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el-MÜSNED Skip to content Müsned türü hadis kitaplarının Ahmed b. Hanbel (ö. 241/855) tarafından tasnif edilen ve günümüze kadar gelen en geniş örneği.
Ahmed b. Hanbel’in 200-228 (815-843) yıllarında 700.000 hadis arasından seçerek meydana getirdiği eser 904 kadar sahâbînin rivayetlerini ihtiva etmektedir. Bakī b. Mahled’in zamanımıza ulaşıp ulaşmadığı bilinmeyen el-Müsned ’inin daha hacimli olduğu belirtiliyorsa da Ahmed b. Hanbel’in eseri müsned türünün elde mevcut en geniş örneğidir (bu iki eserin mukayesesi için bk. BAKĪ b. MAHLED ). Eser, günümüze İbn Hanbel’in oğlu Abdullah b. Ahmed ve onun talebesi Ebû Bekir Ahmed b. Ca‘fer el-Katîî’nin rivayetiyle gelmiştir. Keccî ve İbrâhim el-Harbî gibi âlimlerden ilim tahsil eden Katîî, Dârekutnî ve Hâkim en-Nîsâbûrî gibi muhaddislere hocalık yapan ve “Müsnidü’l-Irâk” diye tanınan bir hadis âlimi olup Ahmed b. Hanbel’in Kitâbü’z-Zühd ve Kitâbü Feżâʾili’ṣ-ṣaḥâbe adlı eserlerinin de râvisidir. el-Müsned denince akla ilk gelen eser Ahmed b. Hanbel’in bu çalışmasıdır. Zira el-Müsned ’de Abdullah b. Ahmed’in babasından okumadığı halde ondan “vicâde” yoluyla elde ederek esere ilâve ettiği, ayrıca Katîî’nin eklediği rivayetler bulunmaktadır. Sıhhati tartışmalı olan bu hadislerin 10.000 kadar olduğu, el-Müsned ’de sahâbe sözleriyle birlikte 40.000’e yakın rivayet bulunduğu eski kaynaklarda söylenmekteyse de hadisleri numaralanarak yapılan baskılarından el-Müsned ’de 27.647 (Şuayb el-Arnaût neşri; Hamza Ahmed ez-Zeyn neşrine göre 27.519, Abdullah Muhammed ed-Dervîş neşrine göre 27.718, Beytü’l-efkâri’d-düveliyye’nin tek ciltlik neşrine göre 28.199) hadisin yer aldığı görülmektedir. Kitapta İslâm’a giriş tarihleri esas alınmak üzere önce aşere-i mübeşşerenin, ardından Ehl-i beyt, Hâşimoğulları, Mekkeli, Medineli, Kûfeli, Basralı, Suriyeli sahâbîlerin, eserin sonunda da ümmehâtü’l-mü’minîn ile diğer kadın sahâbîlerin rivayetleri ayrı bölümler halinde sıralanmıştır.
