bakımından önem taşır. Nitekim aynı müellifin Şehâbeddin Süleyman’la beraber kaleme aldığı Yeni Osmanlı Târîh-i Edebiyyâtı (1332/1914), özellikle Köprülü tarafından yazıldığı anlaşılan oldukça uzun mukaddimesi (s. 3-63), edebiyat tarihi anlayışı ve metodu bakımından önemli meseleleri ortaya koyan ilk ilmî çalışmadır. Bu mukaddime toplum edebiyat ilişkileri, edebî eserlerin ortaya çıkışı ve sosyolojik, psikolojik, fizyolojik kaynakları, edebiyatın diğer güzel sanatlarla münasebeti, coğrafyanın, ekonominin, sosyal ve siyasî durumların, sanayinin edebiyat üzerine tesiri hakkında devrin Osmanlı okuyucusuna dikkate değer bilgiler vermiştir. Böylece ilk defa bir edebiyat tarihinin kaynak ve metotları hususunda, kendisinden sonra hazırlanacak edebiyat tarihlerinin ufkunu genişletmiştir. Ortaya konulan görüşlerden ve yapılan iktibaslardan bu bilgilerin esasının Emile Faguet, Paul Bourget, Hennequin ve özellikle Hippolyte Taine’in nazariyelerine dayandığı anlaşılmaktadır (Taine’in teori, tenkit ve edebiyat tarihi anlayışı üzerine fikirleri Servet-i Fünûn yıllarında bilhassa Ahmed Şuayb’ın makaleleriyle geniş olarak tanıtılmıştır). Ancak hemen her bölüm Türk edebiyatının meseleleriyle açıklanmış, böylece millî ve yerli bir istikamete sevkedilmiştir.
Mehmed Hayreddin’in Târîh-i Edebiyyât Dersleri (Konya 1330 r./1914), şahsiyetler ve eserler hakkında oldukça sübjektif görüşler ihtiva eden küçük bir kitaptır. Fuad Köprülü’nün ilk basımı 1921’de yapılan, 1926’da değişiklik ve ilâvelerle son şeklini almış olan Türk Edebiyatı Tarihi ise halen önemini koruyan ilmî ve akademik hüviyette ilk edebiyat tarihi olarak kabul edilmektedir. Türkler’in İslâmiyet’i kabulü ve Batı medeniyetine yönelmesi gibi iki önemli hadiseyi nirengi noktaları telakki ederek bu tarihlerin öncesi ve sonrasını büyük edebî devirler olarak benimseyen bu çalışma, Türkçe’nin yayıldığı bütün coğrafya ile tarihî devirlerin ve bütün sosyal tabaka edebî mahsullerinin bir terkip halinde düşünülmesi, edebiyat tarihinin de her ilim alanı gibi bir metodunun olacağı fikri, diğer alanlarla ilişkileri, nihayet edebiyat tarihçisinin de her ilim adamı gibi âzami derecede objektif davranması gerektiğini ortaya koymuştur. Köprülü’nün edebiyat tarihi XV. yüzyıla kadar olan gelişmeleri ihtiva etmektedir. Bu kitaptan sonra yazılan edebiyat tarihleri metot bakımından onu aşamamış, yalnız yeni bilgiler istikametinde ve daha yakın devirlere kadar uzanmakla kalmıştır. Nitekim Köprülü’nün kitabının iki basımı arasında iki büyük cilt olarak yayımlanan İbrahim Necmi’nin Târîh-i Edebiyyât Dersleri de (1922) bu metotla, ancak siyasî hadiseleri azaltıp edebiyata daha ağırlık vererek ve başlangıçtan Servet-i Fünûn sonuna kadar yarımşar asırlık bölümlerle tertip edilmiştir.
Eski harflerle basılan son edebiyat tarihi, İsmail Hikmet’in (Ertaylan) dört büyük cilt halindeki (1454 sayfa) Türk Edebiyatı Tarihi ’dir (Bakü 1925-1926). Eser XIX. yüzyılın başından 1920’lere kadar olan konuları ihtiva eder. Bu arada aynı yıllarda öncekilerden farklı bir edebiyat tarihi dikkatleri çeker. İsmail Habip’in (Sevük) Türk Teceddüd Edebiyatı Tarihi (1924) adını taşıyan bu eser, devirlerin tasnifinde Köprülü’ye bağlı kalmakla beraber Fransız edebiyatı ile ilişkiler kurması, böylece bir çeşit mukayeseli edebiyata yer verişiyle, bir de sübjektif değer yargılarıyla öncekilerden ayrılır. Eser az çok değişikliklerle Edebî Yeniliğimiz (1932) ve Yeni Edebî Yeniliğimiz (1940) adlarıyla tekrar basılmıştır.
