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el-UDDE Skip to content Ebû Ya‘lâ el-Ferrâ’nın (ö. 458/1066) fıkıh usulüne dair eseri.
Tam adı el-ʿUdde fî uṣûli’l-fıḳh ’tır (İbn Ebû Ya‘lâ, III, 384). Eserin usul konularının tamamını ihtiva eden ilk sistematik Hanbelî usul kitabı olduğunu söylemek mümkündür. Önceki Hanbelî âlimlerinin usul alanındaki görüşlerini içermesi yönüyle el-ʿUdde Hanbelîler açısından, Cessâs’ın el-Fuṣûl ’ünün Hanefîler açısından sahip olduğu öneme sahiptir. Eserin mevcut tek nüshasının sonundaki kayıtta 428 (1036-37) yılında tamamlandığı belirtilmektedir. el-ʿUdde ’nin başında fıkıh ve fıkıh usulü tanımlarıyla delillere genel bir bakış yapıldıktan sonra “tanımlar” ve “harfler” başlıklarıyla geniş bir girişe yer verilmiş, birinci bölümde fıkıh usulü terimleri yanında bazı mantık ve kelâm terimlerinin tarifi yapılmış, ikinci bölümde fıkhî hükümleri ilgilendiren harflerin anlamları açıklanmıştır (I, 67-212). Kelvezânî’nin et-Temhîd ’i ile Ebü’l-Vefâ İbn Akīl’in el-Vâżıḥ ’ında devam ettirilen bu yöntem daha sonraki Hanbelî usul kitaplarında terkedilmiştir. Ana konuların (bab) altında emir, nehiy, umum, nesih, haberler, icmâ, taklid, kıyas, illet, sual, cevap ve muarâzanın kısımları, ictihad şeklinde sıralandığı eserde alt konular “mesele” ve “fasıl” başlığı altında verilmiştir. el-ʿUdde , Ahmed b. Hanbel’in kullandığı bazı ifadelerin ne anlama geldiğine ilişkin kısa bir bölümle sona ermektedir.
Eserin başında yapılan taksimde deliller asıl, mefhûmü’l-asıl ve istishâbü’l-hâl olmak üzere üçe ayrılmıştır. Asıl kapsamında kitap, sünnet ve icmâ yer alır. Hitabın delâletiyle ilgili konular mücmel ve mufassal (mübeyyen) şeklinde birinci asıl (kitap) çerçevesinde ele alınmıştır. Mefhûmü’l-asıl kapsamında ise mefhûmü’l-hitâb (mefhûmü’l-muvâfaka ve lahnü’l-hitâb), delîlü’l-hitâb (mefhûmü’l-muhâlefe) ve ma‘ne’l-hitâb (kıyas) yer alır. İstishâbü’l-hâl de berâetü’z-zimme istishâbı ve istishâbü’l-hâli’l-icmâ şeklinde ikiye ayrılır. Hitabın delâletinin asıl ve mefhûmü’l-asıl şeklindeki bu ayırımının ana hatları itibariyle kelâmcı usulcülerin mantûk-mefhum şeklindeki ayırımına denk düştüğü söylenebilir. Delillerin ve delâlet şekillerinin buna benzer tasnifini bazı farklılıklarla Ferrâ’dan önce İbn Fûrek’te görmek mümkündür (M. Hassân İbrâhim, s. 549, 560, 566, 575, 620). Meselâ Ferrâ, fehve’l-hitâb ve lahnü’l-hitâbı mefhûmü’l-hitâb kapsamında değerlendirirken İbn Fûrek bunları diğer iki kısımla birlikte dörde ayırdığı ma‘kūlü’l-asıl başlığı altında ele almıştır.
el-ʿUdde ’de farklı görüşlere temas edilirken şöyle bir yöntem izlendiği görülür: Müellif, konunun başında tercih ettiği görüşü belirtip o konuda Ahmed b. Hanbel’den gelen rivayetleri sıralamış, ardından diğer ekol ve usulcülerin görüşlerini zikretmiş, daha sonra benimsediği görüşün gerekçesini ortaya koyarak bu görüşe yönelik muhtemel itirazları cevaplama yoluna gitmiş, son olarak da muhalif görüşlerin gerekçelerini kaydedip bunlara cevap vermiştir. Bu açıdan bakıldığında el-ʿUdde Hanbelîler yanında Hanefî, Şâfiî, Eş‘arî ve Mu‘tezilî usulcülerin görüşlerini inceleyen, az da olsa Mâlikî ve Zâhirîler’in görüşlerine değinen mukayeseli bir eserdir. Müellif ekollerin kendi içindeki görüş farklılıklarını ihmal etmemekle birlikte bazı konularda bu hususu dikkatten kaçırmıştır. Meselâ Hanefîler’e nisbet ettiği mutlak emrin fevri gerektirdiği görüşü (I, 282) Kerhî ve Cessâs’a ait olup (el-Fuṣûl , I, 295) Hanefîler’de hâkim görüş bunun aksi yönündedir (krş. Şemsüleimme es-Serahsî, I, 26). Mu‘tezile’ye izâfe ettiği mutlak emrin nedbe delâleti yönündeki görüş de (I, 229) Ebû Hâşim ve Kādî Abdülcebbâr’a aittir (krş. el-Muġnî , XVII, 107; Ebü’l-Hüseyin el-Basrî, I, 50-51).
