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EHL-i KİTAP Skip to content Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de genellikle yahudiler ve hıristiyanlar için kullanılan tabir.
Ehl-i kitap (Ehlü’l-kitâb) tamlaması “ilâhî bir kitaba inananlar” anlamına gelir. Buna göre müslümanlara da Ehl-i kitap denilebilir. Ancak Kur’an dışındaki ilâhî kitaplarda yer almayan bu terkip, terim olarak müslümanlar dışındaki kutsal kitap sahibi din mensupları için kullanılır.
Ehl-i kitap tabiri Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de, hepsi de Mekke döneminin sonları ile Medine döneminde inen âyetlerde olmak üzere otuz bir defa geçmektedir. Daha önce nâzil olan iki âyette ise (en-Nahl 16/43; el-Enbiyâ 21/7) aynı anlamda “ehlü’z-zikr” tabiri kullanılmış ve bununla, Tevrat ile İncil hakkında doğru ve yeterli bilgisi olan Ehl-i kitap âlimleri kastedilmiştir. Ayrıca Kur’an’da yahudiler için “yehûd”, hıristiyanlar için “nasârâ” kelimeleri çokça kullanılmakta (bk. M. F. Abdülbâkī, el-Muʿcem , “Yehûd”, “Naṣârâ” md.leri), sadece hıristiyanları ifade eden “ehlü’l-İncîl” terkibi de yer almaktadır (el-Mâide 5/47). Diğer taraftan Kur’an’da Ehl-i kitap “kendilerine kitap verilenler” (el-Bakara 2/101, 144, 145; Âl-i İmrân 3/19, 20, 100, 186), “kendilerine kitap verdiklerimiz” (el-Bakara 2/121, 146) ve “kendilerine kitaptan bir pay verilenler” (Âl-i İmrân 3/23; en-Nisâ 4/44) şeklinde de ifade edilmektedir. “Kendilerine ilim verilenler” (el-İsrâ 17/107; el-Hac 22/54; Sebe’ 34/6) ifadesiyle de Ehl-i kitabın kastedildiği rivayet edilmiştir (Taberî, Câmiʿu’l-beyân , XV, 120; XXII, 44). İslâm literatüründe ayrıca Ehl-i kitap yerine “kitâbî” kelimesinin kullanıldığı görülmektedir.
Ehl-i kitap tabirinin kapsamını belirleyebilmek için ilâhî kitapların kimlere verildiğini tesbit etmek gerekir. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de bazı peygamberlere kitap, bazılarına da zebur ve suhuf verildiği bildirilmektedir. Bu arada Nûh ve İbrâhim soyuna peygamberlik ve kitap (en-Nisâ 4/54; el-Hadîd 57/26), Mûsâ’ya ve Îsâ’ya kitap, Dâvûd’a Zebûr, İbrâhim ve Mûsâ’ya suhuf indirildiği (bk. M. F. Abdülbâkī, el-Muʿcem , “Kitâb”, “Ṣuḥuf”, “Zebûr” md.leri), ayrıca hadislerde Âdem’e, Şît’e ve İdrîs’e sayfalar verildiği belirtilir (Müttakī el-Hindî, XVI, 133).
