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el-MÜSNEDÜ’s-SAHÎH Skip to content İbn Hibbân’ın (ö. 354/965) sahih hadisleri kısım ve nevilerine göre tertip ettiği eseri.
Tam adı el-Müsnedü’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ ʿale’t-teḳāsîm ve’l-envâʿ min ġayri vücûdi ḳaṭʿin fî senedihâ velâ s̱übûti cerḥin fî nâḳılîhâ’dır. Kaynaklarda çok defa Ṣaḥîḥu İbn Ḥibbân, et-Teḳāsîm ve’l-envâʿ, Kitâbü’ l-Envâʿ ve’t-teḳāsîm, es-Sünen, el-Envâʿ diye anılır. İbn Hibbân, kendi döneminde hadislerin rivayet yollarının çoğalması sebebiyle bunların sahihini tesbit etmenin zorlaştığını ve hadislerden hüküm çıkarmanın ihmal edildiğini görünce sahih hadislerin kolayca ezberlenmesini sağlamak ve onlardan hüküm çıkarılmasını kolaylaştırmak amacıyla 7500 sahih hadisi derlemiş, bunları klasik tasnif metotlarının dışında bir planla beş kısım ve 400 nevi halinde toplamak suretiyle eserini tasnif etmiştir. Bu beş kısım şöyledir: Allah Teâlâ’nın bildirdiği emirler (110 nevi), nehiyler (110 nevi), haberler (80 nevi), mubahlar (50 nevi), sadece Hz. Peygamber’in izlediği fiiller (50 nevi). Müellif, her hadise klasik hadis kitaplarındaki bab başlıkları gibi o hadisin özeti mahiyetinde “zikr” kelimesiyle başlayan bir başlık koymuş, bazı hadislerin sonunda râviler, hadiste geçen kelimeler ve fıkhî hükümlere dair bilgi vermiştir. Hadisler “nevi” adı verilen üst başlıklar altında sıralanırken önce konu hakkında genel bilgi ihtiva eden hadis yazılmış, ardından konuyla ilgili ayrıntılar içeren diğer hadisler birbirini açıklayacak şekilde sıralanmış, en ayrıntılı bilgiyi veren hadis en sona yazılmıştır. Konuları bir bütün olarak ortaya koymak için tümevarım metodunun izlendiği eserde hadisler sıralandığı, İbn Hibbân da yer yer açıklamalar yaptığı için ayrıca şerhedilmelerine ihtiyaç kalmamıştır. Musannif, hadisleri tekrar etmemeye çalışmakla beraber önemli bir fazlalığı içeren veya bir hadisin anlamını destekleyen rivayetleri tekrarlamaktan kaçınmamıştır. Konunun önemine göre bir nevide bazan yüzlerce hadis bulunurken bazan sadece bir hadis yer almıştır.
Şartları. İbn Hibbân rivayetlerini eserine aldığı râvide beş şart aramaktadır. Bunlar râvinin âdil olması, hadiste doğru sözlülükle tanınması, rivayet ettiği hadisi anlaması, hadisin anlamını bozacak şeyleri bilmesi ve rivayet ettiği hadisin müdelles olmamasıdır. Ona göre râvinin adâleti hiçbir günah işlememesi değil davranışlarının Allah’ın rızâsına uygun bulunmasıdır. Rivayet ettiği hadisi anlaması ise hadisin mânasını bozmayacak düzeyde Arapça bilmesi ve hadis ilmine vâkıf olmasıdır. Râvinin rivayet ettiği, ezbere okuduğu veya özetlediği hadisi Resûl-i Ekrem’in kastettiği anlamdan başka bir anlama kaydırmayacak seviyede fıkıh bilmesi de şarttır. İbn Hibbân bir hadisin tedlîsten uzak olmasını, Resûlullah’a varıncaya kadar o hadisi bu özelliklere sahip râvilerin birbirinden duyup rivayet etmesi diye açıklamaktadır. 2000’den çok hocadan hadis yazmasına rağmen eṣ-Ṣaḥîḥ’ine yukarıdaki niteliklere sahip 150 hocasının hadisini almıştır. Koyduğu ölçülerin sağlam olduğundan şüphesi bulunmayan müellif, güvenilir kabul ettiği bir râviye bir başka hadis otoritesinin zayıf demesini önemsememiş, kendisinin zayıf dediği birini başka bir âlimin güvenilir kabul etmesini de dikkate almamıştır. Buna örnek olarak rivayetlerini Buhârî’nin el-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ’e almadığı Hammâd b. Seleme’yi zikretmiş, onun adâlet yönünden Buhârî’nin eserindeki diğer râvilerle eşdeğerde olduğunu belirtmiştir. İbn Hibbân, rivayetinde kopukluk bulunduğu için mürsel hadisi de zayıf sayarak eṣ-Ṣaḥîḥ’ine almamıştır. Her âdil râviden iki âdil râvinin rivayet etmesiyle Hz. Peygamber’e ulaşan bir hadis bulunmadığı için İbn Hibbân’a göre bütün hadisler âhâd haberlerdir. Bu sebeple âhâd haberleri kabul etmemek bütün sünneti bilerek terketmek demektir.
