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el-BAHRÜ’l-MUHÎT Skip to content el-BAHRÜ’l-MUHÎT (البحر المحيط) Ebû Hayyân el-Endelüsî ’nin (ö. 745/1344) çok yönlü tefsiri.
Yazar: Mustafa Karagöz
Mukaddimede belirtildiğine göre, müellif bu tefsirini 710 (1310) yılında elli yedi yaşında yazmaya başlamıştır (el-Baḥrü’l-muḥîṭ , I, 6). Cin sûresinin 25-26. âyetlerinin tefsirini yaparken yetmiş üç yaşında olduğundan söz etmesi, eserin tamamlanmasının on altı seneden uzun sürdüğünü göstermektedir (a.g.e. , XXI, 36; Uzunoğlu, s. 120). Mukaddimede adını belirtmemiş olmakla birlikte, müellifin bu eserin muhtasarı olarak telif ettiği en-Nehrü’l-mâd ’ın girişinde (I, 24) ondan el-Baḥrü’l-muḥîṭ diye bahsetmesinden, tefsirin bizzat kendisi tarafından adlandırıldığı anlaşılmaktadır.
Mukaddimede önce tefsirini yapacağı âyette geçen lafızların anlamını açıklayacağını söyleyen müellif, iki veya daha fazla anlamı bulunan kelimelerin geçtiği ilk yerde bu mânaları zikredeceğini, devamında nüzûl sebebi, nesih, münasebet ve kıraatleri ele alacağını kaydeder. Daha önce geçen bir lafız, cümle ya da âyetle ilgili bilgileri tekrarlamayıp geçtiği ilk yere, fıkıh ve nahiv konusunda ayrıntıları ise bu ilimlerin kitaplarına havale edeceğini, tefsir kısmını belâgat incelikleriyle tamamlayacağını, genel mânayı da mensur olarak ortaya koyacağını söyler (el-Baḥrü’l-muḥîṭ , I, 6-10).
Sûfîlerin sözlerine yer vereceğini, ancak onların birçok görüşünden ve lafızlara yükledikleri mânadan kaçınacağını vurgulayan müellif, mülhidlerin te’vil diye adlandırdıkları bâtınî görüşleri eserine almayacağını dile getirir. Sahih olmayan esbâb-ı nüzûl ve fezâil rivayetlerinin, âyetin lafzıyla irtibatı bulunmayan hikâye ve İsrâiliyat türü haberlerin tefsire alınmaması gerektiğini belirtir. Tefsirin lugat, nahiv, belâgat, hadis, fıkıh usulü, kelâm ve kıraat ilimlerine ihtiyaç duyduğunu, bunların hangi yönden tefsire katkı sağlayacağını kısaca açıklayarak ilgili önemli eserleri ve okuduğu kitapları zikreder (a.g.e. , I, 10-18). Eserinin en önemli iki kaynağı konumundaki Zemahşerî ile İbn Atıyye el-Endelüsî’nin tefsirleri hakkında bilgi veren ve bunları mukayese eden Ebû Hayyân, temel kaynaklarından birinin de İbnü’n-Nakīb el-Makdisî’nin et-Taḥrîr ve’t-taḥbîr adlı eseri olduğunu belirtir (a.g.e. , I, 22-29).
Ebû Hayyân, re’y ile tefsiri yasaklayan rivayetin, gerekli bilgilere sahip olmadan Kur’an’ı kendi görüşüne göre tefsir etmeye cüret edenlerle ilgili olduğunu söyler. Mukaddimenin sonunda meşhur sahâbe ve tâbiîn müfessirlerini zikreder, sonraki tefsir faaliyetlerinin genel seyri hakkında kısa bilgi verdikten sonra tefsir ilminin tanımını yapar ve tanımın unsurlarını izah eder (a.g.e. , I, 29-36).