Kur’an’da “önceki sayfalar” (el-A‘lâ 87/18), “öncekilerin kitapları” (eş-Şuarâ 26/196) ifadeleri de yer almakta, bu ikincisiyle Hint kutsal kitaplarının kastedilmiş olabileceği, zira bu kitaplardan Puranalar’ın kelime anlamının “öncekilerin kitapları” olduğu belirtilmektedir (Hamîdullah, Le Saint Coran , s. 375). Öte yandan, “Deyiniz ki: Biz Allah’a, bize indirilene, İbrâhim, İsmâil, İshak, Ya‘kūb ve Ya‘kūb oğullarına indirilenlere, Mûsâ ve Îsâ’ya verilenlere, rableri tarafından (diğer) peygamberlere verilenlere iman ettik” (el-Bakara 2/136; Âl-i İmrân 3/84) meâlindeki âyetler de birçok peygambere vahiy gönderildiğini göstermektedir. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de bunların yalnız bir kısmı hakkında bilgi mevcuttur. Tevrat, gerek Hz. Mûsâ’nın gerekse ondan sonra gelen peygamberlerin yahudilere tebliğ edip onunla hüküm verdikleri ilâhî kitaptır (el-Mâide 5/44). Hz. Dâvûd’a verilen Zebûr münâcâtlardan ibaret olup dinî hükümler ihtiva etmemektedir. Hz. Îsâ’ya, “içinde hidayet ve nur bulunan” (el-Mâide 5/46) ve bağlılarının kendisiyle hükmetmeleri istenen (el-Mâide 5/47, 68) İncil verilmiştir. Böylece Kur’an’a göre, Allah katından indirilmiş, hükümleriyle amel edilmesi gereken Kur’an’ın dışında iki kitap (Tevrat ve İncil) vardır. Kur’an’daki Ehl-i kitap tabiriyle de bu kitapların muhatabı olan yahudilerle hıristiyanlar kastedilmektedir. Ehl-i kitap terkibinin geçtiği âyetleri, “Kitap yalnız bizden önceki iki topluluğa indirildi” (el-En‘âm 6/156) meâlindeki âyeti göz önüne alarak tefsir eden ilk müfessirler de bununla yahudi ve hıristiyanların kastedildiğini ifade etmişlerdir (Mücâhid, I, 186; Taberî, Câmiʿu’l-beyân , VIII, 69; İbn Kesîr, Tefsîrü’l-Ḳurʾân , II, 44). Bu âyetten hareketle Hanbelî ve Şâfiî mezhepleri sadece yahudi ve hıristiyanları Ehl-i kitap saymışlar, Hanefîler ise semavî bir dine inanan ve Tevrat, Zebûr, İncil, suhuf gibi vahyedilmiş bir kitabı bulunan her ümmetin Ehl-i kitap olduğunu söylemişlerdir (Abdülkerîm Zeydân, s. 11-12).
İslâm’ın yayılmasına paralel olarak Ehl-i kitabın sadece yahudi ve hıristiyanları ifade eden bir tabir olduğu kanaati de değişmiştir. Bunun temel sebeplerinden biri, Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de Yahudilik ve Hıristiyanlığın dışında Sâbiîlik, Mecûsîlik gibi ilâhî olmayan başka dinlerden de söz edilmesi ve bu dinlerin kendilerince bir kitaba sahip bulunması, diğeri de İslâm açısından siyasî, iktisadî ve sosyal şartların bunu gerekli kılmasıdır.
Kur’an’da son hak din olan İslâm’ın dışında Hanîflik, Yahudilik, Hıristiyanlık, Sâbiîlik ve Mecûsîlik’ten bahsedilmektedir. Hanîf kelimesi İslâm’ın eş anlamlısı şeklinde ve Hz. İbrâhim’le ilgili olarak zikredilmektedir. Sâbiîlik ve Mecûsîlik ise sadece ismen geçmekte, inanç esaslarından ve peygamberlerinden söz edilmemekte, kutsal bir kitaba sahip olup olmadıkları açıklanmamaktadır. Öte yandan İslâmiyet’in ortaya çıktığı dönemde dünya üzerinde birçok din bulunmasına rağmen Kur’ân-ı Kerîm bunların çoğundan bahsetmemiştir. Zira ilâhî vahyin ilk muhatabı olan Araplar arasında bu dinlerin mensupları mevcut değildi ve onların söz konusu dinler hakkında bilgileri yoktu. Ayrıca bu dinler İslâm’a rakip olacak seviyede bulunmayıp Kur’an’da yer alan inanç gruplarından bazılarına dahil edilebilecek bir nitelik de taşıyordu.
Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de ismen zikredilen dinlerden Sâbiîlik hakkında âyet ve hadislerde bilgi yoktur. Gerçek Sâbiîlik, ilk dönem İslâm kaynaklarında Yahudiliğin veya Hıristiyanlığın bir mezhebi olarak görülüp Ehl-i kitap kapsamında mütalaa edilmiştir. Ebû Hanîfe ve Ahmed b. Hanbel bu görüştedir. Ayrıca Harranlı putperestler Halife Me’mûn kendileriyle görüştükten sonra Sâbiî adını almışlar ve Ehl-i kitap kabul edilmişlerdir. İmam Ebû Yûsuf ve İmam Muhammed gibi bazı fakihlerin Ehl-i kitap saymadıkları Sâbiîler ise Sâbiî adını taşıyan, ancak yıldızlara tapan putperestlerdir.
