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el-MÜSTASFÂ Skip to content Gazzâlî’nin (ö. 505/1111) fıkıh usulüne dair eseri.
Tam adı el-Müstaṣfâ min ʿilmi’l-uṣûl olup İbn Hallikân 503 (1109-10) yılında telif edildiğini kaydeder. Gazzâlî’nin, fıkhın fürû ve usulüyle ilgili birçok kitap yazdıktan sonra tasavvuf ve ahlâka yöneldiğini ve o alanlarda da geniş eserler tasnif ettiğini, ardından tekrar ders vermeye başlaması üzerine bu eseri kaleme aldığını belirtmesi ve önceki eserlerinin büyük çoğunluğuna burada ismen atıfta bulunması da el-Müstaṣfâ ’yı hayatının sonlarına doğru telif ettiğini göstermektedir. el-Müstaṣfâ , kelâmcıların metoduna göre yazılan fıkıh usulü kitaplarının temeli sayılan ve sonraki usul eserlerinin pek çoğuna kaynaklık etmiş olan dört kitaptan biridir (diğerleri Kādî Abdülcebbâr’ın el-ʿUmed , Ebü’l-Hüseyn el-Basrî’nin el-Muʿtemed ve İmâmü’l-Haremeyn el-Cüveynî’nin el-Burhân ’ıdır).
Gazzâlî, el-Müstaṣfâ ’nın daha önce yazdığı iki usul eserinden Tehẕîbü’l-uṣûl kadar hacimli ve el-Menḫûl kadar kısa olmadığını, bu kitapta hem sistematiğe hem de konunun özünün ortaya konmasına itina gösterilip birinin diğerine feda edilmediğini ifade eder. Ayrıca fıkıh usulünde fürû-i fıkha ait meselelere, kelâm ve dille ilgili tartışmalara gereğinden fazla yer verilmesinden şikâyet eder ve kendisinin olabildiğince bundan uzak kaldığını belirtir (el-Müstaṣfâ , I, 5, 10). Bu anlayıştan hareketle meselâ dilcilerin konusu olduğu gerekçesiyle hurûfü’l-meânî, cedelcilerin eklemesi olduğu gerekçesiyle illete yöneltilen itirazlar bahsine yer vermemiştir (II, 350).
el-Müstaṣfâ , okuyucunun daha başlangıçta usul ilminin konularına genel bir bakış yapmasına imkân veren oldukça düzenli ve tutarlı bir sistematiğe sahiptir. Telif sebebini belirttiği önsözün ardından Gazzâlî fıkıh usulünün tanımı, diğer şer‘î ilimlerle münasebeti ve fıkıh usulü konularının dört eksen etrafında toplanması hakkında özlü açıklamalar içeren bir girişe ve mantıkla ilgili bir mukaddimeye yer vermekte, bundan sonra ana bölümlere geçmektedir. Her konunun en çok ilgili olduğu başlık altında incelenmesine özen gösteren müellif fıkıh usulü konularının dört eksen etrafında toplanmasını da “semere” benzetmesinden yararlanarak izah eder. Buna göre “semere” ile hüküm, “müsmir” ile hükmün delilleri, “turuku’l-istismâr” ile hüküm çıkarma yolları ve “müstesmir” ile hükmü çıkaran kişi / müctehid kastedilmektedir (bunların ayrıntılı tanıtımı için bk. GAZZÂLÎ [Fıkhî Görüşleri]).
Eserin diğer fıkıh usulü kitaplarından ilk bakışta göze çarpan farklılığı, baş tarafında mantık ilminin özetlendiği bir mukaddimeye yer verilmiş olmasıdır. Gazzâlî, “Bunu bilmeyenin ilmine güvenilmez” dediği mantığın yalnızca fıkıh usulü için değil diğer bütün ilimler için gerekli olduğunu belirtmiştir. Özel bir bölüm tahsis etmek suretiyle mantığı fıkıh usulüne katan ilk kişi olan Gazzâlî’nin bu uygulamasına daha sonraki usulcüler fazla rağbet etmemiş, bilindiği kadarıyla sadece Hanbelî usulcüsü İbn Kudâme ile Mâlikî usulcüsü İbnü’l-Hâcib, yazdıkları fıkıh usulü eserlerine mantık ilminin konularını hulâsa ederek başlamışlardır. İbn Kudâme mantık mukaddimesi yüzünden tenkitlere mâruz kalmış, hatta Ravżatü’n-nâẓır ’ın bazı nüshalarından bu mukaddime çıkarılmıştır (Tûfî, II, 60-65). Tûfî, uzmanı olduğu halde Râzî’nin el-Maḥṣûl ’de mantık ilmine yer vermezken uzmanı olmadığı halde İbn Kudâme’nin yer vermesini ilginç bulmaktadır (a.g.e. , II, 63-65). Şâfiî usulcüsü İsfahânî, Fahreddin er-Râzî’nin el-Maḥṣûl ’üne yazdığı şerhin başına Gazzâlî’ye uyarak bir mantık mukaddimesi koyduğunu belirtmektedir (el-Kâşif , I, 125-126). Fakat el-Kâşif ’in yayımlanan nüshasında (Beyrut 1998) sözü edilen mantık mukaddimesi yer almamaktadır. el-Müstaṣfâ ’yı özetleyen İbn Rüşd de mantık ilminin lüzumuna itiraz etmemekle birlikte bu ilmin bir fıkıh usulü eserinin içerisine dercedilmesini eleştirir (eż-Żarûrî , s. 37-38).
