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el-MECMÛ‘ Skip to content Zeydiyye mezhebinin imamı Zeyd b. Ali’ye (ö. 122/740) nisbet edilen fıkıh ve hadis mecmuası.
Zeyd b. Ali’den gelen rivayetleri ihtiva etmesinden dolayı el-Müsned olarak da adlandırılan eser (Ca‘fer es-Sübhânî, VII, 119) klasik fıkıh sistematiğinin ibâdât, muâmelât ve ukūbâttan oluşan üçlü tasnifi çerçevesinde bütün konuları ele alan bir fıkıh kitabı (el-Mecmûʿu’l-fıḳhî ), aynı zamanda 218 hadisle Hz. Ali’ye ait 320 ve Hz. Hüseyin’e ait iki olmak üzere toplam 322 haberi (Strothman, XIII [1923], s. 18) ihtiva eden bir hadis mecmuasıdır (el-Mecmûʿu’l-ḥadîs̱î ). Bu iki mecmuanın bir araya getirilmiş şekline el-Mecmûʿu’l-kebîr denilmektedir (M. Ebû Zehre, İslâmda Fıkhî Mezhebler Tarihi , II, 44; krş. Seyyâgī, I, 8, 26). Ancak fıkıh ve hadis kısımları birbirinden ayrılmış olmayıp bölümlerde hadislere, haberlere ve fıkhî hükümlere beraberce yer verilir. Eserin râvisi Ebû Hâlid Amr b. Hâlid el-Vâsıtî’dir (ö. 150/767 [?]). Ebû Hâlid el-Mecmûʿ u Zeyd’den, Zeyd babası Ali’den, Ali babası Hüseyin’den, o da babası Ali b. Ebû Tâlib’den rivayet etmiştir. Eserin en güzel şerhlerinden kabul edilen er-Ravżü’n-naḍîr ’in müellifi Hüseyin b. Ahmed es-Seyyâgī (ö. 1221/1806), kendi zamanına kadar geçen on bir asırlık süre içindeki râvileri Ebû Hâlid el-Vâsıtî’ye kadar tek tek kesintisiz biçimde zikrederek sika olduklarını söyler (I, 9-11; ayrıca bk. Şevkânî, s. 204).
İlk yazılan (Seyyâgī, I, 11) ve bugün mevcut en eski fıkıh kitabı kabul edilen (Kavakcı, s. 67) el-Mecmûʿ ile ilgili olarak ilk dönemlerden zamanımıza kadar ciddi tartışmalar yapılmıştır. Bu tartışmaların odak noktasında eserin râvisi Ebû Hâlid vardır. Şiî-İmâmiyye ulemâsının yanı sıra Ehl-i sünnet’e mensup cerh ve ta‘dîl âlimlerinin büyük çoğunluğu onu yalancı (kezzâb), hadis uyduran iftiracı (vaddâ‘) ve güvenilmez (gayru sika) gibi ağır cerh lafızlarıyla tenkit etmiştir. Ebû Hâlid’in eseri Zeyd’den tek başına, talebesi İbrâhim b. Zibrikān’ın da kendisinden yine tek kişi olarak rivayet etmesi kitabın sıhhatiyle ilgili diğer bir eleştiri konusunu teşkil eder.
Zeydiyye âlimleri ve konuyla ilgili inceleme yapan günümüz araştırmacılarından bir kısmı râvi hakkındaki tenkitleri ağır ve tutarsız bularak reddetmektedir. Meseleye öncelikle hadis usulü açısından yaklaşan bu âlimlere göre cerh ve ta‘dîle tâbi tutulan râvinin cerh ve ta‘dîl edenle aynı mezhebe mensup olması ve cerhin sebebinin zikredilmesi gerekir. Zira bir gruba göre cerh konusu olan diğerine göre ta‘dîl sayılabilir (Seyyâgī, I, 29, 30, 34; M. Ebû Zehre, el-İmâm Zeyd , s. 241). Bu sebeple râvinin Ehl-i sünnet âlimlerince bu kadar ağır biçimde eleştirilmesinde onun Hz. Ali taraftarlığının etkili olabileceği (M. Ebû Zehre, el-İmâm Zeyd , s. 237), İmâmiyye Şîası’nın reddedişinde ise Zeyd b. Ali’nin Ehl-i sünnet ile Şîa arasındaki önemli ihtilâf konularında Ehl-i sünnet’e yakınlığının doğurduğu taassup olduğu ifade edilmektedir. Gerçekten İmam Zeyd’in Hz. Ebû Bekir ve Ömer’in hilâfetlerini meşrû görmesi ve müt‘a nikâhının câiz olmadığını savunması (el-Müsned , s. 271) Şîa’nın çeşitli eleştirilerini beraberinde getirmiştir. Bundan dolayı Ebû Hâlid’e yöneltilen tenkitlerin büyük çoğunluğunun mezhep taassubundan kaynaklandığı söylenebilir (Seyyâgī, I, 29, 30, 35, 44; M. Ebû Zehre, el-İmâm Zeyd , s. 237, 238, 239).