Mecûsîler’den Kur’an’da sadece bir yerde bahsedilmekte (el-Hac 22/17), fakat bunlar hakkında da bilgi verilmemektedir. Eski müslüman araştırmacıların çoğunluğuna göre Mecûsîler Ehl-i kitap değildir. Hz. Peygamber’in, “Mecûsîler’e Ehl-i kitap muamelesi yapınız” dediği rivayet edilir (el-Muvaṭṭaʾ , I, 278); ancak Resûl-i Ekrem Mecûsîler’in kestiklerinin yenilmesini ve kadınlarıyla evlenmeyi yasaklamıştır (Hamîdullah, el-Ves̱âʾiḳu’s-siyâsiyye , s. 150). Mecûsîler’in Ehl-i kitap’tan olduğunu söyleyen Hz. Ali de şirkleri sebebiyle kestiklerinin yenilmesinin ve kadınlarıyla evlenilmesinin müslümanlara yasaklandığını belirtir (Ebû Yûsuf, s. 140-141). İmam Şâfiî Hz. Ali’nin sözüne dayanarak onları Ehl-i kitap saymıştır (el-Üm , IV, 158). Şehristânî’ye göre Mecûsîler’in kitâbî olmaları şüphelidir. Hz. İbrâhim’e verilen sayfalar Mecûsîler’in davranışları yüzünden tekrar semaya kaldırılmıştır. Buna göre onlar kendilerine suhuf verilmesi sebebiyle Ehl-i kitap statüsündedirler; fakat çıkardıkları olaylar yüzünden suhuf tekrar semaya kaldırıldığı için kestikleri yenilmez ve kadınlarıyla evlenilmez (el-Milel , II, 13).
Kur’ân-ı Kerîm ateizme ve politeizme şiddetle karşı çıktığı halde nüzûlü sırasında mevcut olan diğer dinlere temas etmemiştir. Ancak bazı ifadelerin Budizm’e ve Hinduizm’e imalarda bulunduğu şeklinde yorumlar vardır. Buna göre Kur’an’da adı geçen Zülkifl’in Kapilavastulu yani Buda’ya, Tîn sûresindeki “tîn”in (incir) Buda’nın altında vahye mazhar olduğu incir ağacına, “zübürü’l-evvelîn” terkibinin de Hint kutsal kitaplarından Puranalar’a bir telmih olduğu ifade edilmektedir (Hamîdullah, Le Saint Coran , s. 329, 375, 597). Öte yandan İslâmiyet’in yayılması ve Ehl-i kitap kavramının genişlemesi üzerine Hint dinleri de bu kapsama alınmıştır. İslâm’ın o ülkelere ulaşmasıyla müslümanların Hint kadınlarıyla evlenmeleri (İnan, s. 189; Ebulfazl İzzetî, s. 282) onları Ehl-i kitap statüsünde tuttuklarını gösterir.