Gazzâlî, bu eserinde fıkıh usulü konularını özellikle Ehl-i sünnet zâviyesinden ve başta Mu‘tezile olmak üzere diğer ekollerle karşılaştırmalı olarak en ince ayrıntılarına kadar tartışmış, tenkit ve tekliflerini ortaya koymuştur. Bu yönüyle el-Müstaṣfâ , bir bakıma daha önceki anlayışların tartışıldığı ve irdelendiği bir eser hüviyeti taşımaktadır. Fakat müellif, görüş ayrılıklarını derinleştirmek yerine ayrılık noktalarını mümkün olduğunca kapatmaya, imkân varsa bunların arasını uzlaştırmaya ve hiç değilse tarafların görüşlerini doğru biçimde takdim etmeye çalışmıştır (I, 105, 132, 133). Meselâ istihsanın geçerli bir delil sayılmadığını açıklarken önce istihsanın ne olduğunu anlamak gerektiğini, bir şeyi anlamadan reddetmenin yanlışlığını ifade eder ve istihsan için verilen tarifleri zikrederek her biri için ayrı değerlendirme yapar. Yine Hanefîler’in farz ve vâcip ayırımlarını incelerken bu konudaki görüş ayrılığının öze ilişkin olmadığını söyler, vâcip şeklinde bir isimlendirmeye gidilmesini de, “Istılahta tartışma olmaz” diyerek mâkul karşılar. Eserde genellikle konular ana hatlarıyla ortaya konulduktan sonra, “… denirse … deriz” şeklinde bir diyalog üslûbu kullanılarak görüşlerin daha iyi anlaşılmasına ve değişik sorularla sınanmasına imkân sağlanmıştır.
Genel olarak Sünnî-Eş‘arî perspektifine göre kaleme alınmış olmakla birlikte el-Müstaṣfâ ’da yer yer Eş‘arî ve Şâfiî çizgisinden ayrılmalar olduğu görülmektedir. Gazzâlî’nin bazı yerlerde hocası Cüveynî’ye, Eş‘arî usulcüsü Bâkıllânî’ye ve mensup bulunduğu mezhebin imamı Şâfiî’ye muhalefet etmiş olması (bazı örnekler için bk. I, 174-175, 267, 271, 430; II, 60, 68, 75), onun öncelikle kendi metodolojisini ortaya koymayı düşündüğü ve bu kitabı ictihad basamaklarını tırmanmak isteyenler için kılavuz şeklinde hazırladığı izlenimini vermektedir. Bununla birlikte el-Müstaṣfâ ’nın büyük ölçüde, Bâkıllânî’nin et-Taḳrîb ve’l-irşâd ’ı ile Cüveynî’nin buna yazdığı telhisten yararlanılarak kaleme alındığı unutulmamalıdır. Bu yönüyle el-Müstaṣfâ Bâkıllânî’nin görüşlerini barındıran bir kitap özelliği taşır. En son yazdığı usul eseri olduğundan el-Müstaṣfâ , Gazzâlî’nin nihaî görüşlerini temsil etmesi bakımından da özel bir öneme sahiptir. el-Menḫûl ve Tehẕîbü’l-uṣûl gibi önceki usul kitaplarında savunduğu görüşlerle buradakiler arasında bir farklılık görüldüğünde el-Müstaṣfâ ’daki görüşünün esas alınması doğru olur.
