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el-HÂVÎ Skip to content Ebû Bekir er-Râzî’nin (ö. 313/925) tıbba dair eseri.
Tam adı Kitâbü’l-Ḥâvî fi’ṭ-ṭıb ’dır. Zengin muhtevasıyla Râzî’nin bütün tıbbî tecrübe ve birikimini ihtiva ettiği için müellifin olgunluk döneminin ürünü olduğu kanaatini veren, nazarî incelemeler ve klinik gözlemler hakkında tutulmuş, fakat yeterince gözden geçirilip sistemleştirilememiş notlardan oluşur. Bu sebeple klasik kaynaklarda, eserin Râzî’nin ölümünden sonra talebeleri tarafından derlendiği kaydedilmektedir. Nitekim İbn Ebû Usaybia, ünlü vezir Ebü’l-Fazl İbnü’l-Amîd’in Râzî’nin kız kardeşinden eserin müsveddelerini satın aldığını, müellifin talebelerinden bir komisyon oluşturarak bu notları tasnif ettirdiğini belirtmektedir (ʿUyûnü’l-enbâʾ , s. 420).
İbnü’n-Nedîm, el-Ḥâvî ’nin el-Câmiʿu’l-ḥâṣır li-ṣınâʿati’ṭ-ṭıb adıyla da anıldığını, eserin on iki cilt (kısım) olduğunu kaydetmekte ve planını vermektedir (el-Fihrist , s. 357; krş. İbnü’l-Kıftî, s. 178, 180). Râzî’nin eserleri hakkında bir katalog hazırlamış olan Bîrûnî, onun el-Câmiʿu’l-kebîr adlı eserinin el-Ḥâvî adıyla da tanındığını, notlar halinde kaleme alınan kitabın eksik olduğunu kaydetmektedir (bk. Mahmûd Necmâbâdî, s. 10). İbn Ebû Usaybia ise el-Ḥâvî ’yi Râzî’nin en önemli ve en hacimli tıp eseri olarak zikretmekte, bunun, kadim tıp literatüründen kendi zamanına kadar oluşup gelişen tıp birikimini kapsadığını, ancak tamamlanmasına müellifin ömrünün kâfi gelmediğini bildirmektedir. İbn Ebû Usaybia, el-Ḥâvî ’den başka Kitâbü’l-Câmiʿ (Ḥâṣıru ṣınâʿati’ṭ-ṭıb ) adıyla on iki ciltlik bir eseri daha tanıtmakta ve bunun el-Fihrist ’tekine benzer bir planını vermektedir. Onun vardığı sonuca göre el-Ḥâvî ile el-Câmiʿ planları aynı olmadığı, dolayısıyla iki farklı eser olduğu halde sonradan karıştırılmıştır (ʿUyûnü’l-enbâʾ , s. 421, 423-424). Müellifin kendisi ise yalnızca el-Câmiʿu’l-kebîr ’den söz etmekte; o döneme kadar böyle bir tıp kitabı yazılmadığını, bu eseri yazmak için on beş yıl geceli gündüzlü çalıştığını, hatta bu yüzden gözlerinin görmez, ellerinin tutmaz olduğunu söylemektedir (Resâʾil felsefiyye , s. 109-110). Modern araştırmacılar tarafından da zaman zaman paylaşılan bu iki eserin aynı olduğu kanaatini Râzî tıbbının uzmanı olan E. Zekî İskender sarsmıştır. İskender’e göre el-Câmiʿ on iki cilt olup günümüze yalnızca iki cildi ulaşmıştır (Oxford Bodleian Library, Or., nr. 561). el-Ḥâvî ise Râzî’nin bitiremediği, ancak ölümünden sonra talebelerince derlenen ve yirmi beş ciltten oluşan bir eserdir. Nitekim el-Ḥâvî ’nin yirmi beş ciltlik Latince baskıları elimizdedir ve iki eserin muhtevaları kesinlikle birbirinden farklıdır (el-Meşriḳ , XLIV [1960], s. 475). Zekî İskender bu hükme, Londra Wellcome Historical Medical Library’deki yazmalar koleksiyonunda yer alan (Or., nr. 123) bir Kitâbü’l-Ḥâvî fi’ṭ-ṭıb yazmasının henüz neşredilmemiş ilk dört cildini inceledikten sonra varmıştır. Unvan sayfasında adının el-Ḥâvî olduğu açıkça belirtilen söz konusu yazmanın I. cildi “Fî Usûli’t-tıbbiyye”, II. cildi “el-Edviyetü’l-müfrede”, III. cildi “el-Edviyetü’l-mürekkebe”, IV. cildi ise “el-Emrâz ve ilâcâtühâ” başlığını taşımaktadır (A Catalogue of Arabic Manuscripts , s. 1-2). Eserin Madrid Escurial Library’de bulunan yazma nüshasına (nr. 806) dayanılarak Haydarâbâd’da yapılan yegâne Arapça baskısının I. cildi doğrudan doğruya “Fî Emrâzi’r-re’s” başlığı ile başlamakta ve bu çerçevede beyinle ilgili fizyolojik ve psikolojik ârazlar ele alınmaktadır (el-Ḥâvî fi’ṭ-ṭıb , I, 1-2). Haydarâbâd neşrine esas olan nüshanın Wellcome Historical Medical Library yazmasını takip edip etmediğinin anlaşılması yahut el-Ḥâvî ’nin genel planının çıkarılması, ancak bütün dünya kütüphanelerindeki Arapça ve Latince nüshaların karşılaştırmalı bir neşriyle mümkün olacaktır.
