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EHLÜ’l-HAL ve’l-AKD Skip to content Devlet başkanını seçmek ve gerektiğinde azletmekle yetkili olan heyet anlamında İslâm hukuku terimi.
Arapça’da hall “düğümü çözmek”, akd “bağlamak, düğümlemek” anlamına gelir. Ehlü’l-hal ve’l-akd teriminin ne zaman ortaya çıktığı kesin olarak bilinmemektedir. Hulefâ-yi Râşidîn döneminden itibaren “ehlü’ş-şûrâ, ülü’l-emr, ehlü’l-ilm”, daha sonraki devirlerde de “ehlü’l-ictihâd” gibi birbirine yakın anlamlar taşıyan tabirlerin devlet yönetimiyle ilgili birer kavram olarak kullanılmaya başlandığı, ehlü’l-ictihâd ve ehlü’l-hal ve’l-akd terkiplerinin ise Şîa ile Ehl-i sünnet arasında imâmet, halifenin iş başına getiriliş usulü ve meşruiyeti konularının tartışılmasıyla birlikte literatüre girdiği söylenebilir. İsnâaşeriyye Şîa’sı nassa dayalı bir imâmet görüşü ileri sürmüştür. Buna göre Hz. Peygamber kendisinden sonra devlet başkanı olarak Hz. Ali’yi açıkça belirlemiş, ondan sonraki dönemlerde de her devlet başkanı bir önceki tarafından tayin edilmiştir. Ehl-i sünnet ise halifenin ümmetin hâkimiyetini temsil ettiğini ve ümmetin seçimiyle iş başına gelmesi gerektiğini kabul etmiş, bu arada ilk dört halifenin meşruiyetini de koruyan bir esneklikle devlet başkanını ehlü’l-hal ve’l-akd denilen grubun belirlemesi gerektiğini ağırlıklı olarak işlemeye başlamıştır. Bu kavramın V. (XI.) yüzyıldan itibaren hem kelâm hem de “el-ahkâmü’s-sultâniyye” türünde fıkıh kitaplarında görülmeye başlanması bu sebepledir (Eş‘arî, s. 459; Mâverdî, s. 6 vd.; Bâkıllânî, s. 178, 180; Cüveynî, s. 59, 68, 73).
Sünnî İslâm âlimleri arasında halifeyi belirleyen birinci yolun seçim olduğu konusunda hemen hemen görüş birliği vardır. Mu‘tezilî ve Hâricî âlimleri yanında seçimin Ehl-i beyt arasında yapılması şartıyla Zeydîler de aynı görüşü paylaşmaktadırlar. Ancak halifeyi tayin edecek kimselerin sayısı konusunda farklı görüşler ileri sürülmüştür. Halifenin bütün ümmetin icmâı ile seçilebileceğini söyleyenler bulunduğu gibi üç, beş, kırk vb. sınırlı sayıda kişi tarafından seçilmesinin mümkün olduğunu söyleyenler de vardır. İslâm âlimlerinin büyük çoğunluğu ise halifenin ehlü’l-hal ve’l-akdin biatı ile seçilebileceği kanaatindedir. Ancak bu seçici heyetin ülkenin tamamında veya sadece hilâfet merkezindeki ehlü’l-hal ve’l-akdden oluşacağı tarzında iki ayrı görüş mevcuttur. İkinci görüşü benimseyenler, Hz. Ali’nin, öteki bölgelerden biat gelmeden hilâfeti kabul ettiği için kendisini tenkit eden oğlu Hasan’a bu hakkın Medine’ye ait olduğunu söylemesini delil olarak gösterirler. Diğer bölgelerin seçime katılmasının o dönemde oldukça güç olması ve birtakım mahzurlar taşıması bu son görüşün gerekçesi sayılmalıdır.