Müellif, el-Müsned ’e öncelikle adâlet ve zabt sahibi râvilerin rivayetleriyle, bu tür rivayetlere ters düşmemekle beraber zabtı nisbeten zayıf râvilerin rivayetlerini almış, eserinde pek çok sahih hadis bulunduğuna dikkat çekmek için onu Resûlullah’ın sünnetinde ihtilâf edildiği zaman başvurulmak üzere kaleme aldığını, onda bulunmayan rivayetlerin delil olmayacağını söylemişse de Ṣaḥîḥayn ile bazı Sünen ’lerde olup el-Müsned ’de yer almayan, el-Müsned ’de olup da diğerlerinde bulunmayan sahih rivayetler de mevcuttur. İbnü’l-Cevzî’nin el-Müsned ’de on beş mevzû hadis bulunduğuna dair iddiasının doğru olmadığını göstermek, Zeynüddin el-Irâkī’nin el-Müsned ’deki dokuz hadisin mevzû olduğuna dair kaleme aldığı el-Kelâm ʿale’l-eḥâdîs̱i’lletî tüküllime fîhâ bi’l-vażʿ ve hiye fî Müsnedi’l-İmâm Aḥmed adlı kitabındaki bazı hadisleri savunmak için İbn Hacer el-Askalânî el-Ḳavlü’l-müsedded fi’ẕ-ẕebbi ʿan Müsnedi Aḥmed adlı eserini yazmıştır. Bu konuda Nâsirüddin el-Elbânî’nin eẕ-Ẕebbü’l-Aḥmed ʿan Müsnedi’l-İmâm Aḥmed (Beyrut 1999) adlı bir çalışması bulunmaktadır. İbn Hanbel, doğru sözlülüğü ve dindarlığı herkesçe kabul edilen güvenilir râvilerden hadis almayı prensip edindiği için eserinde mevzû hadislerin yer almaması tabii ise de uzun hapis hayatı ve bu hayatın getirdiği çeşitli rahatsızlıklar yüzünden kitabını düzenleyip temize çekmeye fırsat bulamamış, eserdeki mükerrerleri de önleyememiştir. Zehebî, el-Müsned ’de delil olarak kullanılamayacak kadar zayıf rivayetlerin pek az, mevzû olduğu intibaını uyandıranların ise çok nâdir bulunduğunu söyler (Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ , XI, 329). Bir hadisi hocalarından duyduğu lafızlarla rivayet etmeye özen gösteren İbn Hanbel’in hayatı boyunca eserini tekrar gözden geçirdiği dikkate alınarak el-Müsned ’deki sıhhati tartışılan rivayetlerin oğlu Abdullah ile Katîî’nin ilâvelerinden kaynaklandığı belirtilmiş olup bazı muhaddislerin mevzû dediği az sayıdaki çok zayıf rivayetin bu müdahaleden kaynaklandığı anlaşılmaktadır. Abdullah’ın, babasının yarım bıraktığı işi tamamlamak için sayfalar halinde derlenen el-Müsned ’i sıraya koyarken ve babası dışındaki hocalarından duyduğu bazı hadislerle babasından duymadığı halde ona okuduğu bazı rivayetleri esere ilâve ederken bazı hatalar yapmış olması mümkündür. “Zevâidü Abdillâh” diye anılan bu ilâveler eserde “haddesenâ Abdullah” şeklinde geçmektedir. İbn Hanbel, iki yıl dört ay süren ağır hapis ve işkence döneminden sonra evinde beş yıl göz hapsinde tutulduğu, vefatından önceki on üç yıl boyunca iki oğlu Abdullah ile Sâlih ve yeğeni Hanbel b. İshak dışında kimseye hadis rivayet edemediği için el-Müsned ’in tamamı sadece bu üç râvi tarafından rivayet edilmiştir.
el-Müsned ’in Bombay’da başlayan ilk baskısının (1308) yarım kaldığı anlaşılmaktadır. Kenarında Müttakī el-Hindî’nin Münteḫabü Kenzi’l-ʿummâl ’iyle birlikte Kahire’de altı cilt olarak yapılan neşri (1313 → 1389/1969) uzun yıllar ellerde dolaşmıştır. Ahmed Muhammed Şâkir, eseri yer yer şerhederek vefatından önce üçte birini on altı cilt halinde yayımlamış (Kahire 1369-1378/1949-1958), her cildin sonunda o ciltteki hadislerin konularına göre fihristlerini vermiştir. Hamza Ahmed ez-Zeyn yarım kalan bu çalışmayı tamamlamak istemiş, hadisleri şerhetmeden senedlerinin sahih, hasen veya zayıf olduğunu göstermiş, alfabetik ve konularına göre iki fihrist cildiyle birlikte eseri yirmi cilt halinde neşretmiştir (1416/1995). Abdullah Muhammed ed-Dervîş de merfû hadisleri harekeleyip eseri on cilt olarak yayımlamıştır (Beyrut 1411/1991). Şuayb el-Arnaût, çeşitli araştırmacılarla beraber eseri beş cildi hadis ve râvi fihristi olmak üzere elli cilt halinde neşretmiştir (Beyrut 1416-1421/1995-2001). Beytü’l-efkâri’d-düveliyye’de hadisler numaralanmak suretiyle el-Müsned tek cilt halinde basılmıştır (Riyad 1419/1998).
