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EĞRİBOZ Skip to content Yunanistan’ın doğusunda eski bir Osmanlı sancağı ve bu sancağın merkezi olan şehir.
Bugün Khalkis adını taşımakta olup Yunan anakarasının doğusunda, kıyıya paralel olarak uzanan Eğriboz (Évvoia) adasında Éuboea ilinin merkezidir. Anakara ile ada arasında bulunan Euripos (Évrípos) adlı boğazın en dar yerinde kurulmuştur. Şehrin bulunduğu noktada ada anakaraya oldukça yaklaşır. Boğazdaki gelgit akıntıları sürekli yön değiştirerek eşine az rastlanır bir tabiat olayı meydana getirir. Tarih boyunca burayı anakaraya bağlayan birçok köprü yapılarak irtibat sağlanmıştır. Osmanlı hâkimiyeti döneminde (1470-1831) önemli bir deniz üssü olan şehir, Tesalya’nın güneyinde kalan bölgenin kalabalık müslüman nüfusa, birçok dinî binaya sahip önde gelen İslâmî ve idarî bir merkezi olarak dikkati çeker.
Euboia adasındaki bir yarımadanın üzerinde bulunan şehrin kuruluşu Bizans devrinin ilk yıllarına rastlar. O dönemde Euripos Boğazı kıyısında, eski Khalkis şehrinin batısında küçük müstahkem bir yerleşim merkezi olarak kuruldu. Buraya Grekçe Egripos denildi; bu ad Venedik hâkimiyeti sırasında Negroponte’ye, Osmanlı idaresi sırasında da aslına uygun bir şekilde Eğriboz’a çevrildi. XVI. yüzyıl başlarında burayı gören Pîrî Reis adanın ve şehrin adını Iğribos (اغربوس ) olarak kaydeder (Kitâb-ı Bahriye , I, 271). Fetihten hemen sonrasına ait tahrir defteriyle XV. yüzyıl Osmanlı kaynaklarından Umur Bey’in gazâlarını anlatan Enverî, Âşıkpaşazâde ve Neşrî gibi tarihçilerin eserlerinde bu ad Ağriboz, Ağribos (اغربوز، اغربوس ) şeklinde yazılıdır. Daha sonraki Osmanlı kaynakları ve resmî belgelerinde Ağriboz (اغريبوز ) imlâsı yerleşmiştir. Şehrin adının burayı kuran Ayağriboz’dan (اياغريبوز ) geldiğini belirten Evliya Çelebi, halkın burayı Eğriboz (اكريبوز ) şeklinde andığını, ancak resmî kayıtlarda Ağriboz (اغريبوز ) olarak geçtiğini belirtir (Seyahatnâme , VIII, 236). Antik dönemde oldukça gelişmiş bir şehir olan ve Aristo’nun öldüğü yer olarak bilinen Khalkis şehri ise bu Bizans-Venedik şehrinin doğusunda bulunmaktadır.
Eğriboz, Bizans İmparatorluğu’nun 1204’te bölünmesinden sonra Venedikliler’in kontrolü altına girdi. Venedikliler 1304’te burayı müstahkem hale getirdiler ve 1470’e kadar Ege’deki en gelişmiş deniz üssü olarak kullandılar. Venedikliler zamanında 1800 m. uzunluğunda surlarla çevrilen Eğriboz 10 hektarlık bir sahayı içine alıyordu. Dar sokakları ve 1200-1500 kadar yüksekçe evleri bulunmakta olup nüfusu yaklaşık 5-6000 civarındaydı. Bu haliyle Selânik’in güneyindeki en büyük şehir özelliği taşımaktaydı. Türkler’in Eğriboz’a ilk gelişleri, Aydınoğlu Umur Bey’in 1333’teki akınları sırasında gerçekleşti. Umur Bey’in buraya yönelik akınları daha sonra da devam etti (Enverî, s. 69, 87, 111). 1415-1417 yıllarında Venedikliler savaşlarda ele geçirdikleri Türk esirleri de kullanarak şehir surlarını geniş ve derin bir hendekle çevirip tahkim ettiler.