İbn Hibbân, bir hadisin metnindeki ziyadeyi kabul edebilmek için râvinin âdil olmasını ve fıkıh bilmesini şart koşar. Mürciî, Râfizî vb. mezheplere mensup dâîlerin rivayetlerini güvenilir de olsalar kabul etmez. Ancak bu mezheplere mensup olanların veya onlara sempati duyanların dâî olmamaları kaydıyla rivayetlerini kitabına almakta sakınca görmez. Hayatlarının son döneminde hâfızaları zayıflayan muhaddislerin rivayetlerini alırken bunların güvenilir râvilerin rivayetleriyle örtüşmesini ve daha önce o muhaddislerden güvenilir râvilerin rivayet etmiş olmasını şart koşar. Âdil ve müttaki olsa bile semâını açıkça belirtmeyen bir müdellisin rivayetlerini münkatı‘ ve mürsel ile eşdeğerde kabul eder ve kitabına almaz. Ancak bir müdellis bir haberi ismini vermediği sika bir şeyhinden işittiğine dair kesin bir kanaat belirtiyorsa, kendisi de o haberin semâını açıkça belirttiği başka bir tarikine sahipse bu haberi eserine alır. İbn Hibbân, bir sahâbînin bizzat işittiğini söylemeden doğrudan Hz. Peygamber’den rivayet ettiği hadislere de eṣ-Ṣaḥîḥ’inde yer verir. Çünkü sahâbîler rivayet ettikleri hadisleri başka bir sahâbîden duymuş olabilecekleri gibi Resûl-i Ekrem’in, “Burada bulunanlar bulunmayanlara aktarsın” sözüne göre onların hepsi âdildir.
Literatürdeki Yeri. İbnü’s-Salâh ve diğer hadis âlimlerinin kanaatine göre sadece sahih hadisleri toplamayı hedef alan kitaplar arasında Buhârî ve Müslim’in el-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ’lerinden sonra birinci sırada İbn Huzeyme’nin eṣ-Ṣaḥîḥ’i, ikinci sırada İbn Hibbân’ın eṣ-Ṣaḥîḥ’i, üçüncü sırada Hâkim en-Nîsâbûrî’nin el-Müstedrek ʿale’ṣ-Ṣaḥîḥayn’ı yer alır. Ancak İbn Hacer el-Askalânî gibi bazı âlimler, tıpkı İbn Huzeyme gibi İbn Hibbân’ın da hasen hadisi sahih hadisin bir türü kabul ettiğini ileri sürerek bu genellemenin tartışılabilir olduğuna dikkat çekmişlerdir. Bununla beraber Ebü’l-Fidâ İbn Kesîr ve Süyûtî gibi âlimler İbn Hibbân’ın eserinin el-Müstedrek’ten üstün olduğu görüşündedir. Diğer taraftan İbn Hibbân’ın kitabına hasen hadisleri de almasını onun bir tesâhülü ve rivayet için öngördüğü şartların bir ihlâli gibi görenler çıkmışsa da İbn Hacer el-Askalânî, İbn Hibbân’ın şartlarında belirttiği üzere hasen hadisi sahih hadisin bir türü kabul ettiğini, bunu tesâhül saymanın onun ıstılahını bilmemekten ileri geldiğini söylemiştir. Nûreddin el-Heysemî, Mevâridü’ẓ-ẓamʾân ilâ zevâʾidi İbn Ḥibbân adlı eserinde (aş.bk.) el-Müsnedü’ṣ-ṣahîh’teki 7500 hadisi eṣ-Ṣaḥîḥayn’ın hadisleriyle mukayese ederek bunlardan 4853’ünün eṣ-Ṣaḥîḥayn ile ya da ikisinden birinin hadisleriyle ortak olduğunu tesbit etmiştir. Mevâridü’ẓ-ẓamʾân’daki 2647 zevâid türü hadisin sıhhati konusunda bir çalışma yapan Nâsırüddin el-Elbânî de bu hadislerden 2304’ünün sahih, geri kalan 343’ünün zayıf olduğunu belirtmiştir. Ancak Elbânî’nin bu değerlendirmesi incelenirken İbn Hibbân’ın bazı hadis imamlarının cerhettiği bir grup râviyi âdil ve sika kabul ettiği ve bu hususu eserinin girişinde belirttiği göz önünde bulundurulmalıdır.
