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EFLAK Skip to content Tuna ile Karpatlar arasında bulunan ve Osmanlı hâkimiyeti döneminde özel bir idarî statü tanınan bölge.
Bugünkü Romanya’nın güney kısmını oluşturan Eflak (Walachia) kuzeyde Karpat dağları, güney ve güneydoğuda Tuna nehriyle çevrili 76.581 km2 ’lik bir alanı kapsar; Büyük Eflak (Muntenia) ve Küçük Eflak (Oltenia) olmak üzere ikiye ayrılır. Kuzeyi, arazi ve iklim olarak meyve ağaçlarının yetişmesine uygun bağlık bir bölge olduğu gibi Ploesti civarında petrol kuyuları da bulunmaktadır. Bir zamanlar Avrupa’nın en zengin petrol yataklarını oluşturan bu bölge düşük miktarda da olsa hâlâ petrol üretimine devam etmektedir. Büyük Eflak’ın güney ve güneydoğusundan Tuna kıyılarına kadar uzanan Baragan ovası ise Avrupa’nın en verimli arazilerinden biridir. Ayrıca Küçük ve Büyük Eflak sınırını oluşturan Olt, Yalomitza (Yalomiça), Argeş, Jiu gibi nehirler Eflak topraklarına bol miktarda su temin ederler. Romanya’nın devlet ve millet oluşunda birinci derecede önem taşıyan Eflak Cimpulung, Curtea de Argeş, Targovişte gibi tarihî şehirlerinden başka Romanya’nın başşehri Bükreş’i de içine almaktadır. Eflak’ın aynı dil ve kültüre sahip Moldavya (Boğdan) ile birleşmesinden sonra (1858) Bükreş Romanya’nın başşehri olmuştur. Eflak’ın Tuna nehri üzerinde belli başlı limanları olan Braila (İbrâil) ve Giurgiu (Yergöğü, Yerkövü) bir süre doğrudan doğruya Osmanlı Devleti’ne bağlı kalmışlardır.
Eflak’ın Romenler arasındaki geleneksel adı “tara Romaneasca” yani “Romen ili” veya “Romenler yurdu”dur. Eflak, Eflaklu veya Eflakistan kelimeleri Türkler tarafından kullanılmıştır. Eflak halkı kendini genellikle Romîn olarak adlandırmıştır. Eflak adının kökü Almanca “wlh”tir. Bizans, Slavlar ve Kıpçaklar bu kelimeyi Ulak, Vlah, Vlaş’a çevirmişlerdir. Osmanlı tarihinde aynı kelime Eflak, Aflak, Aflakan şekillerini almış ve nihayet Eflak adı yaygınlaşmıştır. Osmanlılar ayrıca Eflak ve Boğdan’a “iki memleket” anlamına gelen Memleketeyn adını da vermişlerdir. Valak ve Ulah isimleri Osmanlılar tarafından, Latince’ye benzer bir dili konuşan ve Balkan yarımadasının merkez, orta güney ve batı bölgelerinde yaşayan aşiretler için kullanılmıştır. XIX. yüzyılda Balkan Ulahları kendilerini ayrı bir millet olarak görmeye başlamışlar, fakat birleşmeye imkân bulamadan 1878 ve 1913’te çeşitli Balkan ülkeleri arasında bölünerek onların tâbiiyetine geçmişlerdir. Makedonya Ulahları XIX. yüzyılın sonunda kendilerini açıkça Romen ilân ederek bölgelerine Romen eğitimi soktular. Güney Dobruca’yı 1913’te topraklarına katan Romanya, bu bölgeye Makedonya’dan getirdiği çok sayıda Ulah’ı iskân etti. Yerli Türk halkı tarafından Makedonyalı olarak adlandırılan bu Ulahlar 1940 yılında Kuzey Dobruca’ya göçtüler. Bunlar, Romanya’nın siyasî hayatında aşırı milliyetçi olarak tanınmaktadırlar. Halen Makedonya’da 20-30.000 müslüman Ulah yaşamaktadır. Sırbistan, Hırvatistan, Arnavutluk, Bulgaristan ve Yunanistan’da da toplam 2 milyona yakın Ulah’ın yaşadığı tahmin edilmektedir.