el-Müsned ’deki hadisler ve râvileri çeşitli araştırmalara konu olmuştur. Eseri İbnü’l-Cezerî el-Mesnedü’l-aḥmed fîmâ yeteʿallaḳu bi-Müsnedi Aḥmed adıyla şerhetmiştir (Îżâḥu’l-meknûn , II, 481). İbnü’ş-Şemmâ‘ Ömer b. Ahmed el-Halebî’nin Muhammed b. Abdülhâdî es-Sindî tarafından yapılan şerhini ed-Dürrü’l-münaḍḍad min Müsnedi’l-İmâm Aḥmed adıyla ihtisar ettiği, Muhammed b. Ali es-Senûsî ve Ebü’l-Ferec el-Hatîb’in (ed-Dürrü ve’z-zeberced ) birer muhtasarı bulunduğu kaydedilmektedir. el-Müsned ’in üç râvi ile rivayet edilen hadislerini (sülâsiyyât) bilindiği kadarıyla önce Muhibbüddin İsmâil b. Ömer el-Makdisî (ö. 613/1216) derlemiştir. Ziyâeddin el-Makdisî’nin bu türdeki çalışmasını Seffârînî Şerḥu S̱ülâs̱iyyâti Müsnedi’l-İmâm Aḥmed (Nefes̱âtü ṣadri’l-mükmed ve ḳurretü ʿayni’l-müsʿad) adıyla şerhetmiştir (nşr. Abdülkādir el-Arnaût, I-II, Dımaşk 1380; Beyrut 1391, 1399). Eşref b. Abdürrahîm de es̱-S̱ülâs̱iyyât fi’l-ḥadîs̱i’n-nebevî: el-Kütübü’s-Sitte ve Müsnedü Aḥmed adlı çalışmasında (s. 141-315) el-Müsned ’deki 331 sülâsî hadisi bir araya getirip tahkik etmiş (Beyrut 1407/1987), Nûreddin el-Heysemî, el-Müsned ’de bulunup da Kütüb-i Sitte ’de yer almayan hadisleri Ġāyetü’l-maḳṣad fî zevâʾidi Aḥmed (Müsned) adlı kitabında bablara göre sıralamıştır. Eserdeki nâdir kelimelerin açıklanması için Gulâmu Sa‘leb’in Kitâbü Ġarîbi’l-ḥadîs̱ maʿa şürûḥ ʿalâ Müsnedi İbn Ḥanbel adlı bir eser kaleme aldığı, Süyûtî’nin ʿUḳūdü’z-zeberced ʿalâ Müsnedi’l-İmâm Aḥmed adlı eserinde (nşr. Ahmed Abdülfettâh Temmâm – Semîr Hüseyin Halebî, Beyrut 1407/1987) el-Müsned ’deki bazı hadislerin i‘râbını yaptığı bilinmektedir. el-Müsned ’i konularına göre tertip edenlerden İbn Züknûn diye de bilinen Ali b. Hüseyin b. Urve’nin çalışmasına el-Kevâkibü’d-derârî fî tertîbi Müsnedi’l-İmâm Aḥmed ʿalâ ebvâbi’l-Buḫârî adını verdiği ve eserine 120 ciltlik bir şerh yazdığı, İbn Züreyḳ diye anılan Ahmed b. Muhammed el-Hanbelî’nin de eseri bablarına göre düzenlediği kaydedilmektedir. Ahmed b. Abdurrahman es-Sââtî, el-Fetḥu’r-rabbânî adlı eserinde sadece sahâbî râvileri zikrederek el-Müsned ’in hadislerini fıkıh konularına göre sıralamış, eserin zeylinde oldukça faydalı bilgiler vererek İbn Hanbel tarafından tertip edilen rivayetlerle oğlu Abdullah ve Katîî tarafından ilâve edilen rivayetleri göstermiş, hadislerin