1458’de Mora seferi dönüşünde Fâtih Sultan Mehmed Venedikliler’in misafiri olarak Eğriboz’a geldi. Mora’nın Osmanlı topraklarına dahil edilmesinden sonra kara ve deniz ulaşımını tehdit eder bir özellik kazanan Eğriboz’un önemi arttı. 1463 ile 1479 yılları arasında devam eden Osmanlı-Venedik savaşı sırasında Fâtih bizzat başında bulunduğu büyük bir orduyla şehri kuşattı (1470), kaptanlığını Mahmud Paşa’nın yaptığı deniz gücü de bu kuşatmaya destek verdi. Şehir uzun bir muhasaradan ve şiddetli sokak çatışmalarından sonra ele geçirildi. Savaş esnasında ve sonrasında 5000 kişinin öldürüldüğü ve 2500 kişinin de İstanbul’a sürülerek yerleştirildiği belirtilir. Âşıkpaşazâde, Neşrî, Dursun Bey ve Kemalpaşazâde gibi Osmanlı müelliflerinin eserlerinde şiddetli çatışmalardan, garnizonun yok edilişinden, kiliselerin camiye çevrilişinden ve hayatta kalan sivillerin (İbn Kemal’e göre 15.000, Tevârîh-i Âl-i Osmân , VII, 291) sürgüne gönderilişinden bahsedilir. Âşıkpaşazâde bu bilgilere, gönüllü olarak Eğriboz’a gelen müslümanların boşalan hıristiyan evlerine yerleştiklerini de ekler (Târih , s. 172). Osmanlılar’ın ele geçirdiği esirlerden biri olan Gian-Maria Angiolello İstanbul’a sürülenlerin karşılaştıkları güçlükleri kaydetmiştir.
Osmanlı idaresinin ilk yıllarında şehir sadece askerî öneme sahipti. Fâtih Sultan Mehmed’in emriyle St. Mary Kilisesi buradaki askerlerin ibadetine ayrılarak camiye çevrildi, yakınına da bir hamam yaptırıldı. Caminin harcamalarına bu hamamın ve ayrıca altmış iki dükkânın kira gelirleri vakfedildi. Camiye çevrilen kilise, muhtemelen İmparator Justinyen tarafından VI. yüzyılda yaptırılmıştı ve 1204’e kadar Ortodoks kilisesi, bu tarihten 1479’a kadar da Katolik katedrali olarak kullanılmıştı.
Eğriboz’da yapılan 1474 tarihli ilk Osmanlı tahririne göre şehirde otuz iki müslüman ve altı hıristiyan evi vardı ve bunların tamamı vergiden muaf olan esnaftı (Tahrir Defteri , İstanbul Belediyesi Atatürk Kitaplığı, Muallim Cevdet, nr. O. 73; Evangelia Balta tarafından yayımlanmıştır [Athens 1989]). Şehirde 350 kadar da kale muhafızı bulunuyordu. Bu rakamlara göre şehrin nüfusu en çok 1500 civarındaydı. Ayrıca defterdeki kayıtlardan Eğriboz’un müslüman nüfusunun Yenişehir, Serez, Üsküp, Karaman ve Bergama gibi yerlerden geldiği anlaşılmaktadır. Fetihten az sonra Tırhala sancağının güney kısımları Eğriboz adasına bağlanarak Eğriboz sancağı kurulmuştu. 1506’da şehrin nüfusunda artış oldu; müslüman hâne sayısı 287’ye, hıristiyan hâne sayısı 127’ye yükseldi. Hıristiyanlar şehri çevreleyen surun dışında yaşamakta ve kiliseleri de burada bulunmaktaydı (BA, TD , nr. 35; önemli bir kısmı Sofya’da bulunan bu tahrir defteri Evangelia Balta tarafından yayımlanmıştır [Athens 1992]).
1506 tarihli Tahrir Defteri Eğriboz’da İslâmî hayatın bir hayli geliştiğini göstermektedir. Şehirde müslümanların oturduğu sekiz mahalle (Câmi-i Atîk, Câmi-i Dâvûd Bey, Çavuş, Dizdar, Koçi Bey, Debbâğ Ahmed, Kethüdâ Mûsâ, Mescid-i Topçu Hızır), Fâtih Sultan Mehmed ve Dâvud Bey camileri ve hamamlarının yanı sıra beşi dizdar, kethüdâ, topçubaşı gibi askerî zümre mensupları, biri de bir esnaf (Debbâğ Ahmed) tarafından yaptırılan altı mescid vardı. İkinci camii yaptıran Dâvud Bey, büyük ihtimalle Evrenosoğulları’na mensup Umur Bey’in oğludur. Dâvud Bey 1506’da hayattaydı ve Tesalya’ya bağlı Alasonya’da bir zâviyesi bulunuyordu. Umur Bey de Tesalya’ya bağlı Fenâr’da bir cami yaptırmıştı. Umur Bey’in babası Barak Bey, 1388-1389’da babası Gazi Evrenos Bey tarafından fethedilen Yenişehir’de (Larissa) ilk İslâmî binaların bânisi idi. Evrenosoğulları, Eğriboz sancağına bağlı Badracık ve İzdin’de de (Lamia) önemli vakıflara sahiptiler.