Romanya’nın diğer tarihî bölgeleri olarak bilinen Moldavya’da Slavlar’ın, Erdel’de (Transilvanya) ise Cermen ve Macarlar’ın oldukça derin kültür izlerine rastlanmasına karşılık Eflak halkının kültürü Rum tesirine rağmen geniş çapta Romen özelliğini korumuştur. Bugün Romanya’da konuşulan resmî Romen dili imlâ ve telaffuz bakımından Eflak’ta konuşulan dildir.
Romen tarihçileri Eflak tarihini Romen tarihinin bütünü içinde ele almalarına karşılık yabancı tarihçiler XIX. yüzyıl ortalarına kadar Eflak tarihinin ayrı bir yol takip ettiğini ileri sürmüşlerdir. Gerçekten 1858’e kadar Eflak’ın en önemli tarihî siması olan Mihai’nin, ülkesini kısa bir süre için Moldavya ve Erdel ile birleştirmesi bir yana bırakılırsa Eflak kendine has ayrı bir yol takip etmiştir. Eflak ve Boğdan aynı dile, aynı dine ve kültüre sahip oldukları halde çok değişik şekilde ortaya çıkmışlar ve siyasî alanda uzun süre ayrı varlık göstermişlerdir. Nihayet milliyet ideolojisinin etkisiyle şuurlanarak 1858’de birleşmişlerdir. Romen milletinin çeşitli bölgelerinin bir araya getirilmesinde ve bir devlet kurarak ortaya çıkmasında Eflak’ın büyük rolü olmuştur.
Eflak, doğudan batıya göç eden kavimlerin yolu üzerinde olduğu için çeşitli milletlerin istilâsına uğramıştır. Daklar’ın hâkimiyetinde iken milâdî II. yüzyıl sonlarında Roma işgaline uğramış ve Roma askeriyle Daklar’ın karışımından bugünkü Romen milleti doğmuştur. Bu tezi kabul eden bütün kaynaklar, Daklar-Romalılar sentezinin dağlık bölgede vücut bulduğu fikrinde birleşmektedirler. Roma askerlerinin sayısının düşük olduğu ve bunların hepsinin daha III. yüzyılda Tuna’nın güneyine geçtiği düşünülürse Eflaklılar’ın bir Romen etnik ve linguistik grubu olarak ortaya çıkmalarını daha karışık ve çok taraflı bir senteze bağlamak gerekir. Nitekim bugünkü Romen dilinde Daklar dilinden çok az sayıda kelime bulunması oldukça anlamlıdır. Romence’nin en azından üç ağzı hâlâ Balkanlar’da ve İtalya sınırında bulunan Istrya yarımadasında konuşulmaktadır. Bu bölgelerde Daklar’ın bulunmadığı bilinmektedir. Bu sebeple Romen milletinin oluşumunu yalnız Daklar-Romalılar karışımına bağlayan teori eksik kalmakta ve Eflak’ın nasıl Romenleştiğini yeteri kadar açıklayamamaktadır.
Eflak toprakları Hunlar ve Peçenekler’den sonra iki yüzyıla yakın bir süre Kumanlar’ın (Kıpçaklar) hâkimiyetinde kaldı. XIII. yüzyılda Moğol istilâsıyla ikiye bölünen Kumanlar’ın güney kolu Bizans hâkimiyetine girdi. Ortodoks Hıristiyanlığı kabul ederek yerli halk arasında eridi. Eflak bu tarihlerde Macar hâkimiyetindeydi. Batu Han ordularının Macaristan’ı işgal etmesi, Macarlar’ın Eflak topraklarına daha fazla yayılmasını önlediği gibi Eflak tarihinin kendi halkı etrafında dönmesine de yol açtı. 1310 yılında Eflak’ta Basarab adında büyük bir voyvoda ortaya çıktı. Basarab adının Kıpçakça (Kuman) olduğu bilinmektedir. Tikomir’in (Tok Temir) oğlu olan Basarab -Ioan Besarab veya Basarab- yerli dili konuşan bir hıristiyandı. Macarlar’ı 1330 yılında Posada mevkiinde yenerek istiklâlini ilân etti. Ülkesini Prut nehrinin ötesine kadar genişletip bu bölgeye kendi adını (Besarabya) verdikten sonra 1352’de öldü. Bundan iki yıl sonra Osmanlı Türkleri Rumeli’ye ayak bastılar.