Ebû Hayyân mukaddimede belirttiği önceliklere ve sınırlara genelde riayet etmiştir. Bir âyet ya da âyet grubunun tefsirine, mushafta ilk defa geçen kelimeler varsa bunların anlamını açıklayarak başlar. Ardından nüzûl sebeplerini eleştirel bir değerlendirmeye tâbi tutarak zikreder (meselâ bk. a.g.e. , II, 53; IV, 217). Sûreler ve âyetler arasındaki münasebete önem verir. Kıraat farklılıklarına gerekçeleriyle temas ederek sahihlerin yanı sıra şâz kıraatlere de yer verir ancak dilsel açıdan uygun olsa bile sahih rivayete dayanmayan kıraatlere göre Kur’an okunmasını doğru bulmaz (a.g.e. , I, 61).
Fıkhî ve kelâmî konularda genelde ayrıntıya girmeyip ayrıntıyı ilgili kitaplara havale eder. Bazan Ehl-i sünnet dışındaki mezheplerin, özellikle de Mu‘tezile’nin görüşlerini eleştirerek kısa polemiklere girer. Bu polemiklerin daha ziyade Zemahşerî ekseninde sürdürüldüğü eserde Zemahşerî’nin görüşleri bazan “Mu‘tezilî temayül” gibi tabirlerle, bazan daha sert bir üslûpla eleştirilir. Kelâmla ilgili olmayan konularda doğru bulduğu bilgi ve görüşleri mezhep ayırımı yapmadan aktardığı, kimi zaman beğendiği görülmektedir. Sıfatlar konusundaki yaklaşımının te’vilden yana olduğu söylenebilir. Tasavvufî yorumlara genelde mesafeli olduğu anlaşılan müellif bu tür te’villerin bazılarını herhangi bir değerlendirme yapmadan aktarırken bazılarının lafza aykırı olduğuna dikkat çeker, bir kısmını sert bir dille eleştirir.
Ebû Hayyân’ın, Hz. Peygamber’den sahih olarak nakledilenler dışında, rivayetlerdeki görüşleri her zaman kabul etmediği, hatta bazan sahâbe ve tâbiînden aktarılan görüşlere katılmadığı görülür (meselâ bk. a.g.e. , II, 243-244; X, 139; XII, 217; XX, 37, 66). Hz. Peygamber’den nakledilen hadislerle ilgili olarak ise “Eğer bu rivayet sahih ise kabul etmek zorunludur” kaydını koyar (meselâ bk. a.g.e. , II, 97, 105, 532-533; IV, 367). Müellifin eleştirel yaklaşımı dil âlimlerinden yapılan nakillerde daha sık görülür. Söz gelimi İbn Atıyye ile Zemahşerî’den birçok alıntı yapan müfessir, zaman zaman ikisini de eleştirir. Nadir de olsa İsrâiliyat rivayetlerine yer verir (meselâ bk. a.g.e. , I, 410, 440-441; II, 110-113). Çoğu zaman bu rivayetlerdeki haberlerin muhtevasına temas etmeden “Doğruluğunu Allah bilir” diyerek şüphesini izhar eder (meselâ bk. a.g.e. , II, 34, 42, 378, 520; IV, 438; VIII, 162; X, 161, 396; XII, 251; XV, 266, 268). Ebû Hayyân’ın bilimsel tefsire sıcak bakmadığı anlaşılmaktadır (meselâ bk. a.g.e. , I, 272; III, 170-172, 176). Ancak A‘râf sûresinin 54. âyetinin tefsirinde Fahreddin er-Râzî’nin gece ile gündüzün birbirini izlemesi, güneşin hareketleri ve gece ile gündüzün meydana gelişlerindeki rolü gibi konularda o gün bilinenler çerçevesinde yaptığı açıklamalarını eleştirmeden aktarır (a.g.e. , X, 120). el-Baḥrü’l-muḥîṭ ’in bir özelliği de telif edildiği dönemde görülen bazı olay, tutum ve davranışlarla ilgili bilgilere yer verilmesidir (a.g.e. , VII, 111-112; VIII, 111, 308; XI, 159). Önceleri Mâlikî mezhebine mensup olan müellifin bir dönem Zâhirî mezhebine geçtiği, Mısır’a gittikten sonra ise Şâfiî mezhebini benimsediği kaydedilmektedir.