Yazma Nüshaları. el-Müsnedü’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ orijinal şekliyle bugüne kadar neşredilmemiş, yazmaları da günümüze tam olarak gelmemiştir. Eldeki eksik nüshalarından anlaşıldığına göre eser biri dört, diğeri beş ciltten oluşan iki takım halindeydi. Eserin “emirler” bölümünden yetmiş iki varak hacmindeki bir parçası Dârü’l-kütübi’l-Mısriyye’de (227 numaralı mecmua içinde) muhafaza edilmektedir. Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Kütüphanesi’ndeki (III. Ahmed, Medine, nr. 289) 313 varaktan ibaret yazma emirler bölümünün tamamını (110 nevi) ve eserin mukaddimesiyle neviler fihristini kapsamaktadır. Aynı kütüphanede yakın bir tarihte keşfedilen ve iki ayrı cildin iki parçası bir araya getirilerek oluşturulan nüsha güvelenmiş yaprakları dikkatsizce tamir edilmiş olmasına rağmen önemli bir boşluğu doldurmaktadır. Yine bu kütüphanede bulunan (III. Ahmed, nr. 347) ve eserin bir başka rivayetinin II. cildi olduğu anlaşılan 222 varak tutarındaki nüsha ise emirler bölümünün doksan altıncı nevi ile başlar, haberler bölümünün sekizinci nevinin sonuna kadar devam eder. Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Kütüphanesi III. Ahmed bölümünde 346 numarada kayıtlı 222 varaktan meydana gelen üçüncü nüsha da bir önceki nüshayı yazan kişinin kaleminden çıkmıştır. Bu yazmanın sonunda eserin dört cildinden ikincisinin sona erdiğini belirten müstensih notu ise bu iki ciltte 400 neviden meydana gelen eserin 200 nevinin yer aldığı anlaşılmaktadır. Eserin bir parçası da Millet Kütüphanesi’ndedir (Feyzullah Efendi, nr. 524). Bir başka takımın III. cildini oluşturan 256 varaklık nüsha, haberler bölümünün sekizinci nevinden bu bölümün sonuna kadar devam etmektedir. Haydarâbâd Âsafiye Kütüphanesi’nde de (nr. 12224/14) eserin eksik kısımlarını tamamlar nitelikte 122 varaktan ibaret bir nüsha vardır (dördüncü bölümün otuz dördüncü nevi ile beşinci bölümün on ikinci nevi arası). Eserin on varaklık bir kısmı Zâhiriye Kütüphanesi’nde kayıtlıdır (Mecmua, nr. 111, vr. 94-103). Önemli bir boşluğu dolduran bu kısım, eṣ-Ṣaḥîḥ’in üçüncü bölümünün yetmiş ve yetmiş birinci nevilerini ihtiva etmektedir. Şuayb el-Arnaût’un verdiği bilgiye göre Nâsıriye Kütüphanesi’nde eserin IV. cildine ait 151 varaklık bir parçası daha bulunmaktadır (dördüncü bölümün son yirmi beş nevi ile beşinci bölümün dokuz nevi). (İbn Balabân, neşredenin girişi, I, 61-62).