Müellif, kelâmla bağlantılı konularda Mu‘tezile’ye muhalif olarak Eş‘arî bakış açısını benimsemekle birlikte (meselâ bk. I, 90, 216; II, 392, 422) birçok konuda onlardan ayrılır (meselâ bk. I, 214, 222; IV, 1243). Fıkıh mezhepleri açısından ele alındığında benimsediği görüşlerin Hanefîler’den ziyade Şâfiîler’inkine yakın olduğu görülür (meselâ bk. II, 432, 441, 448, 550, 559, 615, 703; III, 788, 814, 885; IV, 1346, 1409). Bununla beraber Hanefîler’in usul anlayışının belirgin özelliklerini taşıyan birçok meselede onların görüşünü benimser (meselâ bk. II, 376-380; IV, 1196, 1379; V, 1604-1610). Sonraki Hanbelî usulcüleri tarafından pek kabul görmeyen bazı görüşlerine şunlar örnek verilebilir: İsimlerin sözlük anlamları şer‘î anlamlarına nakledilmez (I, 190; krş. Kelvezânî, II, 252; Ebü’l-Vefâ İbn Akīl, II, 426; Muvaffakuddin İbn Kudâme, s. 173; Tûfî, I, 490-492); şer‘in gelmesinden önce fiillerde aslî hüküm haramlıktır (IV, 1243; krş. Kelvezânî, IV, 269-282; Ebü’l-Vefâ İbn Akīl, V, 259-262; Ali b. Süleyman el-Merdâvî, II, 765; İbnü’n-Neccâr el-Fütûhî, I, 325); farz ve vâcip birbirinden farklıdır (II, 376; krş. Ebü’l-Vefâ İbn Akīl, III, 163; Tûfî, I, 274; Ali b. Süleyman el-Merdâvî, II, 836; İbnü’n-Neccâr el-Fütûhî, I, 351-352).
Usulcülere ve onların eserlerine yaptığı atıflardan Ferrâ’nın el-ʿUdde ’de kendi zamanına kadar yazılan usul kitaplarının büyük bir bölümünü gördüğü, onlardan istifade ettiği ve mevcut usul birikimini yansıtmaya çalıştığı anlaşılmaktadır. Diğer ekollere nisbetle Hanefîler’in görüşlerine daha çok yer vermiştir. Bunda babasının Hanefî mezhebine mensup bir fakih ve muhaddis olmasının da (DİA , X, 253) etkisi düşünülebilir. Hanefîler’in görüşleri için başvurduğu kaynakların başında Cessâs’ın el-Fuṣûl ’ü gelmektedir. Ancak Hanefîler’in görüşlerinden yalnız faydalanmakla yetinmemiş, benimsediği görüş ve değerlendirmeleri bu eserden iktibas etmiştir. Meselâ beyanın tanımı, beyan çeşitleri, beyana ihtiyaç duyan şeyler ve kendisiyle beyanın yapıldığı şeylere dair konuları çok az bir tasarrufla Cessâs’ın eserinden aktarmıştır (el-ʿUdde , I, 100-130; krş. el-Fuṣûl , I, 238-258). Bunun dışında Hanefîler’in görüşleri bağlamında istifade ettiği ve tercihlerine yer verdiği kişiler arasında Kerhî ve Ebû Abdullah Muhammed b. Yahyâ el-Cürcânî önemli yer tutmaktadır. Eserine atıfta bulunmasından hareketle (II, 666) Bâkıllânî’nin et-Taḳrîb ve’l-irşâd ’ını gördüğü ve Eş‘arî usulcülerine nisbet ettiği hususlarda bu kaynaktan faydalandığı anlaşılmaktadır. Kādî Abdülcebbâr ve Ebü’l-Hüseyin el-Basrî’nin eserlerine atıf yapmamakla birlikte Mu‘tezile’ye nisbet ettiği görüşlerde onların eserlerinden faydalandığını söylemek mümkündür (muhkem ve müteşâbihin tanımı konusunda isim belirterek Ebü’l-Hüseyin el-Basrî’ye atıfta bulunur [II, 6879]; el-Muʿtemed ’de yer almayan bu tanımları Ferrâ muhtemelen Basrî’nin el-ʿUmed ’e yaptığı şerhten aktarmıştır). Müellif eserinde akaid, tefsir ve ulûmü’l-Kur’ân, hadis ve ulûmü’l-hadîs, fıkıh ve Arap dili konusunda yararlandığı birçok esere atıfta bulunmuştur (neşredenin girişi, I, 37-47).