Tefsirinde pek çok kaynaktan yararlanan Ebû Hayyân bunların bir kısmını mukaddimesinde zikretmiş, özellikle Zemahşerî, İbn Atıyye el-Endelüsî ve İbnü’n-Nakīb el-Makdisî’nin tefsirlerine sıkça atıfta bulunmuştur. Ayrıca İbn Cerîr et-Taberî, Mâtürîdî, Mehdevî, Ebû Ca‘fer et-Tûsî, Tâcülkurrâ el-Kirmânî, Abdülkerîm el-Kuşeyrî, Fahreddin er-Râzî, Ebü’l-Fazl el-Mürsî ve Muhammed b. Ahmed el-Kurtubî gibi birçok müfessirin tefsirleri; Kütüb-i Sitte ve el-Muvaṭṭaʾ ; kıraat, dil ve belâgat alanlarında Sîbeveyhi, Yahyâ b. Ziyâd el-Ferrâ, Ebû Ubeyde et-Teymî, İbn Mücâhid, Nehhâs, İbn Hâleveyh, Ebû Ali el-Fârisî, Rummânî, Ebü’l-Bekā el-Ukberî ve Abdülkāhir el-Cürcânî’nin eserleriyle İbn Sîde, Muhammed b. Ahmed el-Ezherî ve İsmâil b. Hammâd el-Cevherî’nin sözlükleri; fıkıh usulünde Fahreddin er-Râzî’nin el-Maḥṣûl ’ü yararlandığı kaynakların başlıcalarıdır. Çeşitli siyer ve tarih kaynaklarından da istifade eden müellif, kendi eserlerine de yeri geldikçe atıfta bulunmuştur. el-Baḥrü’l-muḥîṭ ’in geniş kaynak yelpazesi arasında günümüze ulaşmayan eserlerin bulunması, bu eserlerin muhtevaları hakkında bilgi sahibi olma imkânı tanımaktadır.
el-Baḥrü’l-muḥîṭ bizzat müellif tarafından en-Nehrü’l-mâd mine’l-Baḥri’l-muḥîṭ adıyla ihtisar edilmiştir. el-Baḥrü’l-muḥîṭ ’in ayrıntılı olması ve kimi zorluklar içermesi sebebiyle bu muhtasarı yazdığını söyleyen Ebû Hayyân, yenilenen bazı fikirleri sebebiyle el-Baḥrü’l-muḥîṭ ’te olmayan kimi hususlara en-Nehr ’de yer vereceğini belirtmiştir (en-Nehrü’l-mâd , I, 23). Eser ilk olarak el-Baḥrü’l-muḥîṭ ’in kenarında basılmış (I-VIII, Kahire 1328-1329/1910-1911), daha sonra Bûrân ed-Dannâvî ve Hidyân Dannâvî tarafından iki cüz (üç cilt) halinde müstakil olarak neşredilmiştir (Beyrut 1407/1987). Ömer el-Es‘ad ise eseri altı cilt olarak neşretmiş olup (Beyrut 1416/1995) son cilt fihristlerden müteşekkildir.