Kur’an’da Ehl-i kitap olarak sadece yahudi ve hıristiyanların muhatap alınması, bu iki din mensubunun birtakım eksiklik ve yanlışlıklarının yanında Allah, peygamber, âhiret ve kitap inançlarının bulunması, yani ilâhî kaynağa dayanmaları ve Kur’an’ın o dönemde muhatabı olan insanlarca söz konusu dinlerin bilinmesi sebebiyledir. Nitekim bu din mensupları Hicaz bölgesinde önemli bir etkinliğe sahip olarak müslümanlarla iç içe yaşıyorlardı. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm muhtelif âyetlerinde İslâm dışı din mensupları arasında Ehl-i kitaba önemli bir yer vermekte, onların farklılık ve üstünlüklerini belirtmekte, özellikle hıristiyanlarla diyalog kurulmasını önermekte, ancak temel iman esasları, ayrıca müslümanlarla olan ilişkilerindeki eksiklik ve yanlışlıkları da vurgulamaktadır (M. Fâris Berekât, s. 450-468). Ehl-i kitap terkibinin geçtiği âyetlerde, onların arasında övgüye lâyık kişiler bulunduğu gibi (Âl-i İmrân 3/75, 113-115, 119) kâfirlerin de bulunduğu (el-Bakara 2/105; el-Beyyine 98/1), bu sonuncuların Allah’ın âyetlerini inkâr ettikleri (Âl-i İmrân 3/70, 98, 112; en-Nisâ 4/155; el-Haşr 59/2), Hakk’ı bâtıla karıştırdıkları (Âl-i İmrân 3/71), emanete riayet etmedikleri (Âl-i İmrân 3/75), kendilerine verilen kutsal kitabı tahrif ettikleri (Âl-i İmrân 3/78), peygamberlerini öldürdükleri (Âl-i İmrân 3/112; en-Nisâ 4/155), müslümanları küfre döndürmek istedikleri (el-Bakara 2/109; Âl-i İmrân 3/69, 72, 99, 100), Tevrat ve İncil’deki hükümleri hakkıyla uygulamadıkları (el-Mâide 5/68) belirtilmektedir. Kur’an Ehl-i kitabı Allah’a kulluğa, O’na ortak koşmamaya çağırmakta (Âl-i İmrân 3/64), müslümanlara da onlarla mücadelelerinde itidali tavsiye etmektedir (el-Ankebût 29/46).
Allah Kur’an’ı Ehl-i kitap hakkında “şahit ve gözetici” olarak indirmiş (el-Mâide 5/48), peygamberlerin arasının kesildiği bir dönemde, “Bize müjdeci ve uyarıcı gelmedi” (el-Mâide 5/19) denilmemesi için son peygamberi göndermiş, bunu da, “Ey kitap ehli! Kitaptan gizleyip durduğunuzun çoğunu size açıkça anlatan ve çoğundan da vazgeçen peygamberimiz gelmiştir; doğrusu size Allah’tan bir nur ve apaçık bir kitap gelmiştir” (el-Mâide 5/15) şeklinde açıklamıştır. Buradan, İslâm’ın amacının Ehl-i kitabın yanıldığı, gizlediği, ihtilâfa düştüğü veya inkâr ettiği konularda doğruları bildirmek ve bunlara inanmaya davet etmek olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Nitekim Kur’an’da, “Şüphesiz bu Kur’an İsrâiloğulları’na ayrılığa düştükleri şeyin çoğunu anlatmaktadır” denilir (en-Neml 27/76). Kur’an’ın bu açıklamaları daha ziyade dinin ana konuları olan ulûhiyyet, nübüvvet, âhiret ve ilâhî kitaplar hakkındadır.
Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de ve hadislerde, ayrıca diğer İslâmî literatürde Ehl-i kitap tabiri yanında yehûd ve Benî İsrâil kelimeleriyle yahudilerden, nasârâ kelimesiyle de hıristiyanlardan geniş olarak söz edilmiş; bunların çeşitli konulardaki inanç ve telakkileri, hayat tarzları, tutum ve davranışları hakkında bilgiler verilmiş, değerlendirmeler yapılmış, hükümler konulmuştur. Kur’an’da müslümanların Ehl-i kitap’la olan ilişkileri için şu tâlimat verilir: “Kitap ehlinden zulmedenler dışında kalanlarla en güzel şekilde mücadele edin ve şöyle deyin: Bize indirilene de size indirilene de inandık. Bizim tanrımız da sizin tanrınız da birdir. Biz ona teslim olmuşuzdur” (el-Ankebût 29/46). Hz. Peygamber’in hazırladığı ilk anayasa barış esası üzerine kurulmuş ve burada müslümanlarla birlikte yahudilerin canları, malları ve dinleri güvence altına alınmıştır (bk. Hamîdullah, el-Ves̱âʾiḳu’s-siyâsiyye , s. 61; İbn Kesîr, es-Sîre , s. 320-323).