senedlerini zikredip metinlerini kısaca şerhetmiş, rivayetlerin geçtiği diğer kaynakları göstermiş ve bu notlarına Bulûġu’l-emânî min esrâri’l-Fetḥi’r-rabbânî adını vermiştir (I-XXIV, Beyrut, ts. [Dâru ihyâi’t-türâsi’l-Arabî]). Muhammed Saîd b. Besyûnî Zağlûl de Fehârisü’l-Fetḥi’r-rabbânî adıyla eserin fihristini hazırlamıştır (Beyrut-Kahire 1410/1990). el-Müsned ’deki rivayetlerin “etrâf”ı Hakkında İbn Hacer el-Askalânî’nin yazdığı İṭrâfü’l-müsnedi’l-muʿtelî bi-Eṭrâfi’l-Müsnedi’l-Ḥanbelî adlı eser önemlidir. Ebü’l-Kāsım İbn Asâkir, el-Müsned ’de rivayetleri bulunan sahâbîleri Tertîbü esmâʾi’ṣ-ṣaḥâbe elleẕîne aḫrece ḥadîs̱ehüm Aḥmed b. Ḥanbel fi’l-Müsned adıyla alfabetik olarak sıralamış ve rivayetlerinin el-Müsned ’in hangi bölümünde yer aldığını göstermiştir (nşr. Âmir Hasan Sabrî, Beyrut 1409/1989). el-Müsned ’in râvileri üzerinde Ebü’l-Mehâsin el-Hüseynî el-İkmâl fî ẕikri men lehû rivâye fî Müsnedi’l-İmâm Aḥmed mine’r-ricâl sivâ men ẕükire fî Tehẕîbi’l-Kemâl adlı bir çalışma yapmıştır (nşr. Abdülmu‘tî Emîn Kal‘acî, Mansûre 1409/1989). Onun et-Teẕkire bi-maʿrifeti ricâli’l-kütübi’l-ʿaşere ’si de aynı konudadır. Yine bu konuda İbnü’l-Cezerî’nin el-Ḳaṣdü’l-aḥmed fî ricâli Müsnedi Aḥmed (Îżâḥu’l-meknûn , II, 227), İbn Hacer el-Askalânî’nin et-Taʿrîfü’l-ecved bi-evhâmi men cemaʿa min ricâli’l-Müsned (bu eserin bazı kaynaklarda et-Taʿrîfü’l-[Taʿrîfü’l-]evḥad şeklinde kaydedilmesi dikkatsizlik sonucu olmalıdır) adlı eserleri bulunduğu belirtilmektedir. M. Nâsırüddin el-Elbânî, el-Müsned ’in Kahire 1313 neşrini esas alarak eserde rivayetleri bulunan sahâbîlerin alfabetik fihristini hazırlamış ve bu fihrist el-Müsned ’in ofset baskısıyla birlikte yayımlanmıştır. Muhammed Saîd b. Besyûnî Zağlûl de el-Müsned ’in Kahire (1313/1895) baskısını esas alıp iki fihristini hazırlamıştır (Beyrut 1405/1985, I-II, 1409/1989). Ayrıca Hamdî Abdülmecîd es-Selefî’nin Mürşidü’l-muḫtâr ilâ mâ fî Müsnedi’l-İmâm Aḥmed b. Ḥanbel mine’l-eḥâdîs̱ ve’l-âs̱âr (I-IV, Beyrut 1405-1407/1984-1987), Sıdkī Muhammed Cemîl el-Attâr’ın Fehârisü Müsnedi’l-İmâm Aḥmed ’i (I-II, 1412/1992), Abdullah Nâsır Abdürreşîd Rahmânî’nin el-Menhecü’l-esʿad fî tertîbi eḥâdîs̱i Müsnedi’l-İmâm Aḥmed ve’l-Fetḥi’r-rabbânî ve şerḥihî li-Aḥmed Şâkir (I-IV, Riyad 1411/1991) adlı fihristleri burada zikredilmelidir.