Basarab’ın yerine geçen oğlu Nicolae Alexandru (1352-1364) Eflak’ın dinî teşkilâtını, Curtea de Argeş Ortodoks metropolitliğini kurmak suretiyle tamamladı. Nicolae’nın oğlu Vlaicu ise (1364-1377) Macar Kralı Lajos’tan (Layoş) birtakım toprakları zeâmet şeklinde alarak onun tâbiliğini (vasal) kabul etti. Bu sırada Osmanlı Padişahı I. Murad’ın tâbiliğini kabul ederek ondan yardım alan ve Tuna boylarındaki şehirlere saldıran Bulgar Çarı Şişman’a karşı mücadele verdi. Bu mücadele sırasında Vlaicu’nun kuvvetleri Osmanlı birlikleriyle de savaşarak küçük başarılar kazandılar (1368). Osmanlılar’la Romenler’in ilk karşılaşması sayılan bu savaştan sonra Türkler’in Balkanlar’daki ilerlemesinin önemini anlayan Vlaicu 1373’te I. Murad ile antlaşma imzaladı. Babası gibi Vlaicu da yeni kiliseler ve manastırlar inşa ettirdi. Eflak kültürel ve dinî bakımdan onun zamanında büyük bir hamle yaptı. Vlaicu’dan sonra iktidarı ele alan I. Radu (1377-1383) ve Dan’ın (1383-1386) ardından Eflak’ın başına Mirčea (1386-1418) geçti. Osmanlı kaynaklarında bu isim Mirci olarak geçer. Mirčea cel Mare (Ulu Mirčea) olarak tanıtılan bu voyvoda bir ara Tuna’yı geçerek Dobruca’da Osmanlılar’a ait Silistre Kalesi’ni işgal etti. Besarabya’nın güneyindeki Türkler’le meskûn yerleri de ülkesine katıp Osmanlılar’la uzun yıllar süren mücadeleye girişti. Kosova Savaşı’nda (1389) Sırplar’a askerî yardımda bulundu. Bu durum karşısında onu cezalandırmak zorunda kalan Yıldırım Bayezid Tuna’yı aşıp Mirčea üzerine yürüdü. Rovine’deki çetin savaşta (1394) Osmanlı kuvvetleri üstün gelerek Mirčea’yı tahtını terketmeye mecbur bıraktılar. Eflak üzerinde hâkimiyet iddialarını hâlâ sürdürmekte olan Macar Kralı Sigismund’un yardımıyla iki yıl sonra tekrar harekete geçen Mirčea, Haçlı kuvvetlerinin 1396’da Niğbolu’da yenilmesi üzerine I. Bayezid’in hükümranlığını kabul etti ve onun yanında Ankara Savaşı’na katıldı (1402). Yıldırım Bayezid’in ölümünden sonra sultanın oğulları arasında çıkan iç savaşlarda ise kendine damat edindiği Mûsâ Çelebi’ye büyük destek verdi ve onun savaşta öldürülmesinden sonra da Düzmece Mustafa’ya yardımda bulundu. Nihayet 1417’de Osmanlılar’ın üstün kuvveti karşısında daha fazla dayanamayacağını anlayıp Osmanlı hükümranlığını kabul etti. Mirčea’nın Türkler’e karşı savaşları Romen tarihinde olduğu gibi edebiyatında da büyük yer tutar. Nitekim Romenler’in en ünlü şairi olan Mihail Eminescu’nun en uzun tarihî şiirlerinden biri, Mirčea’nın Osmanlı sultanı ile yaptığı bir hayalî konuşmayı ve ondan sonra meydana gelen savaşı tasvir etmektedir.