Eğriboz hıristiyanları ise papazlarının adıyla bilinen beş mahallede oturuyorlardı. 1506 tarihli Tahrir Defteri ’nde kırk iki müslüman meslek erbabının adı geçmektedir. Bunların on ikisi debbâğ, yedisi kasap, dördü pabuççu, dördü kunduracı, ikisi tüccar, ikisi kuyumcu, biri marangoz, biri taş kesiciydi. Bu arada dört Halvetî dervişi de kaydedilmişti. Ayrıca bu son tarihte küçük bir yahudi topluluğu da (27 hâne) buraya yerleşmişti. 1539-1540 tarihli Tahrir Defteri , bazı yeni mescidlerin yanı sıra iki yeni medrese ve iki zâviyeden de bahsetmektedir. Kasabanın doğu ucunda yer alan Velî Baba Zâviyesi 1506’da mevcuttu; burası 1470 kuşatmasına katılan dervişlerden biri tarafından yapılmış olmalıdır. 1540 tarihli Tahrir Defteri adlarını vererek beş kiliseden bahsetmektedir. XVII. yüzyılın başlarına kadar Eğriboz küçük bir kasaba olarak kaldı.
1473 1506 1521 1540 1570 Müslüman hâne 32 287 208 189 199 Kale muhafızı (350) 350 304 325 (325) Hıristiyan hâne 6 127 294 269 300 Yahudi hâne — 27 30 34 34 Toplam hâne 388 791 836 817 858 Müslüman yüzde nisbeti % 98 % 81 % 61 % 63 % 61
Tabloda yer alan rakamlara göre, nüfusun XVI. yüzyıl başlarından ikinci yarısının son çeyreğine kadar 4000-4300 dolayında seyretmesi içme suyunun yetersizliği sebebine dayanır. Eğriboz sık sık kaptanpaşaların ikametgâhı olarak kullanıldığından bunlardan biri olan Kayserili Halil Paşa 1033’te (1623-24) 25 km. uzaktan içme suyu getirdi. Şehrin güneyindeki dağlarda bulunan Ano Kambia köyünden getirilen bu su birçok çeşmeye dağıtıldı. Evliya Çelebi bu çeşmeleri tarif etmektedir. Kalede Emîrzâde Camii’nin önünde bulunan alandaki çeşmenin Arapça kitâbesi günümüze kadar ulaşmıştır. Halil Paşa’nın inşa ettirdiği su kanallarının kalıntılarına bugün de rastlanmakta olup bunların tanıtımı Bakhuizen tarafından yapılmıştır. Bazı kaynaklarda su kanallarının Venedikliler tarafından yapıldığı yazılmaktaysa da Venedik kaynaklarında bu hususta bilgi yoktur. İçme suyunun getirilişinden sonra Eğriboz hızlı bir gelişmeye sahne oldu. Hem Evliya Çelebi (1668) hem de Spon ve Wheler (1676) Eğriboz’da yaklaşık 15.000 kişinin yaşadığını yazmaktadırlar.
Osmanlılar en az üç defa Eğriboz surlarını tamir ve tahkim ettiler. 1470’te meydana gelen tahribatın giderilmesi dışında ilk ciddi tamir Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman’ın emriyle, Haçlı donanmasının 1535-1536’da denizden gerçekleştirdiği saldırıdan hemen sonra 943’te (1536-37) yapılmış olmalıdır. Özellikle Eğriboz’daki kale ve burayı anakaraya bağlayan köprü sağlamlaştırılmaya çalışılmış, kaledeki top sayısı ve topçular iki katına çıkarılmıştır. Söz konusu saldırı sebebiyle adanın güney ucunda bulunan Kızılhisar (Castel Rosso-Karystos) nahiyesi köylerindeki hıristiyanlar avârız, cizye ve devşirme yükümlülüklerinden muaf tutulmuş ve düşman saldırılarına karşı Kızılhisar’daki küçük müslüman askerî garnizonuna yardımcı olmaları istenmişti.