Klasik dönemde el-Baḥrü’l-muḥîṭ ’in temel alındığı birçok eser telif edilmiştir. Öğrencilerinden İbn Mektûm’un ed-Dürrü’l-laḳīṭ mine’l-Baḥri’l-muḥîṭ adlı eseri, Zemahşerî ile İbn Atıyye’nin el-Baḥrü’l-muḥîṭ ’te yer verilen görüşlerini ve i‘rab konusunda hocasının bu ikisine yaptığı reddiyeleri içerir. Yahyâ eş-Şâvî tarafından telif edilen el-Muḥâkemât beyne Ebî Ḥayyân ve İbn ʿAṭıyye ve’z-Zemaḫşerî adlı eser de benzer niteliktedir. Ebû Hayyân’ın her iki âlime itirazlarını derlemeyi amaçladığını belirten Şâvî’nin eseri Muhammed Osman tarafından iki cilt halinde neşredilmiştir (Beyrut 2009).
Ebû Hayyân’ın öğrencilerinden Sefâkusî el-Baḥrü’l-muḥîṭ ’i ihtisar etmek amacıyla el-Mücîd fî iʿrâbi’l-Ḳurʾâni’l-mecîd ’i yazmıştır. el-Baḥrü’l-muḥîṭ ’i övmekle birlikte müfessirlerin yolunu izleyerek tefsir ile i‘rabı birleştirmesi sebebiyle eserin i‘rab özelliklerinden yararlanılmasının güçlüğüne dikkat çekmiş; ondaki bilgileri toplayıp özetlemeyi amaçladığını, onda bulunmayan hususları Ebü’l-Bekā el-Ukberî vb. âlimlerin kitaplarından ekleyeceğini ifade etmiştir (el-Mücîd , I, 35-36). Sefâkusî’nin öğrencilerinden Muhammed b. Süleyman es-Sarhadî’nin adı el-Baḥrü’l-muḥîṭ ’i ihtisar edenler arasında zikredilse de aslında Sarhadî, Sefâkusî’nin el-Mücîd ’ini ihtisar etmiştir (Süyûtî, I, 151; Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I, 122; Sefâkusî, neşredenin girişi, s. 16, 26). Sefâkusî kanalıyla el-Baḥrü’l-muḥîṭ ’in etkilerinin görüldüğü bir diğer eser ise Ebû Zeyd es-Seâlibî’nin el-Cevâhirü’l-ḥisân ’ıdır. Seâlibî, i‘raba ilişkin yaptığı diğer nakilleri el-Baḥrü’l-muḥîṭ ’i ihtisar eden Sefâkusî’den aldığını, Ebû Hayyân’dan aktardığı her bilgiyi de Sefâkusî vasıtasıyla naklettiğini kaydeder (el-Cevâhirü’l-ḥisân , I, 118).
Semîn el-Halebî ed-Dürrü’l-maṣûn adlı eserini (bk. bibl.) hocası Ebû Hayyân hayatta iken yazmış, kimi yerlerde hocasıyla tartışmıştır (Süyûtî, I, 402; Dâvûdî, I, 100; Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I, 122). Eserin mukaddimesinde Ebû Hayyân’dan ve eserinden bahsedilmemesi, ilk bakışta iki eser arasında bağlantı olmadığı gibi bir izlenime yol açsa da Semîn’in sık sık “Şeyh (üstat) dedi ki” diyerek hocasının görüşlerini aktarması ve zaman zaman ona itiraz etmesi iki eser arasındaki bağlantıyı göstermektedir. Semîn’in hocasına yönelik itirazları Bedreddin el-Gazzî ile Kınalızâde Ali Çelebi arasında tartışmaya yol açmış, Gazzî’nin Ebû Hayyân’ın haklılığını savunmak amacıyla telif ettiği kitaba Kınalızâde bir risâle ile cevap vermiştir (DİA , XIII, 538; XXXVI, 493). Semîn’in hocasına yönelttiği itirazların yanı sıra, başka eserlerden de yararlanması ed-Dürrü’l-maṣûn ’un tam anlamıyla el-Baḥrü’l-muḥîṭ ’in muhtasarı olmadığını, fakat öz olarak ona dayandığını göstermektedir (İbn Kādî Şühbe, III, 21; Vec‘ân – Tâlib, s. 71). Son dönemde ise el-Baḥrü’l-muḥîṭ ’teki dil bilimsel muhteva Mahmûd Şâkir tarafından ayrıştırılıp İʿrâbü’l-Ḳurʾân adıyla beş cilt olarak neşredilmiştir (Beyrut 1426/2005).