Mirčea’dan sonra Eflak, Macarlar ve Türkler arasında gelişen çok yönlü mücadeleden faydalanma yolunu tuttu. Segedin (Szeged) Antlaşması ile Eflak’ın İstanbul’a haraç vermesi ve voyvodaların Macar kralına tâbi olması gibi ikili bir hükümranlık kabul edildi. Ancak Eflak’ın ileri gelen boyarları (toprak sahibi asilzadeler) Osmanlı hâkimiyetini tercih ettiler. Fakat boyarlara üstün gelerek Eflak’ta merkeziyetçi bir idare kuran Kazıklı Voyvoda veya Drakula olarak bilinen Voyvoda Vlad Tepeş (1456-1462) tekrar Osmanlılar’la mücadeleye girişti. Kendisini Fâtih Sultan Mehmed adına tutuklamaya gelen Niğbolu Valisi Hamza Bey’i kazığa vurdurdu. Tuna’yı aşarak Dobruca’yı talan etti ve bölgede müslüman katliamında bulundu. 1462’de Fâtih Sultan Mehmed’in giriştiği harekât üzerine Transilvanya’ya çekildi ve Macar kralı tarafından zindana atıldı. Vlad’dan sonra “güzel” lakabıyla tanınan kardeşi Radu (1462-1474) Eflak voyvodalığına getirildi. Radu tam anlamıyla İstanbul’a tâbi oldu ve vergisini ödedi. Bu arada Moldavya’nın (Boğdan) voyvodası İstefan (Stefan cel Mare) Eflak’a hücum edip birçok insanı öldürdü ve ülkeye zarar verdi (1473). Eflak, Neagoe Basarab (1512-1521) zamanında oldukça sakin bir devir geçirerek kültür alanında önemli ilerlemeler kaydetti. Romen millî kültürünün temelini oluşturan bu hamleler yanında Romanya’nın en başta gelen âbideleri arasında yer alan Curtea de Argeş’te piskoposluk binası inşa edildi. Bu binanın mimarisinde Sinan’ın tesirleri görülmektedir. XVI. yüzyılda Osmanlı Devleti Eflak üzerinde nüfuzunu bir hayli arttırdı. Macaristan’ı 1526’da fethedip 1541’de ilhak eden Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman Eflak’ın kuzeyden yardım görmesini önledi. Eflak üzerinde öteden beri mevcut Macar hükümranlık iddialarını etkisiz hale getirdi, hatta bu hakları üzerine aldı. Fakat aynı yüzyılın sonlarına doğru voyvoda olan ve Kahraman Mihai diye anılan Mihai Viteazul (1593-1601) vergi yüzünden isyan etti. Koca Sinan Paşa’nın idaresindeki orduya Kalûgerân’da baskın yaptıktan sonra geri çekildiyse de Erdel Prensi Bathory’in yardımıyla tekrar Eflak’ı ele geçirdi. Osmanlılar Bathory ve Lehistan ile dostluk kurarak Eflak voyvodasını yalnız bıraktılar. Mihai de Eflak, Transilvanya ve Moldavya’yı birleştirmeye karar verip kendisini bu üç ülkenin hâkimi ilân etti. Mihai’nin bu üç ülkeyi çok kısa bir süre için dahi olsa birleştirmeyi başarmış olması ona Romen tarihinde gittikçe önemi büyütülen sembolik bir mevki kazandırmıştır. Bu Romenler’in tek ülke içinde ilk birleşmeleri olarak nitelendirilir. Mihai, 1601’de Avusturya ordularının başında bulunan eski müttefiki general Basta’ya yenilerek onun tarafından öldürüldü. Bundan sonra XVII. yüzyıl boyunca Eflak eskiden olduğu gibi Osmanlı Devleti’ne tâbi olarak yerli hânedanlar tarafından idare edilmeye devam etti. Bu yüzyılda toprak sahibi aileler ekonomik güçlerini arttırdılar ve yer yer bölgesel hânedanlıklar kurdular. Bu arada yerli Romen halk kültürü büyük ilerleme kaydetti. Matbaa sayısı ve yüksek tabaka arasında okuma yazma bilenlerin oranı bir hayli arttı. Eflak, Bizans imparator sülâlesinden olması muhtemel Şerban Cantacuzino (1678-1688) ve ondan sonra Constantin Brancoveanu (1688-1714) gibi voyvodalar tarafından yönetildi. Bunlar Osmanlı idaresine tâbi olmakta devam etmişlerse de komşu hıristiyan prensler ve krallarla irtibata geçmekten ve onlardan yardım istemekten geri kalmamışlardır. Brancoveanu akıllı, dindar ve uysal bir kimse idi. Bâbıâli’ye karşı üzerine aldığı siyasî ve ekonomik vecîbelerini yerine getirmek için çok itina göstermesine rağmen Prut Savaşı’nda (1711) Çar Petro’ya yardım ettiği öne sürülerek İstanbul’a getirildi ve dört oğlu ile birlikte idam edildi. Halk tarafından çok sevilen Brancoveanu’nun büyük servetine el koymak isteyenler bir hayli kalabalıktı. İstanbul’da geniş nüfuzu olan Boğdan Beyi Dimitri Kantemir’in, Brancoveanu’nun Osmanlı hükümetine sadık kalmadığı yolunda şikâyette bulunması idamda etkili olmuştu. Halbuki daha sonra Kantemir’in bizzat kendisinin Prut Savaşı’nda Petro’ya yardım ettiği ortaya çıktı.