el-Müstaṣfâ usul kitaplarının pek çoğunu çeşitli derecelerde etkilemiştir. VII. (XIII.) yüzyıl sonrası fıkıh usulü kitapları üzerinde önemli tesirleri olan Fahreddin er-Râzî’nin el-Maḥṣûl ’ü, dört temel usul eserinden ve özellikle el-Muʿtemed ile el-Müstaṣfâ ’dan yararlanılarak yazılmıştır (Şehâbeddin el-Karâfî, I, 91; İsnevî, I, 10). İsnevî, el-Maḥṣûl ’ün bu iki eserin neredeyse hiç dışına çıkmadığını belirtir (Nihâyetü’s-sûl , I, 10). Seyfeddin el-Âmidî’nin el-İḥkâm ’ı da tertip itibariyle büyük ölçüde el-Müstaṣfâ ’dan etkilenmiştir. Önemli bir fark Gazzâlî’nin, müctehidin bir tasarrufu olarak gördüğü için müctehid bölümünde yer verdiği teâruz ve tercih konusunu Âmidî’nin ayrı bölüm halinde incelemesidir. İbn Kudâme’nin Ravżatü’n-nâẓır ’ı her ne kadar el-Müstaṣfâ gibi dört eksen üzerine düzenlenmemişse de onun muhtasarı olduğu rahatlıkla söylenebilir (Tûfî, II, 61-62). Mantık ilminde uzman olmadığı halde kitabının başına el-Müstaṣfâ ’nın başındakine benzer bir mantık mukaddimesi koyması yanında konuların işleniş sırası ve verilen bilgilerin ayniyet derecesinde benzerliği bu ihtimali desteklemektedir. el-Müstaṣfâ bir ders kitabı olarak tasarlanmamış olsa da ince ayrıntılara inmesi ve hacmi bir tarafa bırakılırsa tertibi ve konuları ele alış tarzı açısından öğretici özellikte olup ders kitabı olmaya elverişlidir. Nitekim bazı hocalar tarafından bu maksatla kullanıldığı belirtilmektedir (Gubrînî, s. 73).
Eserin ilk neşri Bahrülulûm el-Leknevî’nin Fevâtiḥu’r-raḥamût adlı eseriyle birlikte Bulak’ta yapılmış (I-II, 1322, 1324 [II. cildin sonundaki tarih 1325’tir]), daha sonra bu neşirden tıpkıbasımları gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ayrıca Muhammed Mustafa Ebü’l-Alâ (Kahire 1391/1971), Hamza b. Züheyr Hâfız (Medine 1413/1993), İbrâhim Muhammed Ramazan (Beyrut 1994), Muhammed Yûsuf Necm (Beyrut 1995), Muhammed Süleyman el-Aşkar (Beyrut 1997) ve Muhammed Abdüsselâm eş-Şâfî (Beyrut 2000) tarafından yayımlanmıştır.
İbnü’n-Nâzır diye bilinen Ebû Ali Hüseyin b. Abdülazîz el-Fihrî el-Belensî, Ebû Ca‘fer Ahmed b. Muhammed el-Âmirî el-Gırnâtî, Ebû Abdullah İbnü’l-Hâc el-Abderî (el-Müstevfâ şerḥu’l-Müstaṣfâ ) ve Serîcâ b. Muhammed el-Malatî (Müstaḳṣa’l-uṣûl fî Müstaṣfa’l-uṣûl ) el-Müstaṣfâ ’yı şerhetmiştir. Sehl b. Muhammed el-Ezdî el-Gırnâtî, İbnü’l-Hâc diye bilinen Ebü’l-Abbas Ahmed b. Muhammed el-İşbîlî esere birer hâşiye yazmıştır.
el-Müstaṣfâ ’nın ihtisarları da yapılmıştır. 1. İbn Rüşd el-Hafîd, eż-Żarûrî fî uṣûli’l-fıḳh (nşr. Cemâleddin el-Alevî, Beyrut 1994). Son derece kısa olmasına rağmen Gazzâlî’ye itirazlar da içeren güzel bir özettir. 2. Ebû Ali Hüseyin b. Atîk er-Rabaî, Lübâbü’l-maḥṣûl fî ʿilmi’l-uṣûl (nşr. Muhammed Gazâlî Ömer Câbî, Dübey 1422/2001). İbn Reşiḳ diye tanınan müellif, el-Müstaṣfâ ’nın önemini vurgulamakla birlikte kitabın içeriğini daha kolay anlaşılabilir ve ezberlenebilir hale getirme amacıyla böyle bir ihtisara başvurduğunu ifade etmiş, bazı noktalarda da Gazzâlî’yi eleştirmiştir. Meselâ hükmün kendisinin hükmün rükünleri arasında sayılmasına, bir şeyin parçasının o şeyin kendisiyle aynîleştirilmesi anlamına geleceği gerekçesiyle karşı çıkmış (s. 243), kıyasın bir delil olarak değil istinbat yöntemi olarak değerlendirilmesini, tahkīku’l-menât, tenkīhu’l-menât ve tahrîcü’l-menât bahsinin kıyas bahsinin başına konmasını tenkit etmiştir (s. 643). Bunlardan başka Ali b. Abdurrahman et-Tilimsânî el-Muḳteḍabü’l-eşfâ fî iḫtiṣâri’l-Müstaṣfâ , Sühreverdî el-Maktûl Muḫtaṣarü’l-Müstaṣfâ , Ebû Abdullah Muhammed b. Abdülhak el-Ya‘merî Müstaṣfa’l-Müstaṣfâ , Ebü’l-Abbas İbnü’l-Hâc el-İşbîlî Muḫtaṣarü’l-Müstaṣfâ ve İbnü’t-Tayr et-Tûnisî Muḫtaṣarü’l-Müstaṣfâ adlı çalışmalarında ve ayrıca İbn Şâs el-Müstaṣfâ ’yı ihtisar etmiştir.