Ebû Hâlid’in el-Mecmûʿ u Zeyd b. Ali’den tek başına rivayeti meselesini Zeydîler o zamanki tarihî şartlara bağlamakta ve imamlarının Emevî Hükümdarı Hişâm b. Abdülmelik’e karşı Kûfe’deki ayaklanması sırasında dostları ve öğrencilerinin çoğunun öldürüldüğünü, sağ kalanların dağıldıklarını, bulundukları yerlerde baskıya mâruz kaldıkları için ya gizlendiklerini veya takıyyeye başvurduklarını, dolayısıyla kitabı İmam Zeyd’in bütün seyahatlerine katılan ve talebeleri içinde kendisinin yanında en fazla kalmış olan Ebû Hâlid’in rivayet ettiğini, diğer öğrencilerinin de bu rivayeti onayladığını söyleyerek iddiaları reddetmektedir (Ebû Zehre, el-İmâm Zeyd , s. 249). Nitekim İbrâhim b. Zibrikān, Ebû Hâlid’e el-Mecmûʿ u Zeyd’den nasıl işittiğini sormuş, o da yanındaki bir kitaptan bunu dinlediklerini ve kitabı ondan dinleyenlerden kendisi dışında herkesin öldürüldüğünü söylemiştir (Zeyd b. Ali, s. 340). Bu hususun sadece el-Mecmûʿ ile ilgili olmadığı, İslâmî literatürde böyle bir telif geleneğinin bulunduğu diğer mezheplerden örnekler verilerek ifade edilmiştir (a.g.e. , Giriş, s. 14-15; M. Ebû Zehre, el-İmâm Zeyd , s. 264-265).
Râvisi hakkındaki bu iddiaların tabii sonucu olarak el-Mecmûʿ un metnine de eleştiriler yöneltilmiştir. Zehebî, beş örnekten hareketle eserin içinde Hz. Ali yoluyla gelen ya da ondan rivayet edilen ve mevzû olduğu sabit olan hadislerin bulunduğunu ileri sürerek bu kitaba güvenilemeyeceğini söyler (Zehebî, IV, 177-178). Ancak söz konusu hadislerin Ebû Hâlid dışındaki farklı tariklerle de Hz. Ali’ye ulaşması, yine yakın lafızlarla veya aynı mânayı ifade eden benzer kelimelerle muteber kitaplarda yer alması bu rivayetleri güçlendirmektedir. el-Mecmûʿ daki hadisleri inceleyen bazı âlimler mâna itibariyle de Kur’an ve Sünnet’in ruhuna, dinin genel prensiplerine aykırı bir rivayetin bulunmadığını tesbit etmişlerdir (Seyyâgī, I, 33, 40-44; M. Ebû Zehre, el-İmâm Zeyd , s. 244-249). Yine Hz. Ali’den rivayet edilen hadislerin bazısının cumhur nezdinde güvenilir olan kitaplardakine aykırılık taşıdığı iddia edilmiştir. Ancak el-Mecmûʿ şârihleri eseri sünen ve müsnedlerle karşılaştırdıklarını, neticede rivayetlerinin başka tariklerden sahih veya hasen olarak bir senede dayandığını tesbit ettiklerini söylemektedirler (Seyyâgī, I, 38-44; M. Ebû Zehre, el-İmâm Zeyd , s. 252).