XVIII. yüzyılın başlarında beliren Rus tehlikesine ve Avusturya tehdidine karşı Osmanlı Devleti Eflak’ı başlıca müdafaa hattı olarak gördü ve bu ülkeye karşı yeni bir siyaset uygulamaya başladı. Eflak idaresine yerli bey tayin etmekten vazgeçerek bu mevkilere Fenerli Rumlar’ı getirmeye karar verdi. 1716’dan 1821’e kadar Eflak Fenerli Rum beyleri tarafından idare edildi. 100 yıldan fazla süren Fenerli Rum beyleri devri halen Eflak’ta nefretle anılan bir dönemdir. Patrikhânenin desteklediği Fenerli Rum beyleri, beraberlerinde getirdikleri çok sayıda akrabaları ve Rum iş ortakları ile yerli halkı sömürmekle kalmamışlar, Eflak köylüsüne köklü bir fakirlik kültürünü de aşılayarak Allah’ın kendilerini beylerini beslemek ve hizmet etmek için yaratmış olduğu felsefesini işlemişlerdir.
Eflak’ın Osmanlı himayesinde bulunan patrikhâne yolu ile yönetilmesi bir bakıma Slav tehlikesini önlemişse de Bizans’ı diriltme çabalarına büyük destek sağlamıştır. Mavrocordato, Cantacuzino gibi isimler taşıyan bu Eflak ve Boğdan beyleri, 1750’den sonra İstanbul patrikhânesiyle iş birliği yaparak eski Bizans Devleti’ni canlandırma yolunu aramışlar ve Bizans milliyetçiliğini yaymışlardır. Fenerliler devrinde Eflak bu milliyetçiliği besleyen ekonomik bir kaynak, tâlim ve terbiye sahası oldu. Her ne kadar Fenerliler devrinde Eflak Batı’ya açılma yolunu tutmuş, okullar ve hastahaneler kurmuş, hatta esareti kaldırmak gibi ileriye dönük olumlu adımlar atmışsa da halk çok büyük güçlükler içinde yaşamıştır. Bu durum karşısında halkı ağır bir şekilde sömüren Fenerli Rumlar’dan kurtulmak gayesiyle Tudor Vladimirescu 1821 yılında bir isyan hazırladı. Tudor’un isyanı sosyal olduğu kadar siyasî ve millî bir hareket olarak Eflak’ı Fenerli Rumlar idaresinden kurtarmakla kalmadı, Romenler’i modern çağın eşiğine getirdi. Vladimirescu’nun isyanı, 1821’de Rus çarının desteğiyle Kırım’da harekete geçen Aleksandr İpsilanti’nin Eteriya Rum hareketiyle aynı tarihe rastlar. Rus tarihçileri bu iki hareketi Balkanlar’da Türkler’e yönelik olarak göstermek istemişlerdir. Halbuki Vladimirescu, İpsilanti’nin Türkler’e karşı beraber çarpışmak çağrısına, “Ben Türkler’e değil Rumlar’a karşı ayaklandım” demiştir. Vladimirescu’nun askerleri Bükreş civarında İpsilanti’nin askerleriyle çarpıştı ve nihayet Eflaklı kumandan ihanete uğrayarak İpsilanti tarafından öldürüldü. Bu olaylardan sonra Osmanlı Devleti Eflak’a Fenerli beyleri tayin etme siyasetine son vererek eskisi gibi yerli Eflak ailelerini iktidara getirme yolunu tuttu. Esasen Küçük Kaynarca Antlaşması’ndan (1774) sonra Osmanlı idaresi Eflak ve Boğdan’da güttüğü siyasette Ruslar’a danışarak hareket etmek zorunda kalmıştı. Bu antlaşma Rus çarına Eflak’ta konsolosluk açma ve serbest ticaret etme hakkını vermişti. 1792’de imzalanan Yaş Muahedesi ise Rusya’ya Eflak üzerinde nüfuzunu arttırma imkânı sağlıyordu. Rusya bu sayede burayı kendi tesir alanı haline getirme yolunu tutmuştu. 