İkinci önemli tahkimat, Girit Savaşı sırasında Şevval 1067’de (Temmuz 1657) Kenan Paşa tarafından gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu tamirata ait olup şimdi mevcut bulunmayan kitâbeyi Evliya Çelebi kaydetmiştir. Bu defa kalenin kara tarafına geniş ve derin iki hendek kazılmıştır. Hendeklerin kalıntıları şehir merkezinde sonradan yapılan arkeolojik kazılarla ortaya çıkmıştır. Hendekler İngiliz bahriyesinin 1861 tarihli haritasında da görülmektedir.
Üçüncü önemli tahkim faaliyeti ise 1687-1688 kışında Mora kaybedildikten sonra ve Venedikliler’in Atina’yı muhasara altına almaları esnasında gerçekleştirildi. Varoş kısmının etrafında çok kısa bir süre içerisinde toprak ve ağaçtan duvarlar yapıldı. Aynı zamanda anakara üzerinde bulunan ve şehrin karşı yakasında yer alan Karababa tepesinde iki çokgen tabyalı bir istihkâm yapılıp buraya kırk top ve kuvvetli bir muhafız grubu yerleştirildi. 15.000 kişilik Venedik ordusu gelmeden kısa bir süre önce bütün bu hazırlıklar tamamlanmıştı. Osmanlılar’ın savunma yapacak 6000 askeri vardı. Üç aydan fazla devam eden kuşatma sonrasında Venedikliler ağır kayıplar vererek geri çekildiler. Kuşatmanın ardından duvarların önemli bir kısmı yeniden yapıldı.
Eğriboz’u gören Evliya Çelebi, burası ve günümüzde hemen hepsi yok edilmiş olan İslâmî yapılar hakkında çok değerli bilgiler verir. Kale ve istihkâmları, köprüleri etraflı bir şekilde anlatan Evliya Çelebi şehirde on bir müslüman mahallesi, on bir cami olduğunu yazarak Fâtih Sultan Mehmed’in kiliseden camiye çevirdiği yapının yanı sıra Dâvud Bey, Emîrzâde, Filzâde ve Karlızâde camilerinden de bahseder. Ayrıca altı mescid bulunduğunu belirtir ve bunlardan Osman Ağa Mescidi, Turhan Bey Zâviyesi Mescidi, Hasan Baba Mescidi, Küçük İlyas Mescidi, Mûsâ Ağa Mescidi’nin adlarını verir. Mescidler 1506 tarihli Tahrir Defteri ’nde bahsedilenlerin aynıdır. Evliya Çelebi ayrıca, yukarı kapı semtinde beş hıristiyan mahallesi ve bunlara ait beş kilise ile bir yahudi mahallesinin bulunduğunu yazarsa da kaledeki medrese ve tekkelerin adlarını vermez. Onun ifadelerinden, “taşra varoş” olarak zikrettiği sur dışında kalan bölümün de hayli gelişmiş olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Buranın, beylerbeyilerin saraylarının da yer aldığı 2000 evden oluştuğunu belirtmektedir. Evliya Çelebi’nin kalede seksen, sur dışında ise 426’dan fazla dükkânın bulunduğunu yazması, şehrin ekonomik yapısı hakkında önemli bir ipucu vermektedir. Sur dışındaki en önemli yapılar arasında Mustafa Paşa Camii ve Hamamı ile Koca Memi Camii’ni zikreder. Bunlardan ilki, eski fotoğraflarda tek kubbeli ihtişamlı bir yapı olarak göze çarpmaktadır. Bu cami 1894’ten hemen sonra yıkılmıştı. Hamam ise 1982’de hâlâ ayaktaydı. İkinci önemli yapı olan Memi Paşa Camii ise 1019’da (1610-11) yapılmıştı. Sur dışında bunların yanında dokuz mescid, iki medrese, dört tekke ve beş mektep vardı. Evliya Çelebi’nin verdiği rakamlara göre (3900 hâne), XVII. yüzyılın ikinci yarısının ortalarına doğru şehrin toplam nüfusunun 16-17.000 olduğu söylenebilir. Spon ve Wheler de 1675’te nüfusu 14-15.000 olarak tahmin etmektedirler. Osmanlı hâkimiyeti boyunca Eğriboz’un nüfusu bu rakamlar civarında kalmıştır. 1815’te François Pouqueville, şehir nüfusunun üçte birini Rumlar’ın oluşturduğunu ve yedi eski Venedikli ailenin de burada yaşadığını belirtir.