Hz. Ali’ye nisbet edilen görüşlerin bir kısmının mezhebin ikinci imamı Hâdî-İlelhak gibi şahsiyetlerden nakledilenlerle çeliştiği iddiasına da Zeydîler, Hâdî-İlelhakk’ın imamları Zeyd’e muhalif ictihadlarının ve tercihlerinin bulunmasının tabii olduğu, Hâdî’nin el-Mecmûʿ daki rivayetlerin birçoğunu ictihadlarına esas aldığı ve bunun esere itimadını gösterdiği cevabını verirler (Seyyâgī, I, 27). Ayrıca Hâdî-İlelhakk’ın güvenilir olmasına karşılık Ebû Hâlid’in güvenilir olmayışının ispat edilemediğini, hadis kitaplarında sika râvilerden gelen birbirine zıt rivayetler bulunabileceğini ve bunlardan birinin tercih edilmesi gerektiğini, bu durumun kitaba şüphe getirmeyeceğini savunmaktadırlar.
Muhammed Yûsuf Mûsâ gibi bazı çağdaş araştırmacılar el-Mecmûʿ un, Ehl-i sünnet fıkhıyla ilgili en eski eser olan İmam Mâlik’in el-Muvaṭṭaʾ ından elli yıl kadar önce yazıldığını, bu kadar erken bir devirde başarılı bir sistematik içinde düzenlenmiş olmasını, ayrıca İmam Mâlik’in bundan bahsetmeyişini eserin İmam Zeyd’e aidiyetine büyük şüphe düşürdüğünü söylemektedir. Muhammed Yûsuf’a göre Hanefî eserlerinin tertibi esas alınarak hazırlanan el-Mecmûʿ un İmam Zeyd’e ait olması durumunda Hanefîler’in bu sistematiği ondan almasının söz konusu olması gerekir. Zira Ebû Hanîfe’nin İmam Zeyd ile görüştüğü ve kendisinden ilim aldığı bilinmektedir (Muḥâḍarât fî târiḫi’l-fıḳhi’l-İslâmî , s. 72-73). Bu iddia el-Mecmûʿ un bizzat Zeyd b. Ali tarafından yazıldığı düşüncesine dayanmaktadır. Halbuki eserin tertibinin kimin tarafından yapıldığı tartışmalıdır. Hâdî b. İbrâhim el-Vezîr gibi bazı Zeydiyye âlimleri Zeyd b. Ali’yi Hz. Peygamber’in soyundan ilk eser telif eden, ilk defa fıkhın bablarını tesbit eden kişi olarak kabul ediyorlarsa da (Seyyâgī, I, 27) eseri Ebû Hâlid’den rivayet eden İbrâhim b. Zibrikān el-Mecmûʿ un tertibinin Ebû Hâlid’e ait olduğunu belirtmektedir (a.g.e. , I, 25, 26; M. Ebû Zehre, el-İmâm Zeyd , s. 270). Ebû Hâlid ilk telif döneminin başlangıcında yaşadığı, hadis ve fıkıh alanında konularına göre ilk eserleri veren İbn Cüreyc, Ma‘mer b. Râşid, İbn Ebû Arûbe, Süfyân es-Sevrî, Mâlik b. Enes gibi âlimlerle çağdaş olduğu için bu görüş tarihî gerçeklere daha uygun düşmektedir. Esasen öğrencinin hocasından aldığı bilgi ve rivayetleri düzenleyip kitap haline getirmesi müslüman âlimlerin telif geleneğinde yaygın bir husustur. Günümüz araştırmacılarından Muhammed Acâc el-Hatîb de Ebû Hâlid’in Zeyd b. Ali’den fıkıh ve hadis yazdığını, daha sonra bunları iki mecmua halinde tertip ettiğini, bunun ise eserin İmam Zeyd’e nisbetini olumsuz yönde etkilemeyeceğini söylemektedir (es-Sünne ḳable’t-tedvîn , s. 371). Ca‘fer es-Sübhânî, kaynak göstermeksizin kitabın asırlar sonra Hüseyin b. Yahyâ ed-Deylemî tarafından 1201 (1787) yılında bablar halinde düzenlendiğini iddia ediyorsa da (Buḥûs̱ , VII, 119) bunun isabetli olmadığı anlaşılmaktadır.