el-Ḥâvî ’nin İslâm tıp tarihindeki en erken değerlendirilişine, Ali b. Abbas el-Mecûsî’nin (ö. 384/994 [?]) Kâmilü’ṣ-ṣınâʿa (el-Kitâbü’l-Melekî ) adıyla meşhur tıp kitabının girişinde rastlanmaktadır. Bu değerlendirmeye göre Râzî’nin el-Ḥâvî ’si çeşitli hastalıklara ve belirtilerine, ilâçla ve perhizle tedavi yollarına dair kapsamlı fakat sistemsiz bir eserdir. Müellif anatomi, cerrahî ve fizyolojiye yeterince yer vermemiştir. Ancak onun tıptaki üstünlüğü ve öteki eserlerindeki sistemlilik dikkate alındığında el-Ḥâvî ’nin bu kusurları iki sebebe bağlanabilir. Ya bu eser müellifin, yaşlılığı sebebiyle bilgilerini unutabileceğinden kaygılanarak alelacele tuttuğu notlardan ibarettir, ya da kütüphanesinin başına bir şey gelir de insanların kendisini hayırla anacakları eserler zayi olur düşüncesiyle bu notlarını belli başlıklar altında derlemiş, fakat bu çalışmasını yeniden düzenlemeye ömrü kâfi gelmemiştir. Eğer amacı sadece bu idiyse kitabını lüzumsuz tekrarlar ve iktibaslar yaparak böylesine geniş tutmasına gerek yoktu. Ayrıca hacminin genişliği kitabın istinsah edilip çoğaltılmasını zorlaştırmıştır. Halbuki müellif, esasen bütün hekimlerin ittifak ettiği hususlarda tek tek iktibasları sıralamayıp biraz seçmeci davransaydı kitabın hacmi küçülür, nüshaları kolay bulunabilirdi. Bu haliyle el-Ḥâvî bütün tıp kitaplarını ihtiva eden bir derleme görünümündedir (Hâşim el-Vetrî, IV [1375/1956], s. 392-393).
Mecûsî’nin el-Ḥâvî ’ye yönelttiği eleştiri, haklı tarafları bulunmakla birlikte Râzî’nin eserini yalnızca iktibaslardan ibaret bir tıp ansiklopedisi gibi göstermesi eserin orijinalitesini bütünüyle yok sayan ciddi bir hatadır. Halbuki el-Ḥâvî ’nin Grek, Hint, Süryânî ve İslâm tıbbına dair literatürü aktarması yanında müellifine ait çok kıymetli klinik gözlem ve deneyleri ihtiva ettiğini özellikle belirtmek gerekir. Bu yönüyle eser, müellifin “Tecâribü’l-mâristân” adıyla andığı (el-Ḥâvî fi’ṭ-ṭıb , I, 210; II, 81) gençlik dönemindeki derleme çalışmasından tamamen farklıdır (İskender, el-Meşriḳ , XLIV [1960], s. 173 vd.). Râzî el-Ḥâvî ’de belli bir vak‘a hakkında öteki tıp otoritelerinin görüşlerini tek tek sıraladıktan sonra çok defa “bana göre” ifadesiyle başlayarak şahsî görüşünü aktarmaktadır (meselâ bk. el-Ḥâvî fi’ṭ-ṭıb , V, 11, 30, 38 vd.). Max Meyerhof, Râzî’nin el-Ḥâvî ’de kaydettiği çok sayıda klinik gözleminden otuz üç önemli vak‘ayı tanıtmıştır. Bunlar arasında dizanteri, menenjit, prostat, oftalmi, apandisit, gut, epilepsi, çiçek, kızamık, düşük, siyatik gibi vak‘alar sayılabilir. Anılan vak‘alar arasında Râzî’nin, Bağdat Mu‘tezile ekolünden, kendisinin fikrî muhalifleri arasında bulunan Ebü’l-Hüseyin el-Hayyât’ı tedavi etmesiyle ilgili olanı tıp ahlâkı bakımından da son derece ilgi çekicidir (Meyerhof, XXIII [1935], s. 321-356, ayrıca bk. Arapça metin, s. 1-14). Râzî’nin bütün tıp otoritelerinin birikimini değerlendirmekle birlikte hiçbir zaman mutlak otoriteci bir anlayışa sapmadığı ve kendi klinik tecrübelerini ölçü aldığı bilinmektedir. Esasen Şükûk ʿalâ Câlînûs adlı kitabı da onun eleştirici bir ilmî zihniyete sahip olduğunu yeterince göstermektedir. Çünkü Râzî, sonra gelen ilim adamının birikim açısından öncekinden daha avantajlı olduğuna ve ilmin yeni keşiflerle ilerlediğine inanmaktaydı (DSB , VI, 323, 325-326).