el-Müsned ’deki hadislerin çoğu, Kütüb-i Sitte ve bazı tanınmış muhaddislerin hadis kitaplarındaki rivayetleri derleyen el-Müsnedü’l-câmiʿ gibi eserlerde yer almaktadır (nşr. Beşşâr Avvâd Ma‘rûf v.dğr., I-XX, Beyrut-Küveyt 1413/1993). Ebû Mûsâ el-Medînî’nin Ḫaṣâʾiṣü’l-Müsned (bk. bibl.) ve İbnü’l-Cezerî’nin el-Maṣʿadü’l-aḥmed fî ḫatmi Müsnedi’l-İmâm Aḥmed (bk. bibl.) adlı kitapları ile Âmir Hasan Sabrî’nin Muʿcemü şüyûḫi’l-İmâm Aḥmed b. Ḥanbel fi’l-Müsned (Beyrut 1413/1993), el-Vicâdât fî Müsnedi’l-İmâm Aḥmed b. Ḥanbel ’i (Beyrut 1416/1996) ve Abdullah b. Ahmed b. Hanbel’in el-Müsned ’deki 229 zevâidini yirmi dokuz konu başlığı altında ve hadislerin sıhhatini değerlendirmek suretiyle Zevâʾidü ʿAbdillâh b. Aḥmed b. Ḥanbel fi’l-Müsned adıyla yayımladığı eseri (Beyrut 1410/1990) el-Müsned üzerinde yapılan diğer bazı çalışmalardır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Ahmed b. Hanbel, Müsned (nşr. Şuayb el-Arnaût v.dğr.), Beyrut 1416/1995, neşredenin girişi, I, 56-104.
Ebû Mûsâ el-Medînî, Ḫaṣâʾiṣü’l-Müsned (Ṭalâʾiʿu’l-Müsned içinde, nşr. Ahmed Muhammed Şâkir), Kahire, ts. (Mektebetü’t-türâsi’l-İslâmî), s. 3-11.
Zehebî, Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ , XI, 329.
İbnü’l-Mülakkın, el-Bedrü’l-münîr fî taḫrîci eḥâdîs̱i’ş-Şerḥi’l-kebîr (nşr. Cemâl Muhammed es-Seyyid), Riyad 1414, I, 395-399.
İbnü’l-Cezerî, el-Maṣʿadü’l-aḥmed fî ḫatmi Müsnedi’l-İmâm Aḥmed (Ṭalâʾiʿu’l-Müsned içinde, nşr. Ahmed Muhammed Şâkir), Kahire, ts. (Mektebetü’t-türâsi’l-İslâmî), s. 12-41.
Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , II, 1680.
Îżâḥu’l-meknûn , I, 450; II, 227, 481.
M. Zubayr Sıddiqi, Hadîs Edebiyatı Tarihi (trc. Yusuf Ziya Kavakcı), İstanbul 1966, s. 85-88.
Sezgin, GAS , I, 504-506.
Ziriklî, el-Aʿlâm (Fethullah) , IV, 280.
Maʿa’l-Mektebe , s. 403-405.
Haldûn el-Ahdeb, Esbâbü iḫtilâfi’l-muḥaddis̱în , Cidde 1407/1987, II, 646-656.
Mücteba Uğur, Hadis İlimleri Edebiyatı , Ankara 1996, s. 202-203.
Muhammed Abdürraûf, “Ahmed b. Hanbel’in Müsned’i” (trc. Mücteba Uğur), Diyanet Dergisi , XIV/1, Ankara 1975, s. 21-33.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2006 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 32. cildinde, 104-105 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.