Usulcüler tarafından fıkıh usulü yazımında izlenen, kelâmcıların ve fakihlerin yöntemi şeklindeki ayırımın esasını, usul kurallarını mezhep imamlarından gelen rivayet ve görüşler doğrultusunda tesis etme düşüncesinin meydana getirdiği kabul edilecek olursa genelde Hanbelîler’in ve özelde Ferrâ’nın el-ʿUdde ’de fakihler yöntemini izlediğini söylemek mümkündür. Zira usul kurallarını Ahmed b. Hanbel’den gelen rivayetler doğrultusunda oluşturmaya büyük özen ve gayret göstermiştir. Şöyle ki, her konunun başında o konudaki usul kuralını belirlemeye yönelik olarak Ahmed b. Hanbel’den nakledilen rivayetleri sıralamış ve tercihini buna göre yapmıştır. Aktardığı rivayetleri râvileriyle birlikte veren Ferrâ, bulabildiği bütün rivayetleri tercih ettiği görüşün Ahmed b. Hanbel’e aidiyetini desteklemek için kullanmıştır (meselâ bk. II, 448-453). Ayrıca bu rivayetlerin meseleye nas, zâhir, işaret ya da îmâ yoluyla mı delâlet ettiğine dikkat çekmiştir (meselâ bk. I, 215, 224, 248, 293, 339). Ahmed b. Hanbel’den gelen farklı görüşlere dayanak teşkil edecek rivayetlere yer verip bunlardan birini tercih etmiştir (meselâ bk. Hz. Peygamber’in, niteliği bilinmeyen fiillerinin nedbe değil vücûba delâlet ettiği konusu, III, 735-738; önceki peygamberlerin şeriatının Resûl-i Ekrem’i, dolayısıyla ümmetini de bağladığı konusu, III, 753-757). Hanbelî usulcüleri arasındaki ihtilâflar da esasen Ahmed b. Hanbel’den nakledilen farklı rivayetlerin tercihinden kaynaklanmaktadır. Öte yandan Ferrâ’nın genelde kelâmcı usul anlayışına karşı menfi bir tavır sergilemesi, fer‘î konularda inceleme yapmadan önce usulün öğrenilmesinin mümkün olmadığını (I, 70) ve usulü bilmekle beraber fürû-i fıkhı bilmeyenlerin muhalefetinin icmânın teşekkülünde dikkate alınmayacağını ifade etmesi de (IV, 1136) bu eserinde fakihlerin yöntemini izlediğini söylemeye imkân veren karîneler arasında sayılabilir.
el-ʿUdde başta Ferrâ’nın öğrencileri Kelvezânî ve Ebü’l-Vefâ İbn Akīl olmak üzere Muvaffakuddin İbn Kudâme, Tûfî, Şemseddin İbn Müflih, Ali b. Süleyman el-Merdâvî ve İbnü’n-Neccâr el-Fütûhî gibi birçok Hanbelî usulcünün eserlerinde kullandığı temel kaynaklardandır. Eser üzerine müellifin kendisi Muḫtaṣarü’l-ʿUdde adıyla bir çalışma yapmışsa da (Ṭabaḳātü’l-Ḥanâbile , III, 384) günümüze ulaşmamıştır. el-ʿUdde , Ahmed b. Ali Seyr el-Mübârekî tarafından 1977’de Ezher Üniversitesi’nde doktora tezi olarak neşre hazırlanmış ve yayımlanmış (I-III, Beyrut 1400/1980; I-V, Riyad 1414/1993), ayrıca Muhammed Abdülkādir Ahmed Atâ tarafından iki cilt halinde neşredilmiştir (Beyrut 1423/2002).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Kādî Abdülcebbâr, el-Muġnî , XVII, 107.
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Abdülkādir Bedrân, el-Medḫal ilâ meẕhebi’l-İmâm Aḥmed b. Ḥanbel (nşr. Abdullah b. Abdülmuhsin et-Türkî), Beyrut 1401/1981, s. 465.
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M. Hassân İbrâhim, İbn Fûrek ve âs̱ârühü’l-uṣûliyye: el-Muḫtaṣar fi’l-uṣûl , Dımaşk 1422/2002, s. 549, 560, 566, 575, 620.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2012 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 42. cildinde, 41-42 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.