İslâm dini, karşılıklı menfaat ve hoşgörüye dayalı müslüman-Ehl-i kitap ilişkisine izin verirken yahudi ve hıristiyanların müslümanlara karşı dost görünebileceklerine dikkat çekmekte (el-Mâide 5/51), bu hususta gizli emellerinin olabileceğini haber vererek onların körü körüne dost edinilmemesini öğütlemektedir (el-Mâide 5/57). Nitekim Hz. Peygamber Medine’de Ehl-i kitap’la anlaşma yaparak bir güvenlik ortamı sağlamışsa da onlarla ilişkilerinde daima ihtiyatlı davranmıştır. Müslümanları Ehl-i kitap karşısında sık sık uyaran Kur’an onlara tâbi olunmamasını ister (bk. el-Bakara 2/109, 120; Âl-i İmrân 3/100; en-Nisâ 4/44-45; el-Hadîd 57/16). Bu arada gayri müslimleri, müslümanlara karşı tutumları bakımından kendi aralarında bir sıralamaya tâbi tutarak hıristiyanların müslümanlara müşrik ve yahudilerden daha yakın olduğunu ifade eder (el-Mâide 5/82).
İslâmiyet Ehl-i kitabın yanlışlarını düzeltir ve onları Allah’ın birliği inancına dayalı ortak bir ilkede müslümanlarla birleşmeye çağırır (Âl-i İmrân 3/64). Yahudiler Hz. İbrâhim’in yahudi, hıristiyanlar da hıristiyan olduğunu iddia ederler. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm ise Hz. İbrâhim’in yahudi veya hıristiyan olmayıp Müslümanlık ve Hanîf dinî üzerinde bulunduğunu belirtir (Âl-i İmrân 3/65-67). İslâm dini, Ehl-i kitabın kendi peygamberlerinin getirdiği kitaplara tam inandıkları takdirde Kur’an’a da inanmaları gerektiğini bildirir (el-Kasas 28/52-53). Bu durum, Georges Vajda’nın birçok konudaki benzerlikten hareketle Kur’an’ın Tevrat ve İnciller’den alınmış olduğu şeklindeki iddiasının aksine (EI2 [İng.] , I, 265) bütün peygamberlere vahyedilen kitapların aynı kaynaktan geldiğini gösterir. “De ki: Ey kitap ehli! Tevrat’ı, İncil’i ve rabbinizden size gönderilen Kur’an’ı uygulamadıkça hiçbir temeliniz olmaz” (el-Mâide 5/68) meâlindeki âyet Kur’an’ın öncekileri, önceki kitapların da Kur’an’ı tasdik ettiğini göstermektedir.
İslâmiyet, kendilerine kitap verilenlerin kadınları ile evlenmeye ve kestiklerinin yenilmesine ruhsat vermekle müslümanların onlarla en ileri derecede iyi ilişkiler kurmasına ortam hazırlamıştır. Kitap ehli olanlar İslâm toplumunda tam bir din hürriyeti içinde yaşama imkânına sahiptirler. Bu durumda İslâm devletinin vatandaşı olarak esas itibariyle kanun önünde müslümanlarla aynı hakları paylaşırlar. Müslümanın lehine olan şey Ehl-i kitabın da lehine, aleyhine olan Ehl-i kitabın da aleyhinedir. Farklı hükümler daha çok kamu düzeniyle ilgili hususlardadır ve istisnaîdir (Özel, s. 311-319).