1928’den itibaren edebiyat tarihçiliği büyük bir metot değişikliği göstermeksizin günümüze kadar gelir. Bunların başlıcaları ilk basım tarihleriyle şunlardır: Agâh Sırrı Levend, Edebiyat Tarihi Dersleri (1932); Sadettin Nüzhet (Ergun), Tanzimata Kadar Muhtasar Türk Edebiyatı Tarihi ve Numuneleri (1931); Mustafa Nihat Özön, Metinlerle Muâsır Türk Edebiyatı Tarihi (1943); Nihal Atsız, Türk Edebiyatı Tarihi (1943); Nihad Sâmi Banarlı, Resimli Türk Edebiyâtı Târihi (1948); Vasfi Mahir Kocatürk, Büyük Türk Edebiyatı Tarihi (1964); Kenan Akyüz, Modern Türk Edebiyatının Ana Çizgileri (1969); Ahmet Kabaklı, Türk Edebiyatı (1965).
Bu arada Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar’ın XIX. Asır Türk Edebiyatı Tarihi ’ne (1949, düzeltme ve ilâvelerle 1956), tek bir metoda bağlı kalmadan yazılmış yeni bir terkip anlayışının mahsulü olarak bakmak gerekir. Önsözünde Brunetière’in türlerin gelişmesi, Thibaudet’nin nesiller, Taine’in zaman ve çevre teorilerinden faydalandığını ifade eden yazar, aslında bütün bu nazariyelerin edebiyat tarihine ancak bir giriş kapısı teşkil ettiğini, daha sonra tarihin ve konuların gereğinin kendini duyurmaya başladığını söyler. Böylece Tanpınar’ın dar bir zaman çerçevesine sıkıştırdığı (Tanzimat’tan 1885’lere kadar) eserinin orijinalliği belirir. Zaman, mekân, çevre, ırk, ekol, kültür, medeniyet gibi faktörlerin hepsi veya her biri sanatkârın ve eserinin oluşumunda farklı roller oynar. Bu rolleri, sınırlandırılmamış bir metot anlayışı eserin ve çalışmanın tabii akışı içinde belirleyecektir. Eski edebiyat üzerine uzun bir girişten sonra “Garplılaşma Hareketlerine Umumi Bir Bakış” adlı bölümle medeniyet-edebiyat ilişkilerine dikkatleri çeken Tanpınar, Tanzimat’a yakın yıllarda divan ve halk şiiriyle nesri üzerinde de durur; edebî şahsiyetlerin kategorileşmesinde diğer edebiyat tarihlerinden ayrılır. Tanpınar’ın edebiyat tarihi, bir taraftan şahsiyetleri birbirine yaklaştıran bağları keşfederken türlerin gelişmesini de kitap boyunca bir fon konusu olarak takip etmiştir. Kronolojik sırayla son olarak Agâh Sırrı Levent’in altı cilt halinde tasarladığı, ancak sadece ilk cildi yayımlanabilen Türk Edebiyatı Tarihi ’nde ise (1973) Türk edebiyatı tarihine malzeme olacak belli başlı bütün kaynakların bazı gruplar halinde derlendiği görülmektedir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Ahmed Şuayb, “Ten ve Âsârı”, Hayat ve Kitaplar , İstanbul 1317, s. 1-196.
G. Lanson, Edebiyat Tarihi (trc. Yusuf Şerif), İstanbul 1937.
Köprülü, Edebiyat Araştırmaları I , s. 3-47.
Levend, Türk Edebiyatı Tarihi , s. 478-493.
Cemil Meriç, “Edebiyat ve Sosyoloji”, Umrandan Uygarlığa , İstanbul 1974, s. 269-296.
R. Escarpit, “Edebiyat Tarihinin Tarihi” (trc. Cemil Meriç), Kırk Ambar , İstanbul 1980, s. 221-259.
G. Pospelov, Edebiyat Bilimi (trc. Yılmaz Önay), Ankara 1984.
Nazım H. Polat, Şahabeddin Süleyman , Ankara 1987, s. 131-152.
Nurullah Çetin, Tanzimattan Fuad Köprülü’ye Kadar Bizde Edebiyat Tarihçiliği (yüksek lisans tezi, 1988), AÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
R. W. Warren, Edebiyat Teorisi (trc. Ö. Faruk Huyugüzel), İzmir 1993.
Philippe van Tieghem, “Edebiyat Tarihinde Usûl” (trc. Cevdet Perin), TDED , III (1949), s. 163-176, 307-332.
Sabri Esat Siyavuşgil, “Psikoloji ve Edebiyat”, a.e. , s. 449-476.
Ali Nihad Tarlan, “Edebiyat Tarihi Hakkında”, a.e. , XIII (1965), s. 12-18.
İnci Enginün, “Edebiyat Tarihi”, TDEA , II (1977), s. 443-444.
Ömer Faruk Akün, “Bir Türk Edebiyatı Tarihi Yazmak Mümkün müdür?”, Dergâh , I/1, İstanbul 1990, s. 12-13, 18.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1994 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 10. cildinde, 403-405 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.