el-Ḥâvî ’nin İslâm dünyasındaki etkisi, İbn Sînâ’nın el-Ḳānûn ’unun şöhreti yüzünden farkedilmez durumdaysa da eser bizzat İbn Sînâ üzerinde doğrudan etkiye sahiptir. Öyle anlaşılıyor ki İbn Sînâ, “idrar ve gāita ile uğraşan fuzûlî biri” sözleriyle küçümsediği Râzî’nin (bk. Beyhakī, s. 8) bu klinik çalışmalarına çok şey borçludur. E. Zekî İskender, el-Ḥâvî ’nin ilk dört cildi dediği nüshasını İbn Sînâ’nın el-Ḳānûn ’u ile karşılaştırmış ve çarpıcı benzerlikler tesbit etmiştir (A Catalogue of Arabic Manuscripts , s. 30-32). el-Ḥâvî ’nin Batı dünyasına olan etkisi ise tartışma götürmez. Eser ilk olarak, Anjou hânedanından Kral Charles’ın isteği üzerine Sicilya’da yahudi hekim ve mütercim Ferec b. Sâlim (Latin dünyasında Farraguth veya Farrachius) tarafından 1279’da Liber Continens adıyla Latince’ye çevrilmiş ve Kuzey İtalya’nın Brescia şehrinde 1486’da basılmıştır. XVI. yüzyıl boyunca defalarca basılan bu tercümenin nüshaları nâdirdir. Bunlardan Venedik’te gerçekleştirilmiş olan 1506 ve 1542 tarihli baskıları zikredilebilir. Ancak Latince tercümenin hangi Arapça nüshadan yapıldığı henüz bilinmemektedir (Meyerhof, XXIII [1935], s. 325; İskender, el-Meşriḳ , XLIV [1960], s. 476; Abdülemîr el-A‘sam, s. 47). Arapça yegâne baskısı ise 1955-1969 yılları arasında yirmi bir cilt halinde Dâiretü’l-maârifi’l-Osmâniyye tarafından Haydarâbâd’da Kitâbü’l-Ḥâvî fi’ṭ-ṭıb (Continens of Rhazes ) adıyla yapılmıştır. Bilinen tek Türkçe tercümesi el-Ḥâvî ’nin üriner sistem hastalıklarıyla ilgili bölümüne aittir (Süleymaniye Ktp., Hamidiye, nr. 1013). Eserin dünya kütüphanelerindeki yazma nüshaları Fuat Sezgin tarafından ayrıntılarıyla verilmiştir (GAS , III, 279-280).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Ebû Bekir er-Râzî, el-Ḥâvî fi’ṭ-ṭıb , Haydarâbâd 1955, I, 1-2, 11, 30, 38, 210; II, 81; V, 11, 30, 38 vd.
a.mlf., Resâʾil felsefiyye (nşr. P. Kraus), Kahire 1939 → Beyrut 1982, s. 109-110.
İbnü’n-Nedîm, el-Fihrist (Teceddüd) , s. 357.
Beyhakī, Tetimme , s. 8.
İbnü’l-Kıftî, İḫbârü’l-ʿulemâʾ , s. 178, 180.
İbn Ebû Usaybia, ʿUyûnü’l-enbâʾ , s. 420-421, 423-424.
Mahmûd Necmâbâdî, Müʾellefât u Muṣannefât-ı Ebû Bekir Muḥammed b. Zekeriyyâ Râzî , Tahran 1339 hş., s. 9-38.
Sarton, Introduction , I, 609.
Elbîr Zekî İskender, A Catalogue of Arabic Manuscripts on Medicine and Science in the Welcome Historical Medical Library , London 1967, s. 1-2, 30-32.
a.mlf., “er-Râzî ve miḥnetü’ṭ-ṭabîb”, el-Meşriḳ , XLIV, Beyrut 1960, s. 475-476.
a.mlf., “Taḥḳīḳu fî sinni’r-Râzî ʿinde bedʾi iştiġālih bi’ṭ-ṭıb”, a.e. , XLIV (1960), s. 173-175.
Sezgin, GAS , III, 278-281.
Ullmann, Die Medizin , s. 130-131.
S. Pines, “al-Rāzī”, DSB , VI, 323, 325-326.
M. Meyerhof, “Thirty-three Clinical Observations by Rhazes (circa 900 A.D.)”, ISIS , XXIII (1935), s. 321-356, ayrıca bk. Arapça metin, s. 1-14.
Hâşim el-Vetrî, “Mümeyyizâtü ṭıbbi’r-Râzî”, MMİIr. , IV (1375/1956), s. 392-393.
Esin Kâhya, “Studies of Rhazes Medical Heritage”, The Muslim World League Journal , IX/1, Mekke 1981, s. 56-59.
Abdülemîr el-A‘sam, “Ebû Bekir er-Râzî”, Mevsûʿatü’l-ḥaḍâreti’l-İslâmiyye , Amman 1989, s. 47.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1997 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 16. cildinde, 532-533 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.