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EHL-i VUKUF Skip to content Bilirkişi.
Ehl-i vukuf terimiyle, hukukî uyuşmazlık ve ispat konusunun özel ve teknik bilgiyi gerektirmesi durumunda uzmanlığına başvurulan üçüncü kişi veya kişiler kastedilir. Bu terkip Osmanlı hukuk literatüründe yer alan bir tabir olup halen Türk hukukunda da bilirkişi kelimesiyle birlikte eş anlamlı olarak kullanılmaktadır. İslâm hukukuna dair klasik Arapça kaynaklarda ise “ehlü’l-ilm, ehlü’l-basar ve’l-ma‘rife, ehlü’l-basîre, ehlü’l-hibre” gibi aynı anlama gelen tabirlere rastlanır.
Kur’ân-ı Kerîm, adaletin gerçekleşmesi yolunda her türlü titizliğin gösterilmesini ilke olarak koyduğu gibi bilinmeyen hususların bilenlerden sorulması (en-Nahl 16/43; el-Enbiyâ 21/7) ve bilgisizlikle, zanla, şüpheli bilgiyle hareket edilmemesi gerektiği üzerinde ısrarla durur (el-İsrâ 17/36; er-Rûm 30/29; el-Hucurât 49/12; en-Necm 53/23, 28). Kur’an’ın şahitlik ve şahitliğin ifasıyla ilgili hükümlerinin aynı zamanda ehl-i vukufu da kapsadığı açıktır. Hz. Peygamber’in, iki arsa arasındaki çitin kime ait olduğu hususunda vârislerin ihtilâf etmesi üzerine Huzeyfe b. Yemân’ı bilirkişi olarak tayin ettiği ve onun verdiği kararı onayladığı (Buhârî, II, 237), vergisi alınacak taze hurma miktarının tesbiti için de Abdullah b. Revâha’yı yahudilere bilirkişi olarak gönderdiği (Ebû Dâvûd, “Zekât”, 15) bilinmektedir. Hz. Ömer’in bir zina davasında Hz. Ali’yi, vergiyle ilgili bir meselede Kâ‘b b. Sûr’u, şiirle yapılan bir hakaret davasında Hassân b. Sâbit’i ehl-i vukuf tayin ettiği zamanımıza kadar gelen bilgiler arasındadır. İlk dönemlerden itibaren İslâm hukuk literatüründe, hem hukukî ihtilâfların çözümünde hem mahkemece yapılması gereken tesbit ve değerlendirmelerde özel bilgi ve yeteneği bulunan ehl-i vukufun kullanılması konusunun ve bu konu etrafındaki hukukî görüşlerin yer aldığı görülür. Ancak ilk dönemde yargılama hukukundaki ispat vasıtalarının çok sınırlı tutulması sebebiyle ehl-i vukufun görüş ve beyanı bazı kaynaklarda bir nevi şahitlik sayılıp bu başlık altında incelenirken sonraki devirlerde ayrı bir ispat vasıtası olarak ele alınmaya başlanmıştır.
Ehl-i vukuf, bir olayın tesbitinde veya uyuşmazlığın giderilmesinde mahkemeye yardımcı olup bilgi vermekteyse de durumu şahitten farklıdır. Şahit geçmişte bizzat gördüğü, duyduğu veya haberdar olduğu bir olayı veya bilgiyi nakleder, fakat bu konuda görüş ve mütalaasını bildiremez. Ehl-i vukuf ise bilgisine başvurulan olaya tanık olmuş değildir, kendisinden sadece konu hakkında özel bilgisine dayanarak inceleme yapması ve görüş bildirmesi istenir.
Ehl-i vukufa başvurma genelde hâkimin takdirine bağlı bir husus gibi görünürse de uyuşmazlık veya ispat konusunun ancak ehl-i vukuf vasıtasıyla bilinmesinin mümkün olduğu meselelerde belli bir zorunluluktan söz edilebilir. Yargılama hukukuyla ilgili klasik kaynaklarda akid konusu bir malın ayıplı (kusurlu) veya paranın düşük evsafta olup olmadığının tesbiti (Mecelle , md. 338), malın ayıplı ve fiyatında indirimin zaruri olması halinde ne ölçüde bir indirimin gerekeceği (a.g.e. , md. 346), gasp, itlâf gibi bir sebeple tazmin edilmesi icap eden zararın, çalınan malın değerinin veya zararla fiil arasındaki sebep-sonuç bağının belirlenmesi, bazı durumlarda çocuğun nesebinin belirlenmesi, hisseli malların taksiminin yapılması, zekâta tâbi malların tahminen ölçülmesi, bedenî ârızaların ve yaralamalarda yaranın tesbiti gibi değişik konularda ehl-i vukufun görev ve işlevi, beyanının değeri ve prosedür üzerinde ayrıntılı şekilde durulur. Kaynaklarda, bu tür konuların bir kısmında ehl-i vukuf tayininin hâkim için zorunluluk teşkil ettiği kaydedilse bile bu hususta genel bir ölçü getirmekten ziyade hâkime geniş bir takdir yetkisi tanıma temayülü ağır basar. Hâkimin, görülen davanın hukukî yönünü normal olarak bileceği veya bilmek zorunda olduğu için bu konularda değil, sadece özel ve teknik bilgiyi icap ettiren bir konuda ehl-i vukufa başvurmasının gerektiği açıktır. Öte yandan hâkimin şahsî bilgisinin ancak sınırlı hallerde geçerli delil sayıldığı düşünülürse bunun dışındaki durumlarda ehl-i vukufa başvurması mecburiyeti kendiliğinden ortaya çıkar.