Medine’deki ilk anayasanın 25. maddesinde, “Benî Avf yahudileri müminlerle birlikte bir ümmettir. Yahudilerin dinleri kendilerine, müslümanların dinleri de kendilerinedir. Buna gerek mevlâ ları gerekse bizzat kendileri dahildir” denilir (bk. Hamîdullah, el-Ves̱âʾiḳu’s-siyâsiyye , s. 61; a.mlf., İslâm Peygamberi , I, 132). Yine aynı metnin 26-33. maddelerinde Ehl-i kitaba mensup vatandaşların müslümanlarla aynı haklara sahip oldukları, 16. maddede ise onlara haksızlık yapılamayacağı belirtilir. Kitap ehliyle ilk zimmet akdi Necran hıristiyanlarıyla yapılmış ve bu akidde müslümanın sahip olduğu bütün haklar onlara da tanınmıştır (bk. Ebû Yûsuf, s. 77; Hamîdullah, el-Ves̱âʾiḳu’s-siyâsiyye , s. 180-181). İnsanlara temel hak ve hürriyetlerin yanı sıra din hürriyeti de tanıyan İslâm’da, “Dinde zorlama yoktur” (el-Bakara 2/256); “Kur’an rabbinizden gelen bir haktır; dileyen inansın, dileyen inkâr etsin” (el-Kehf 18/29) gibi hükümlerle insanların zorla müslüman yapılamayacağı belirtilir. Hz. Peygamber Hayber’in fethinde ele geçen Tevrat nüshalarını yahudilere iade etmiş (Çalışkan, s. 63), Hz. Ömer de Kudüs anlaşmasıyla Ehl-i kitabın canlarını ve mallarını güvence altına almış, kilise ve hac hususunda onlara serbestlik tanımıştır (Şiblî Nu‘mânî, II, 209, 217). İslâm tarihi boyunca müslüman – Ehl-i kitap ilişkilerinde İslâm’ın bu hoşgörülü tutumunun etkileri daima varlığını sürdürmüştür (Ehl-i kitaba İslâm toplumunda tanınan dinî, hukukî ve sosyal haklar için bk. DİN ; GAYRİ MÜSLİM ; MÜSTE’MEN ; ZİMMÎ ).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Râgıb el-İsfahânî, el-Müfredât , “ehl” md.
Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “ehl” md.
M. F. Abdülbâkī, el-Muʿcem , “Yehûd”, “Naṣârâ”, “Kitâb”, “Ṣuḥuf”, “Zebûr” md.leri.
Mücâhid, Tefsîr , I, 186.
el-Muvaṭṭaʾ , I, 278.
Ebû Yûsuf, el-Ḫarâc , s. 77, 136, 140-141.
Şâfiî, el-Üm , IV, 158.
Taberî, Câmiʿu’l-beyân (Bulak) , VIII, 69; XV, 120; XXII, 44.
a.mlf., Târîḫ , Beyrut 1962, III, 226-227.
Şehristânî, el-Milel (Vekîl) , II, 13.
İbn Kesîr, Tefsîrü’l-Ḳurʾân , II, 44.
a.mlf., es-Sîre , s. 320-323.
Müttakī el-Hindî, Kenzü’l-ʿummâl , XVI, 133.
M. Fâris Berekât, el-Câmiʿ li-mevâżîʿi âyâti’l-Ḳurʾâni’l-Kerîm , Dımaşk 1379/1959, s. 450-468.
Hasan İbrâhim Hasan, Târîḫu’l-İslâm , Kahire 1964, I, 240.
Şiblî Nu‘mânî, Bütün Yönleriyle Hz. Ömer ve Devlet İdaresi (trc. Talip Yaşar Alp), İstanbul 1965, II, 209, 217.
Hamîdullah, İslâm Peygamberi (Mutlu) , I, 132.
a.mlf., İslâmda Devletler Hukuku (trc. Abdülkadir Şener), Ankara 1977, s. 294.
a.mlf., el-Ves̱âʾiḳu’s-siyâsiyye , Beyrut 1405/1985, s. 61, 150, 180-181.
a.mlf., Le Saint Coran , Paris 1989, s. 329, 375, 597.
Abdülkadir İnan, Eski Türk Dini Tarihi , İstanbul 1976, s. 189.
Abdülkerîm Zeydân, Aḥkâmü’ẕ-ẕimmiyyîn ve’l-müsteʾmenîn , Beyrut 1402/1982, s. 11-12.
Necati Öner, İnsan Hürriyeti , İstanbul 1982, s. 99.
Ebulfazl İzzetî, İslâmın Yayılış Tarihine Giriş (trc. Cahit Koytak), İstanbul 1984, s. 282.
İbrahim Çalışkan, İslâm Ceza Hukukunda Gayr-i Müslimlerin Statüsü (doktora tezi, 1986), AÜ İlâhiyat Fak., s. 63.
Bilal Eryılmaz, Osmanlı Devletinde Gayrımüslim Teb’anın Yönetimi , İstanbul 1990, s. 26-32, 38-44.
Ahmet Özel, İslâm Hukukunda Ülke Kavramı , İstanbul 1991, s. 311-319, 324-325.
G. Vajda, “Ahl al-Kitāb”, EI2 (İng.) , I, 264-266.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1994 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 10. cildinde, 516-519 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.