el-Baḥrü’l-muḥîṭ ilk olarak müellif tarafından hazırlanan en-Nehrü’l-mâd adlı muhtasarı ve öğrencisi İbn Mektûm’un ed-Dürrü’l-laḳīṭ mine’l-Baḥri’l-muḥîṭ adlı eseriyle birlikte sekiz cilt halinde Mısır’da basılmıştır (Kahire 1328-29/1910-11). 1928 yılında Kahire’de (Bulak) baskısı yenilenen eserin Riyad ve Beyrut gibi merkezlerde ofset baskıları yapılmıştır (Kafes, Ebû Hayyân el-Endelüsî’nin Hayatı , s. 80; Uzunoğlu, s. 121; Zehre Sa‘dullah, s. 31). Sıdkī Muhammed Cemîl, Arafat el-A‘şâ ve Züheyr Caîd tarafından 1412 (1992) yılında Beyrut’ta on cilt halinde gerçekleştirilen neşir de sonradan on bir cilt olarak basılmıştır. Eserin bir diğer tahkikli neşri Âdil Ahmed Abdülmevcûd ve arkadaşları tarafından sekiz cilt olarak yapılmış (Beyrut 1413/1993), bu neşir daha sonra dokuz cilt olarak da basılmıştır (1422/2001, 2010). Abdürrezzâk el-Mehdî tarafından sekiz cilt olarak neşredilen (Beyrut, ts. [Dâru ihyâi’t-türâsi’l-Arabî]) eser, Abdullah b. Abdülmuhsin et-Türkî’nin tahkikiyle yirmi yedi cilt olarak basılmıştır (Kahire 1436/2015). Mâhir Habbûş ve beş kişinin yaptığı tahkikli neşir ise yirmi iki cilttir (Dımaşk 1436/2015). Son cildi fihristlerden müteşekkil bu çalışma güzel ve kullanışlı bir neşirdir.
el-Baḥrü’l-muḥîṭ hakkında yapılan akademik çalışmalar da eserin özellikle dil ve tefsir alanındaki önemini göstermektedir. Seyyid Ahmed Hüseyin İvazullah’ın Mebâḥis̱ü’l-bedîʿ fi’l-Baḥri’l-muḥîṭ (1988, Câmiatü’l-Ezher, Kahire), Şâkir Ebü’l-Yezîd Abdülhâdî es-Sabbâğ’ın Mebâḥis̱ü’l-meʿânî fî tefsîri’l-Baḥri’l-muḥîṭ li-Ebî Ḥayyân el-Endelüsî (1988, Câmiatü’l-Ezher, Kahire), Yahyâ el-Kāsım’ın Menhecü Ebî Ḥayyân el-Endelüsî fî iḫtiyârâtihî mine’l-ḳırâʾât fî ḍavʾi ʿilmi’l-luġati’l-muʿâṣır (1989, Câmiatü Ayn şems, Kahire), Muhammed Ahmed Abdülcevâd Hamîd’in Dirâsetü mesâʾili’l-ḫilâf beyne Ebî Ḥayyân ve’s-Sefâḳusî fî kitâbeyhimâ el-Baḥri’l-muḥîṭ ve’l-Mücîd fi’l-İʿrâb (1994, Câmiatü’l-Ezher, Kahire), Muhammed Hammâd Sâid el-Kureşî’nin Taʿaḳḳubâtü Ebî Ḥayyân en-naḥviyye li-Cârillâh ez-Zemaḫşerî fi’l-Baḥri’l-muḥîṭ (1995, Câmiatü Ümmi’l-kurâ, Mekke), Düreyd Hasan Ahmed’in ʿİlelü’l-iḫtiyâr fî tefsîri’l-Baḥri’l-muḥîṭ (1995, Câmiatü Saddâm li’l-ulûmi’l-İslâmiyye, Bağdat; Bağdat 