Muhammed Yûsuf Mûsâ ve Ahmed Muhammed Şâkir (İbn Hazm, II, 75) gibi bazı âlimler, cerh ve ta‘dîl kitaplarındaki ifadeleri esas alarak eser hakkında güvensizliklerini dile getirirken Muhammed Ebû Zehre, el-Mecmûʿ ile ilgili bütün iddiaları inceledikten sonra bunların objektif kriterlere dayanmadığını, eleştirilerde mezhep taassubunun ön plana çıktığını, dolayısıyla Ebû Hâlid’in rivayetinin doğruluğunu tercih ettiğini ifade etmekte (el-İmâm Zeyd , s. 257-258), eserin neşrine takriz yazan Muhammed Bahît, Abdülkādir Bedrân ve Abdülmu‘tî es-Sekkā gibi araştırmacılar da bu görüşe katılmaktadır.
İlk defa Eugenio Griffini tarafından İtalyanca notlarla birlikte neşredilen el-Mecmûʿ un (Milano 1919) daha sonra çeşitli baskıları yapılmıştır (Kahire 1340; Kahire 1340, İmam Ali er-Rızâ’nın el-Müsned ’i ile birlikte; Beyrut 1386/1966; San‘a 1407). Eseri Şerefeddin Hüseyin b. Ahmed es-Seyyâgī er-Ravżü’n-naḍîr şerḥu Mecmûʿi’l-fıḳhi’l-kebîr adıyla şerhetmiştir (I-IV, Beyrut, ts.). el-Mecmûʿ un en geniş şerhi kabul edilen bu çalışma hadislerin açıklanması, ihtilâflı meselelerde âlimlerin görüşlerinin belirtilmesi, hadislerden çıkarılan hükümler, çelişkili görünen hadisleri uzlaştırma ve tercih noktalarında dikkati çekmektedir. Eser üzerine ayrıca Muhammed b. Mutahhar’ın el-Minhâcü’l-celî , Yahyâ b. Hüseyin es-San‘ânî’nin (İbnü’l-Kāsım) el-Miṣbâḥu’l-münîr şerḥu’l-Mecmûʿi’l-kebîr adıyla şerh yazdıkları kaydedilmektedir (Seyyâgī, I, 11, 26, 35).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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a.mlf., eḍ-Ḍuʿafâʾ (Zâyed), s. 87.
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a.mlf., Muḥâḍarât fî târîḫi’l-fıḳhi’l-İslâmî , Kahire 1410, s. 68-77.
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M. Ebû Zehre, İslâmda Fıkhî Mezhebler Tarihi (trc. Abdülkadir Şener), Ankara 1968, II, 44-54.
a.mlf., el-İmâm Zeyd , Kahire, ts. (Dârü’l-fikri’l-Arabî), s. 232-275.
Yusuf Ziya Kavakcı, Suriye-Roma Kodu ve İslâm Hukuku: Macmūʿ al-Fıḳh Sistematiğile , Ankara 1975.
Sâlih Ahmed el-Hatîb, el-İmâm Zeyd b. ʿAlî el-müfterâ ʿaleyh , Mekke 1404/1984, s. 91-110.
Ca‘fer es-Sübhânî, Buḥûs̱ fi’l-milel ve’n-niḥal , Kum 1416, VII, 119, 127-154.
G. Bergstraesser, “Corpus juris di Zaid b. ‘Alî”, OLZ , sy. 25 (1922), s. 114-123.
R. Strothmann, “Das Problem der literarischen Persönlichkeit Zaid b. ‘Alî”, Isl. , XIII (1923), s. 1-52.
Abdullah el-Cürâfî es-San‘ânî, “Zeyd b. ʿAlî”, Risâletü’l-İslâm , I/2, Kahire 1949, s. 198-205.
Abdülkadir Şener, “İmam Zeyd b. Ali, Müsned”, AÜİFD , XVII (1969), s. 339-347.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2003 yılında Ankara’da basılan 28. cildinde, 264-265 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.