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el-ÜM Skip to content İmam Şâfiî’nin (ö. 204/820) son dönemine ait fıkıh külliyatı.
Adını mezhebin ana metni oluşundan alır ve Şâfiî’nin hayatının son beş yılını geçirdiği Mısır’da “kavl-i cedîd / mezheb-i cedîd” adıyla ortaya koyduğu fıkhî birikimini içerir. İmam Şâfiî, bir fıkıh mezhebinin kurucusu olmanın yanında ictihadlarının büyük kısmını bizzat telif eden ve eserleri günümüze ulaşan nâdir şahsiyetlerden biridir; “kavl-i kadîm” devrine ait temel eseri el-Ḥücce adıyla bilinir ve öğrencisi Za‘ferânî bu dönem fıkhının en güçlü râvisi kabul edilir. Ancak eser zamanımıza kadar gelmemiş, bu döneme ait ictihadları çeşitli kaynaklara serpilmiş atıflar halinde bugüne ulaşmıştır. Şâfiî’ye atfedilen mevcut eserlerin tamamı kavl-i cedîd devrine ait olup önceleri el-Mebsûṭ , daha sonra el-Üm adıyla tanınmıştır. Aslında Şâfiî fıkhın her konusuyla ilgili bir eser yazmış, muhtemelen bu telifatına toplu bir isim vermemiştir. Her biri ihtiva ettiği konunun başlığıyla anılan bu eserler erken dönem ilim çevrelerinde “kütübü’ş-Şâfiî” diye bilinirdi. III. (IX.) yüzyıl âlimlerinden pek çoğunun biyografisinde, “Mısır’a gitti ve Rebî‘den Şâfiî’nin kitaplarını aldı” şeklinde ifadelere rastlanır. IV. (X.) yüzyıldan itibaren kütübü’ş-Şâfiî terkibi yerine el-Mebsûṭ adı kullanılmıştır. İslâm telif geleneğinde belirli bir alanla ilgili kapsamlı bilgileri içeren ansiklopedik eserler bu adla anılır. Nitekim Hanefî mezhebinin ana kaynaklarından olan Şeybânî’nin el-Aṣl adlı eseri el-Mebsûṭ diye bilindiği gibi Serahsî’nin Hanefî fıkhına dair kitabı da aynı adı taşımaktadır. İbnü’n-Nedîm’in kaydettiği üzere Şâfiî’nin kitaplarına el-Mebsûṭ denildiği dönemde yer yer “Kitâbü’l-Uṣûl” ismi de kullanılmıştır. Mezhep birikimi çerçevesinde hiyerarşik bir değerlendirmeye de işaret eden bu adlandırmanın sebebi, söz konusu ana metinlerin mezhebin teşekkülünden sonraki dönemde ortaya çıkan mezhep literatürüne temel teşkil etmesidir. Aynı görüşle Hanefî literatüründe mezhebin ana kaynaklarını oluşturan “zâhirü’r-rivâye” eserlerine “usul”, bu metinlerde işlenen konulara da “mesâilü’l-usûl” adı verilmiştir. Ancak usûl-i fıkhın müstakil bir disiplin haline geldiği dönemde bir fürû-i fıkıh metni için usul adının kullanılması uygun düşmediğinden aynı anlamı taşıyan el-Üm tercih edilmiştir.