XVIII. yüzyılı kısmen sakin geçiren şehirde bu dönemde kubbeli birkaç cami daha yapılmıştı. Kalede bulunan cami, hattat Yahyâ b. Süleyman’ın yazdığı kitâbesi ve Lâle Devri’ne ait tezyinatıyla hâlâ mevcuttur.
Osmanlı hâkimiyetine girdikten sonra bir sancak ve sancak merkezi haline getirilen Eğriboz’a Atina, Budonitsa, İstefe (Thebes), İzdin (Lamia), Levadya, Salona (Amphissa) ve Talanda (Atalanti) kazaları bağlıydı. XVII. yüzyılda Talanda ve Levadya kazalarına bağlı bazı bölgelerin idarî olarak birleştirilmesiyle Esedâbâd kazası teşkil edildi. Eğriboz bu idarî durumunu Osmanlı hâkimiyetinden çıkışına kadar korudu. Yunan bağımsızlık savaşı boyunca Eğriboz’da yoğun çatışmalar meydana geldi. Savaş süresince Osmanlılar’ın elinde kalan şehir, barış antlaşması yürürlüğe girdikten sonra 1831’de Yunanlılar’a verildi. Ardından da şehrin müslüman nüfusu, bütün mallarını çok ucuz fiyatlarla satarak topluca Osmanlı topraklarına göç ettiler. Bunun üzerine uzun bir süre şehir boş kaldı. Bu sebeple Alman seyyahı ve bilim adamı Johann Philip Fallmerayer 1842’de Eğriboz’u hayalet şehri olarak nitelendirmektedir. Türkler’in ayrılışıyla ekonomisi çöküntüye uğrayan Eğriboz’un nüfusu 1839’da 4000’e düştü. Adı antik dönemdeki ismi olan Khalkis’e çevrilen Eğriboz, Osmanlı hâkimiyetinin son dönemindeki nüfusuna ancak 1896’da ulaşabildi. XIX. yüzyıl boyunca hemen bütün Osmanlı yapıları yerle bir edildi. Ayakta kalabilen en önemli yapı kaledeki Emîrzâde Camii’dir. II. Dünya Savaşı’ndan sonra restore edilen cami günümüzde arkeoloji müzesinin deposu olarak kullanılmakta ve birçok Osmanlı mezar taşını ihtiva etmektedir. Diğer kalıntılar arasında Karababa Hisarı, Halil Paşa’nın yaptırdığı su kanalının kemerleri, 1174 (1760-61) tarihli İbrâhim b. Mehmed Çeşmesi sayılabilir. Bu çeşme 1960’ta Emîrzâde Camii avlusuna taşınmış ve bu sırada Halil Paşa kitâbesi de ilâve edilmiştir. Muhafaza edilen mezar taşlarının önemlileri İbrâhim Paşa’nın kızı Hatice (ö. 1172/1758-59), Eğriboz mutasarrıfı Vezir Kâmil Ahmed Paşa’nın oğlu Mehmed Hakkı Paşa (ö. 1226/1811) ve Eğriboz muhafızı ve şair Ebûbekir Sâmi Paşa’nın eşi Zîbâ kadına (ö. 1230/1815) ait olanlarıdır.
Eğribozlu önemli Osmanlı şair ve yazarları arasında Ebûbekir Sâmi Paşa (ö. 1229/1814), Tiryâkî Hasan Paşa’nın torunlarından şair Mâhir Nûman ve 1871’de Selânik’te vefat ederek Hortacı Camii avlusuna defnedilen Melek Ahmed zikredilebilir.
1960’ta Khalkis’in nüfusu 24.000 idi. Son yıllarda gemi yapım tezgâhları ve metalürji sanayii ile gelişmiş bir endüstri şehri haline gelerek nüfusu 80.000’i aştı.
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a.mlf. – D. N. Karydis, “Santsaki ton Evripou 15os-16os ai (Synthetikis kai Harakteristika tis anaptixiakis diadikasias ton polemon kai ton horion)”, Tetramine , XXVIII-XXIX, Amphissa 1985, s. 1859-1903.
Adnan Erzi, “Ağriboz Fethine Ait İki Vesika”, Fatih ve İstanbul , I/3-6, İstanbul 1954, s. 300-313.
V. L. Ménage, “Eğriboz”, EI2 (İng.) , II, 691.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1994 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 10. cildinde, 491-493 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.