Ehl-i vukufta aranan ilk temel şart, görüşüne başvurulan alanda özel bilgi ve uzmanlık sahibi olmasıdır. Meselâ ihtilâf konusu maldaki ayıbın tesbiti için o iş kolunda çalışan veya o malın ticaretiyle uğraşan kimselerin, insan bedeni ve sağlığıyla ilgili konuda doktor, ebe gibi uzmanların, hayvanlarla ilgili konuda baytarın ehl-i vukuf olabileceği belirtilirken bu husus anlatılmak istenir. Bilirkişinin tarafsız olması da onda aranacak ikinci temel şarttır. Nitekim Mecelle ’de bu husus, “Noksan semen bîgaraz ehl-i vukufun ihbarıyla mâlum olur” (md. 346) şeklinde ifade edilmiştir. Bilirkişide bu şartların bulunup bulunmadığının tesbiti ve bunun sağlanması işi hâkimin takdiri dahilindedir. Bilirkişilikte bunların dışında kural olarak başka şart aranmaz. Bu sebeple tek kişinin, kadının, fâsıkın ve gayri müslimin bilirkişi olması mümkündür. Ancak bilirkişilik bir yönüyle şahitliğe benzediğinden bazı konularda bu kuraldan vazgeçildiği de olur. Meselâ satılan maldaki ayıbın, tazmin edilmesi gereken malın, insana yönelik müessir fiilin, nesebin, zekâta konu olacak ziraî ürünlerin tesbiti gibi uzmanlığa dayanan hususlarda ehl-i vukufun tek kişi olması yeterli görülür, erkek veya kadın olması şartı aranmaz. Hatta böyle durumlarda ehl-i vukufun gayri müslim olması da mümkündür. Bu anlayışın temelinde, bu konularda yapılacak bilirkişiliğin şahitlikten çok rivayet ve ihbar olduğu görüşü bulunur. Ancak literatürde, hâkimin her konuda mümkün olduğunca birden fazla bilirkişi görevlendirmesi de tavsiye edilir. Şahitlik mahiyetinde görülen durumlarda ise ehl-i vukufun iki kişi olması istenir. Bununla birlikte hangi konuların ihbar, hangi konuların şahitlik hükmünde sayılacağı İslâm hukukçuları arasında tartışmalıdır. Meselâ Şâfiî ve Hanbelî âlimleri bilirkişinin bir mala kıymet tesbiti yapmasını şahitlik hükmünde görürler. Had gerektiren suçlarla ilgili tesbit ve değerlendirmelerde ehl-i vukufun iki kişi olmasında ise ittifak vardır. Çalınan malın değerinin nisab miktarına ulaşıp ulaşmadığının tesbitinde en az iki bilirkişinin görev yapması istenir. Şahitlikte geçerli kurallar bu hususta da geçerlidir.
Ehl-i vukuf olarak iki veya daha çok kişinin tayin edilmesi ve bunların anlaşamamaları durumunda hâkim çoğunluğun görüşüne göre karar verir. Aralarında eşitlik varsa takdir hakkını kullanır veya yeni bilirkişi görevlendirir. İki bilirkişinin görüşünün birbiriyle çelişmesi halinde hâkimin hangisini esas alacağı konusunda fıkıh ekollerinin farklı ölçüleri vardır. Ancak ceza davalarında daha ihtiyatlı davranıldığı ve bilirkişiler arasındaki görüş farklılığından sanığın faydalandığı görülür. İslâm hukukçularının ehl-i vukufun beyanını değerlendirme yönünde hâkime oldukça geniş yetki tanımaları, ehl-i vukufun yargılama hukukunda şahitlik ölçüsünde kesin ve bağlayıcı bir delil kabul edilmeyip bir yönüyle takdirî bir delil niteliğinde telakki edildiğinin de göstergesi sayılabilir. Bilirkişinin ifa ettiği görevin mahiyet ve amacı hukuk sistemleri arasında ciddi bir farklılık göstermediğinden bu konuda İslâm hukuk doktrininde yer alan görüşler, modern ceza ve hukuk yargılama usullerinde yer alan hükümlerle de büyük benzerlik gösterir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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“Hibre”, Mv.F , XIX, 17-26.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1994 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 10. cildinde, 531-533 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.