Ehlü’l-hal ve’l-akd grubuna giren kimselerde ne gibi özelliklerin aranacağı hususu da geniş tartışmalara konu olmuştur. Mâverdî ile çağdaşı Ebû Ya‘lâ el-Ferrâ ehlü’l-hal ve’l-akdde ilim, adalet, re’y ve tedbir olmak üzere üç niteliğin aranmasını gerekli görürler. Onlara göre buradaki ilimden maksat ictihad derecesindeki bir fıkıh ilmi değil devlet başkanlığına lâyık olanı tesbite yarayan bilgidir. Ancak âlimler arasında bunu ictihad derecesindeki ilim olarak anlayanlar da vardır. Nitekim Abdülkāhir el-Bağdâdî bu anlayışa bağlı olarak ehlü’l-hal ve’l-akde “ehlü’l-ictihâd” adını vermiştir. Cüveynî ise bu niteliklerden ziyade ehlü’l-hal ve’l-akdin toplum içinde güç ve saygınlığı olan, diğer insanların üzerinde otoritesi bulunan kimseler olması şartı üzerinde durur ve ilk halifelerin seçimlerine ümmet içinden ciddi itirazların olmayışını da buna bağlar. Bu görüşle İbn Haldûn’un siyasî iktidarın gücüyle ilgili görüşleri arasında paralellik göze çarpar. Çağdaş İslâm âlimlerinden Ramazan el-Bûtî de ehlü’l-hal ve’l-akd grubuna girmek için ictihad derecesinde bir ilmin gerektiğini savunur. Bazı âlimlere göre ehlü’l-hal ve’l-akd, müslümanlar üzerinde etkili olan ve onlara söz geçiren ulemâ, kabile reisleri ve ordu kumandanlarından oluşur. Muhammed Abduh, Mahmûd Şeltût ve Abdürrezzâk es-Senhûrî gibi çağdaş İslâm âlimleri ehlü’l-hal ve’l-akdin kapsamını mümkün olduğu ölçüde geniş tutmaya taraftardırlar. Abduh’a göre halifeyi seçme hak ve yetkisine sahip olanlar idareciler, âlimler, kumandanlar, çeşitli sosyal birimlerin başkanları, cemiyet ve şirket müdürleri, parti liderleri, yazarlar ve doktorlar gibi halkın kendilerine güvendiği, işlerinin görülmesi için başvurduğu kimselerdir. Şeltût da bilgi, tecrübe ve kamu hizmetlerindeki gayret ve titizlikleriyle tanınan kimselerin bu grubu meydana getirdikleri kanaatindedir. Senhûrî’ye göre ise ehlü’l-hal ve’l-akdi oluşturacak kimselerde bazı özelliklerin aranması gerekli olmakla birlikte bunları belli bir sayı ile sınırlandırmak veya belli şehir ve bölgelere hasretmek doğru değildir.
Ehlü’l-hal ve’l-akdin gerek sayısı gerekse nitelikleri konusunda İslâm âlimleri arasında var olan görüş ayrılıkları, bu görüşlere mesnet teşkil eden dört halife döneminin kısa sürmesi ve bu dönem uygulamalarının farklı şekillerde yorumlanmasından kaynaklandığı gibi bu tür kanaat ve beyanlara, âlimlerin içinde bulunduğu siyasî ve sosyal şartların ve mevcut siyasî yapıyı eleştirme veya meşrû gösterme gayretlerinin de etkisi olmuştur. Halifenin, ümmetin icmâı veya bütün saygın ve bilgin kişilerin katılımıyla seçilmesi gerektiğini ileri sürenler, bu görüşleriyle ilk dönemlerden itibaren hilâfet çekişmesinin ümmet içinde yol açtığı parçalanma ve kargaşaya karşı duydukları tepkiyi dile getirmiş, bir başka ihtimal olarak da Hz. Ali’den sonra her kesimden biat almış bulunan Emevî iktidarını desteklemeyi amaçlamış olabilirler. Zira böylece İslâm ülkesinin bazı bölgelerinden biat almaması yanında Medine’de de kısmî bir muhalefetle karşılaşmış bulunan Hz. Ali’nin hilâfeti geçersiz olmaktadır. Sınırlı sayıdaki ehlü’l-hal ve’l-akdi yeterli görenlerin ise hem halife seçiminin bir an önce sonuçlanıp siyasî istikrarın sağlanmasını, hem de ilk dört halifenin iş başına geliş usullerinin meşruiyetini vurgulamayı düşünmüş oldukları söylenebilir. Nitekim bu temayül Bâkıllânî, Cüveynî ve hatta Mâverdî’de açıkça görülür. Sınırlı sayıda ehlü’l-hal ve’l-akdi yeterli sayan bu görüş, daha farklı bir yorumla Emevîler ve bilhassa Abbâsîler döneminde merkezde bulunan vezir, kadı, ordu kumandanı gibi belli sayıdaki görevlinin yapmış olduğu seçimi geçerli ve böyle bir yolla iş başına gelen halifeyi meşrû sayma düşüncesinden de kaynaklanmış olabilir. Halifenin bütün ümmetin katılımıyla seçilebilme şansı o dönemler için uygulamada hiçbir zaman mevcut olmadığı gibi kendine has şartlar içinde oluşan ilk dönem uygulamasının ehlü’l-hal ve’l-akdin sınırlı sayıda kişiden oluşturulmasına meşruiyet gerekçesi olması da mâkul değildir.