Üzerinde Yapılan Çalışmalar. 1. el-İḥsân fî taḳrîbi Ṣaḥîḥi İbn Ḥibbân. İbn Balabân’ın, eṣ-Ṣaḥîḥ’i fıkıh konularına göre yeniden düzenlediği bir çalışması olup Ṣaḥîḥu İbn Ḥibbân adıyla yayımlanmıştır. İbn Balabân, câmi‘ türü hadis kitaplarının planını dikkate alarak eṣ-Ṣaḥîḥ’teki hadisleri bir mukaddime ile yirmi üç kitap halinde düzenlemiş, kitap ve fasıl başlıkları dışında eserin aslına bir ilâvede bulunmamıştır. Çalışmasının baş tarafına eserin orijinalinde yer alan beş kısım ve 400 nevin başlıklarını koyduğu gibi her hadisin sonuna o hadisin orijinal nüshada ait olduğu kısım ve nevi numaralarını da kaydetmiştir. el-İḥsân’ın bazı ciltleri üzerinde Mekke’de Câmiatü Ümmi’l-kurâ’da Hamza Zîb Mustafa (1407), Sâlim Ahmed Selâme (1407), Abdullah b. Seyf b. Kāid el-Ezdî (1408), Abdülganî b. Humeyd Hamûd el-Kübeysî (1408) doktora çalışması yapmış, tamamı ise Abdülmuhsin el-Yemânî tarafından üç cilt (Medine, ts.), Şuayb el-Arnaût tarafından tahkik edilerek son iki cildi fihrist olmak üzere on sekiz cilt (Beyrut 1404-1408/1983-1987, 1418/1997; I. cildi Hüseyin Esed ile birlikte) halinde yayımlanmıştır. el-İḥsân’ı biri fihrist olmak üzere on cilt halinde Kemal Yûsuf el-Hût da neşretmiştir (Beyrut 1987). Ahmed Muhammed Şâkir, Ṣaḥîḥu İbn Ḥibbân bi-tertîbi’l-Emîr ʿAlâʾiddîn el-Fârisî adıyla bir çalışma yapmaya başlamışsa da ancak ilk cildini yayımlayabilmiştir (Kahire 1372, 1406). Abdurrahman Muhammed Osman da I. cildini neşretmiştir (1970). 2. Tertîbü Ṣaḥîḥi İbn Ḥibbân. Moğultay b. Kılıç bu çalışmasıyla eseri fıkıh kitapları tertibine koymuştur. İbn Hacer el-Askalânî eserin müellif hattıyla olan nüshasını gördüğünü ve tamamlanmamış olduğunu söylemektedir (Lisânü’l-Mîzân, VI, 74). Aynı konuda, İbn Züreyḳ diye anılan Muhammed b. Abdurrahman el-Hanbelî’nin de bir çalışması vardır (Ziriklî, VII, 66). 3. Zevâʾidü İbn Ḥibbân ʿale’ṣ-Ṣaḥîḥayn. İbn Hacer el-Askalânî, Moğultay b. Kılıç’ın bir ciltten ibaret bu eserinin tamamlanmamış müellif nüshasını gördüğünü söylemektedir (Lisânü’l-Mîzan, VI, 74). 4. Ricâlü Ṣaḥîḥi İbn Ḥibbân. Zeynüddin el-Irâkī’ye aittir. 5. Eṭrâfü Ṣaḥîḥi İbn Ḥibbân. Yine Zeynüddin el-Irâkī’ye ait olan eser el-Müsnedü’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ’in üçüncü kısmının altmışıncı nevine kadar olan hadislerin ilk cümlelerinin fihristidir. 6. Taḫrîcü erbaʿîne ḥadîs̱en büldâniyye min Ṣaḥîḥi’bni Ḥibbân . Kısaca el-Erbaʿûne’l-büldâniyye diye de bilinen bu çalışmasında Zeynüddin el-Irâkī, el-Müsnedü’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ’te kırk ayrı şehre mensup olan kırk muhaddis tarafından rivayet edilen kırk hadisi bir araya getirmiştir. 7. Mevâridü’ẓ-ẓamʾân ilâ zevâʾidi İbn Ḥibbân. Nûreddin el-Heysemî, el-Müsnedü’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ’in Buhârî ve Müslim’in eṣ-Ṣaḥîḥ’leri üzerine olan zevâidini bir araya getirmiştir. Eserde 2647 hadis senedleriyle birlikte konularına göre tertip edilmiştir (nşr. Muhammed Abdürrezzâk Hamza, Kahire, ts.; Beyrut, ts.; Medine, ts.; Beyrut 1999; nşr. Şuayb el-Arnaût – Muhammed Rıdvân Araksûsî, I-II, Beyrut 1414/1993; nşr. Hüseyin Selîm