2000), Muhammed Abdülazîz Muhammed Vâsıl’ın Menhecü Ebî Ḥayyân fî tevcîhi’l-ḳırâʾâti’ş-şâẕẕe min ḫilâli kitâbihi’l-Baḥri’l-muḥîṭ (2002, Câmiatü’l-Ezher, Kahire), Safve Hasan Kemâleddin’in Menhecü Ebî Ḥayyân el-Endelüsî fî taḳrîri mesâʾili’l-ʿaḳīde min ḫilâli tefsîrihi’l-Baḥri’l-muḥîṭ (2008, Câmiatü Ümmidürmân el-İslâmiyye, Ümmüdürman), Ahmed Hudayr Abbas Ali’nin Es̱eru’l-ḳarâʾin fî tevcîhi’l-maʿnâ fî tefsîri’l-Baḥri’l-muḥîṭ (2010, Câmiatü’l-Kûfe, Kûfe), Meryem bint Abdullah Ali el-Kureşî’nin Belâġatü’l-müteşâbihi’l-lafẓî fî tefsîri’l-Baḥri’l-muḥîṭ li-Ebî Ḥayyân (2012, Câmiatü Ümmi’l-kurâ, Mekke) adlı doktora tezleriyle Hadîce el-Hadîsî, Atıyye Cum‘a Hârûn, Mahmud Kafes, Kerîdî el-Ker‘âvî, Zehre Sa‘dullah, M. Vecih Uzunoğlu ve İbrahim Uludaş’ın çalışmaları (bk. bibl.) doktora seviyesinde yapılan çalışmalardan bazısıdır. Rebî‘ Abdülganî es-Sa‘dâvî’nin el-Aḥkâmü’n-naḥviyye fî tefsîri’l-Baḥri’l-muḥîṭ li-Ebî Ḥayyân (1979, Câmiatü’l-Ezher, Kahire), Sâlih Kāsım Muhammed’in eẓ-Ẓâhiretü’n-naḥviyye beyne’z-Zemaḫşerî ve Ebî Ḥayyân: mesâʾil mine’l-Baḥri’l-muḥîṭ (1990, Câmiatü’l-Yermûk, İrbid), Nâsır Yûsuf Abdullah’ın Vücûhü’l-ḫitâbi’l-Ḳurʾânî fî tefsîri’l-Baḥri’l-muḥîṭ li-Ebî Ḥayyân el-Endelüsî (2006, el-Câmiatü’l-İslâmiyye, Bağdat), Râid Hâmid Hudayr’ın el-Baḥs̱ü’l-belâġī fî tefsîri’l-Baḥri’l-muḥîṭ (2007, Câmiatü’l-Kādisiye, Dîvâniye), Rahim Hudayr Tûfân’ın Es̱eru kitâbi Meʿâni’l-Ḳurʾân li’l-Ferrâʾ fî tefsîri’l-Baḥri’l-muḥîṭ li-Ebî Ḥayyân el-Endelüsî (2012, Câmiatü’l-Kādisiye, Dîvâniye), Mustafa Köseoğlu’nun Ebu Hayyân’ın el-Bahru’l-muhît Adlı Eserinin Beyân İlmi Açısından Tahlili (2017, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Vakıf Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul) adlı tezleri yüksek lisans seviyesindeki çalışmalardan birkaçıdır. Ayrıca eserin belli kısımlarının tahkikinden ibaret olan çok sayıda yüksek lisans ve doktora çalışması yapılmıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1991 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 4. cildinde, 516-517 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır. Maddenin MUSTAFA KARAGÖZ tarafından kaleme alınan yeni dijital versiyonu 08.01.2024 tarihinde yayımlanmıştır.