Hz. Ebû Bekir’in Sakīfetü Benî Sâide’de mi yoksa ertesi gün mescidde mi halife seçildiği tartışmalıdır. Ebû Bekir’in ilk gün aday gösterildiği ve seçimin ikinci gün mescidde yapıldığı görüşü kabul edilirse bu seçime ehlü’l-hal ve’l-akd olarak sınırlı sayıda kimsenin değil büyük bir cemaatin katıldığı anlaşılır. Öte yandan bu biata Medine’de mevcut olan ve isteyen herkes iştirak etmiştir. Dolayısıyla bu örnek, seçici heyetin ictihad ehli olmak gibi zor tahakkuk edecek niteliklerle daraltılmasını haklı göstermemektedir. Hz. Ebû Bekir’in Benî Sâide toplantısında halife seçildiği kabul edilse bile bu durum seçim için müctehid olma şartını gerekli kılmamaktadır. Hulefâ-yi Râşidîn döneminde devlet başkanının seçimle belirlenmesinin ikinci örneğini oluşturan Hz. Ali’nin halifeliğinde de sınırlı sayıda kişinin değil büyük bir cemaatin iştiraki söz konusudur ve bunların hepsinde de ictihad şartının gerçekleştiğini söylemek mümkün değildir. Ayrıca ilk dört halifenin iş başına gelme usullerinin sonraki dönemlerde siyasî iktidarın oluşumunu belirlemede ölçü alınması, o dönemle ilgili görüş ve uygulamaları sosyal yapı ve telakkilerin çok farklılaştığı ileriki dönemlere taşırmak da doğru olmaz. Çünkü toplumlarda siyasî iktidarın oluşumu ve yönetim biçimiyle mevcut gelenek ve kültür birikimleri arasında sıkı bir bağ mevcuttur. Hulefâ-yi Râşidîn dönemi şeflik, krallık ve saltanattan başka yönetim biçimi tanımayan o günkü toplum için katılımcı ve çoğulcu yönetime doğru ileri bir adım olmuşsa da mevcut toplumun sosyal yapı, telakki ve kültüründen fazla bağımsız değildir. Bu sebeple ehlü’l-hal ve’l-akdin oluşumu ve fonksiyonu ile, hatta hilâfet ve imâmetle ilgili olarak klasik literatürde yer alan bilgileri İslâm dininin genel ilkelerinden ziyade içinde bulunulan sosyal ve siyasî şartlarla irtibatlandırmak daha doğru görünmektedir. Öte yandan mutlakiyet ve saltanatta veraset usulünün hâkim olduğu Emevî ve Abbâsî dönemlerinde İslâm âlimlerinin halifeyi ehlü’l-hal ve’l-akdin seçmesi usulünü de ısrarla gündemde tutmaları, hâkimiyetin kaynağının İslâm ümmeti olduğunu vurgulama ve siyasî iktidarın gücünü sınırlama yönünde önemli bir adım olarak görülebilir (bk. ANAYASA ; İMÂMET ).
Hz. Peygamber’in, “Ümmetim dalâlette birleşmez” (İbn Mâce, “Fiten”, 8) meâlindeki hadisine göre ehlü’l-hal ve’l-akdin sınırlı sayıda seçici yerine çok sayıda kişiden oluşması İslâm dininin genel anlayışına daha uygun düşmektedir. Ancak ehlü’l-hal ve’l-akdi oluşturan kimselerde bazı niteliklerin aranması İslâm hukukunun genel ilke ve amaçlarıyla da uygunluk arzeder.
Ehlü’l-hal ve’l-akdin, halifeyi seçme yetkisinin yanı sıra gerektiğinde azletme yetkisi de genelde kabul edilmiştir. Hukuka aykırı davranışlarda bulunduğunda halifenin azledilmesi hukuk devletinin gerçekleşmesi yolunda önemli bir merhaledir (bk. AZİL ). Ancak bu konuda işleyen bir usulün bulunmaması teorik imkânın uygulamaya yansımasını önlemiştir. Gerçi ilk dönemlerde yönetime karşı çıkan gruplar kendilerine meşruiyet zemini bulmak için halifeyi azlettiklerini ileri sürmüşlerse de ehlü’l-hal ve’l-akdin azli yoluyla değiştirilmiş herhangi bir halifeye rastlanmamıştır.
Ehlü’l-hal ve’l-akdi oluşturacak kimselerin erkek olması şart değildir. Bununla birlikte uygulama bu grubun erkeklerden teşekkül etmesi şeklinde olmuştur. Bu durum mevcut sosyal yapının kendisini kabul ettirmesinin sonucudur. Hz. Peygamber’in gerektiğinde kadınlardan biat aldığı ve onlarla da istişare ettiği bilinmektedir. Mekke’de halifeliğini ilân eden Abdullah b. Zübeyr kadınlardan da biat almıştır. Ancak bu uygulamanın izlerine daha sonraki dönemlerde rastlanmamaktadır.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1994 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 10. cildinde, 539-541 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.