Esed ed-Dârânî – Abduh Ali el-Kûşek, I-IX, Dımaşk 1411-1414/1990-1993, son cildi fihristtir). Yûsuf Abdurrahman el-Mar‘aşlî, bu eser için Muhammed Abdürrezzâk Hamza neşrine göre Fihrisü eḥâdîs̱i Mevâridi’ẓ-ẓamʾân ilâ zevâʾidi İbn Ḥibbân adıyla bir fihrist hazırlamıştır (Beyrut 1407/1987; Dımaşk 1993). Nâsırüddin el-Elbânî kitaptaki sahih rivayetleri iki cilt halinde Ṣaḥîḥu Mevâridi’ẓ-ẓamʾân, zayıf rivayetleri de bir cilt halinde Żaʿîfü Mevâridi’ẓ-ẓamʾân adıyla yayımlamıştır (Riyad 1422/2002). Mustafa Işık eser üzerinde bir doktora çalışması yapmıştır (bk. bibl.). el-Müsnedü’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ’in orijinalini ortaya koymak amacıyla Uludağ Üniversitesi İlâhiyat Fakültesi’nde Mehmet Ali Sönmez’in başkanlığında başlatılan metin tesbiti ve Türkçe’ye tercümesi çalışmaları devam etmektedir. el-Müsnedü’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ’i İbn Balabân ve İbnü’l-Mülakkın’ın ihtisar ettiği belirtilmiştir (Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn, II, 1075; Ziriklî, V, 74).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA İbn Hibbân, el-Müsnedü’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ, TSMK, III. Ahmed, Medine, nr. 289, I, vr. 1 vd.; Hâzimî, Şürûṭü’l-eʾimmeti’l-ḫamse (nşr. Zâhid Kevserî), Kahire 1991, s. 44; İbnü’s-Salâh, ʿUlûmü’l-ḥadîs̱, Kahire 1326, s. 9; İbn Balabân, el-İḥsân fî taḳrîbi Ṣaḥîḥi İbn Ḥibbân (nşr. Şuayb el-Arnaût – Hüseyin Esed), Beyrut 1418/1997, neşredenin girişi I, 3-62; Zehebî, ʿAlâmü’n-nübelâʾ, XX, 10, 21; XXII, 114; XXIII, 312-313, 326; a.mlf., Teẕkiretü’l-ḥuffâẓ, III, 921; IV, 1328; İbn Kesîr, el-Bidâye, Beyrut 1988, I, 194; Irâkī, Fetḥu’l-muġīs̱, s. 17-18; a.mlf., et-Taḳyîd ve’l-îżâḥ, Kahire 1350, s. 18; Heysemî, Mevâridü’ẓ-ẓamʾân ilâ zevâʾidi İbn Ḥibbân (nşr. Muhammed Abdürrezzâk Hamza), Beyrut, ts. (Dârü’l-kütübi’l-ilmiyye), s. 11-13; Takıyyüddin el-Fâsî, Ẕeylü’t-Taḳyîd fî ruvâti’s-sünen ve’l-mesânîd (nşr. Kemâl Yûsuf el-Hût), Beyrut 1410/1990, II, 363; İbn Hacer, Lisânü’l-Mîzân, VI, 74; a.mlf., en-Nüket ʿalâ Kitâbi İbni’ṣ-Ṣalâḥ (nşr. Rebî‘ b. Hâdî Umeyr), Riyad 1408/1988, I, 291; Takıyyüddin İbn Fehd, Laḥẓü’l-elḥâẓ (Ẕeylü Teẕkiretü’l-ḥuffâẓ li’ẕ-Ẕehebî içinde, nşr. M. Zâhid Kevserî), Dımaşk 1347, s. 196, 232-233; Süyûtî, Tedrîbü’r-râvî, Kahire 1307, s. 32; Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn, I, 463; II, 1075, 1400; Ziriklî, el-Aʿlâm, V, 74; VII, 66; Tecrid Tercemesi, Mukaddime, s. 257-258; Elbânî, Maḫṭûṭât, s. 42; Ahmed Muhammed Şâkir, el-Bâʿis̱ü’l-ḥas̱îs̱, Kahire 1399/1979, s. 22; Mehmet Ali Sönmez, İbn Hibbân ve Cerh-Tadil Metodu, İstanbul, ts. (Umran Yayınları), s. 10, 24-34; Mustafa Işık, İbnu Huzeyme, Sahih’i ve İbnu Hibban’ın Sahih’iyle Mukayesesi (doktora tezi, 1997), EÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, s. 163-217; Yahyâ b. Abdullah eş-Şehrî, Zevâʾidü ricâli Ṣaḥîḥi İbn Ḥibbân, Riyad 1422/2001, I, 43-78.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2006 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 32. cildinde, 106-108 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.