Eser üzerine yapılan çalışmalardan biri de hadislerin tahrîcidir. Bu konuda İbn Arabiyye diye tanınan Osman b. Atîk el-Kaysî el-Müstevfâ fî refʿi eḥâdîṣi’l-Müstaṣfâ ve Yûsuf b. Muhammed el-Beyyâsî Taḫrîcü eḥâdîs̱i’l-Müstaṣfâ adlı eserlerini kaleme almışlardır (şerh, ihtisar ve tahrîcler için bk. Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , II, 1673; Hüseyin b. Reşîk el-Mâlikî, neşredenin girişi, I, 112-114; Abdullah Muhammed el-Habeşî, III, 1669-1670).
Ahmed Zekî Mansûr Hammâd, Chicago Üniversitesi’nde Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī’s Juristic Doctrine in Al-Mustaṣfā min ʿilm al-uṣūl: with a Translation of Volume I of Al-Mustaṣfā min ʿilm al-uṣūl adıyla bir doktora tezi (1987), Beşîr Subhî Şübeyr, İmâm Muhammed b. Suûd Üniversitesi’nde Taḫrîcu eḥâdîs̱i’l-Müstaṣfâ fi’l-uṣûl li’l-Ġazzâlî ismiyle yüksek lisans tezi (1407) hazırlamıştır. el-Müstaṣfâ , H. Yunus Apaydın tarafından Türkçe’ye çevrilmiştir (el-Mustasfa: İslam Hukukunda Deliller ve Yorum Metodolojisi , I-II, Kayseri 1994).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Gazzâlî, el-Müstaṣfâ fî ʿilmi’l-uṣûl , Bulak 1324, I-II.
İbn Rüşd el-Hafîd, eż-Żarûrî fî uṣûli’l-fıḳh (nşr. Cemâleddin el-Alevî), Beyrut 1994, s. 37-38.
Hüseyin b. Reşîḳ el-Mâlikî, Lübâbü’l-maḥṣûl fî ʿilmi’l-uṣûl (nşr. Muhammed Gazâlî Ömer Câbî), Dübey 1422/2001, neşredenin girişi, I, 109-114.
Şehâbeddin el-Karâfî, Nefâʾisü’l-uṣûl fî şerḥi’l-Maḥṣûl (nşr. Âdil Ahmed Abdülmevcûd – Ali M. Muavvaz), Beyrut 1999, I, 91.
Muhammed b. Mahmûd el-İsfahânî, el-Kâşif ʿani’l-Maḥṣûl fî ʿilmi’l-uṣûl (nşr. Âdil Ahmed Abdülmevcûd – Ali M. Muavvaz), Beyrut 1419/1998, I, 125-126.
Gubrînî, ʿUnvânü’d-dirâye (nşr. Âdil Nüveyhiz), Beyrut 1969, s. 73.
Tûfî, Şerḥu Muḫtaṣari’r-Ravża (nşr. Abdullah b. Abdülmuhsin et-Türkî), Beyrut 1990, II, 60-65.
İsnevî, Nihâyetü’s-sûl (Muhammed b. Hasan el-Bedahşî, Şerḥu’l-Bedaḫşî: Minhâcü’l-ʿuḳūl içinde), Beyrut 1405/1984, I, 10.
İbn Haldûn, el-Muḳaddime , Beyrut 1989, s. 455.
Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , II, 1673.
Serkîs, Muʿcem , I, 531; II, 1414.
Abdülvehhâb İbrâhim Ebû Süleyman, el-Fikrü’l-uṣûlî , Cidde 1404/1984, s. 321-367.
Abdullah Muhammed el-Habeşî, Câmiʿu’ş-şürûḥ ve’l-ḥavâşî , Ebûzabî 1425/2004, III, 1669-1670.
Alemî Hamdânî Meşîş, “el-İmâm el-Ġazzâlî ve kütübühü’l-uṣûliyye”, Mecelletü Külliyyeti’l-âdâb ve’l-ʿulûmi’l-insâniyye bi-Fâs , sy. 7, Dârülbeyzâ 1412/1991, s. 33-62.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2006 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 32. cildinde, 124-126 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.