1828-1829 Osmanlı-Rus savaşı sonunda imzalanan Edirne Antlaşması, Eflak’ın öteden beri Osmanlı Devleti’ne belirli fiyat üzerinden gıda satma mecburiyetini kaldırarak bu ülkenin dünya piyasalarına açılmasını sağladı. Ancak Eflak harp tazminatı ödeninceye kadar (1834) Rus işgali altında kaldı. Bu süre içinde iki ülke halkı aralarındaki dil, din ve kültür birliğinin şuuruna daha köklü bir şekilde vardılar. Yine bu dönemde kabul edilen ve bir çeşit anayasa niteliği taşıyan “regulamentul organik” sayesinde vali unvanını (hopodar) taşıyan Aleksandru Ghica ve Gheorghe Bibesku 1834-1848 yıllarında Eflak’ı idare ettiler. Eflak’ta sayıları ve güçleri hızla artan toprak sahipleri büyük siyasî nüfuz elde ettikleri gibi kendileri ve çocukları gittikçe Batı’ya, bilhassa Fransa’ya açılarak yeni tipte bir orta sınıfın oluşmasını sağladılar. Yeni ortaya çıkan ekonomik ve kültürel imkânlar sayesinde orta tabakadan gelen kimseler halk kültürünü edebiyat, yayın ve sanat alanlarında millî kültürlerinin sinesine sokmaya muvaffak oldular. Böylece Eflak’ta tam millî bir Romen kültürü gelişti. Sayıları gittikçe artan aydınlar sosyal ve siyasî haklar temin etmek için giriştikleri hamleleri nihayet 1848 yılında çok taraflı millî bir harekete dönüştürdüler. 1848 hareketinin fikir hocalığını ve siyasî liderliğini Nicolae Balçesku yaptı. Hareketin ana amaçlarından biri, artık yetersiz hale gelen ve Rusya’nın Eflak’ta etkisini arttırmak için istismar ettiği “regulamentul organik”i kaldırarak yerine millî bir yasa koymaktı. Bu hareket karşısında Rusya Eflak’a müdahale edince Bâbıâli Süleyman Paşa ve daha sonra Keçecizâde Fuad Paşa’yı Bükreş’e göndererek Ruslar’la bir anlaşmaya vardı. Bu anlaşmaya göre iki devlet Eflak’a (Boğdan’da da aynı anlaşma geçerliydi) yerli hânedan arasından seçerek yedi yıllığına birer hükümdar tayin edecekti. Fakat Rusya’nın Memleketeyn’e gittikçe artan müdahaleleri ve Fransa’nın burasını kendi nüfuz sahası olarak görmesi, ayrıca Rus çarının Kudüs’te yeni haklar talep etmesi Kırım Savaşı’na (1853-1856) sebep oldu. Savaşta Rusya Eflak’ı işgal ettiyse de Paris Antlaşması ile (1856) burayı boşaltmak zorunda kaldı ve Eflak’ın Batı devletlerinin teminatı altında yeniden Osmanlı hâkimiyetine girmesini kabul etti. Tuna nehrinin milletlerarası bir nitelik kazanması Eflak’ın tam anlamıyla Batı’ya açılmasını sağladı. Fransa’nın tesiriyle kendi Latin dili ve kültürü üzerine oturtulan millî gelişme ve diğer Romen ülkeleriyle birleşme yollarını aramaya koyuldu.
Nihayet Fransa ve Bâbıâli’nin desteği, Romen diplomatı Mihail Kogalniceanu’nun gayretiyle Eflak ve Boğdan 1858’de birleşmeye karar verdiler. Her iki ülke 1859’da Albay Alexandru Ion Cuza’yı (Kuza) başkan seçti. Bir süre sonra her ikisi de Bükreş’i devlet merkezi olarak kabul etti. Sultan Abdülmecid, Cuza’yı Memleketeyn’in tek reisi olarak tanıyıp Eflak ve Boğdan’ın Romanya adı altında tek bir ülke şeklinde birleşmesini onayladı. Cuza’nın 1866’da siyasî ve sosyal sebeplerle iktidarı bırakmasından sonra yerine yine İstanbul’un onayı ile Hohenzollern ailesine mensup I. Karol geçti. Romanya böylece monarşi rejimine dönüştürüldükten sonra nihayet 1878’de tam istiklâlini kazandı. Bundan sonra Eflak Romanya’nın bir eyaleti olarak Romen tarihinin bütünü içinde gelişti.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1994 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 10. cildinde, 466-469 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.