el-Üm ismine ilk defa Ahmed b. Hüseyin el-Beyhakī tarafından yer verildiği anlaşılmaktadır. Beyhakī, Şâfiî’ye ait on üçü usul ve 128’i fürûa dair toplam 141 başlıktan meydana gelen bir eser listesi vermiş, el-Üm adı altında fürû konularını ihtiva eden bölüm (kitap) başlıklarını saymıştır (Menâḳıbü’ş-Şâfiʿî , I, 246-254). Beyhakī’nin önce usule dair eserleri, ardından fürû çerçevesindeki kitapları sayması, teorik nitelikteki risâleleri el-Ümm ’ün dışında gördüğü izlenimini verse de onun iki türe dair saydığı eserlerin tamamı matbu el-Üm içinde yer almaktadır. el-Ümm ’ün bölüm başlıklarını sayan Beyhakī tahâret, salât, zekât, hac, nikâh, talâk, îlâ, zıhâr, liân ve nafakāt bölümlerini Şâfiî’nin öğrencilerine imlâ ettiğini ve bunların Rebî‘ b. Süleyman el-Murâdî tarafından rivayet edildiğini belirtmiştir. Şâfiî’nin son dönem görüşlerinin en güçlü râvisi olan Rebî‘ b. Süleyman el-Murâdî “Kitâbü Veṣâya’l-kebîr, Kitâbü ʿAlî ve ʿAbdullāh, Kitâbü İḥyâʾi’l-mevât, Kitâbü’ṭ-Ṭaʿâm ve’ş-şarâb, Kitâbü Ẕebâʾiḥi Benî İsrâʾîl, Kitâbü Ġasli’l-meyyit” adını taşıyan bölümleri hocasından semâ yoluyla almadığı halde bunları “kāle’ş-Şâfiî” ifadesiyle nakletmiştir. Devrin telif geleneğini dikkate almayan N. Calder, el-Ümm ’ün bazı yerlerinde “kāle’ş-Şâfiî”, bazı yerlerinde “kāle’r-Rebî‘”, çoğu yerlerde ise yalnız “kāle” denildiğini ve son durumda görüş sahibini tesbitin imkânsız olduğunu belirterek bu görüşlerin tamamının sonraki nesiller tarafından Şâfiî’ye nisbet edildiğini ileri sürmüştür. Benzeri bir ifade karmaşasının Müzenî’nin el-Muḫtaṣar ’ında da yer aldığını belirten Calder, el-Üm ’deki “kāle’r-Rebî‘” ifadelerinin de gerçekte Rebî‘e değil sonrakilere ait birtakım tasarruflardan meydana geldiğini, Rebî‘in önünde Şâfiî’ye ait bir eser bulunsaydı onun doğrudan “kāle’ş-Şâfiî” diyeceğini belirterek tamamen yanlış bir yaklaşımla el-Ümm ’ün Şâfiî’ye aidiyetini tartışmaya açmıştır (Studies , s. 73-85).
İmam Şâfiî’nin Mısır’da geçen yeni dönem fıkıh düşüncelerini en ayrıntılı biçimde yansıtıp mezhebin ana kaynağını oluşturduğu için el-Üm adını alan eseri İbnü’n-Nedîm’in el-Mebsûṭ fi’l-fıḳh ismiyle andığı bilinmektedir. Onun Rebî‘ b. Süleyman el-Murâdî ile Za‘ferânî tarafından rivayet edildiğini belirttiği bu esere ait içindekiler listesi (el-Fihrist , s. 260) el-Mebsûṭ ’un eldeki el-Üm ’den farklı bir metin ihtiva etmediğini göstermektedir. İbnü’n-Nedîm, Rebî‘in Şâfiî’den rivayet ettiği el-Mebsûṭ ’un diğer bir adının Kitâbü’l-Uṣûl olduğunu da belirtmiştir. Öte yandan Rebî‘ el-Murâdî, mezhep birikimini aktarma hususunda Ebû Hanîfe’nin öğrencisi Muhammed b. Hasan eş-Şeybânî’ye denk bir görev ifa etmiştir. Şâfiî’nin mezheb-i cedîd çerçevesindeki eserlerinin en güçlü râvisi kabul edildiğinden İslâm coğrafyasının farklı yerlerinden ilim tahsili için gelenler Şâfiî’nin hadis ve fıkıh birikimini Rebî‘den öğrenerek memleketlerine taşımışlardır. Bunların büyük çoğunluğu ehl-i hadîs çevresine mensup olduğundan Şâfiî’nin fıkhî birikimi onların rivayet faaliyetleri sayesinde uzak bölgelere kadar yayılmıştır. Muhammed b. İsmâil et-Tirmizî’nin Rebî‘den Şâfiî’nin kitaplarını alan 200 civarında isim tesbit ettiği belirtilir. Bunlar arasında Ebû Ubeyd Kāsım b. Sellâm, Yahyâ b. Maîn, Ebû Zür‘a er-Râzî ve Ebü’l-Abbas el-Esam gibi tanınmış âlimler bulunmaktadır.
el-Ümm ’ün en önemli kaynağını Şâfiî’nin Mısır öncesi fikirlerinin ürünü olan kavl-i kadîm birikimi teşkil eder. Otuz beş yaşına kadar Mekke ve Medine’de ehl-i hadîs çevrelerinde yaşayan Şâfiî, 184 (800) yılında Bağdat’ta ehl-i re’y anlayışının yetkin temsilcilerinden Muhammed b. Hasan eş-Şeybânî ile tanışmış, bu ekolün fıkhî birikimini temsil eden eserleri temin edip on beş yılını alacak fikrî bir hesaplaşmaya girişmiş ve bu süreçte içinde yetiştiği çevrenin gelenekçi anlayışı ile Irak merkezli ehl-i re’y fıkhı arasında entelektüel bir dönüşüm geçirmiştir. Re’y birikimine karşı uzun süre eleştirel bir tavır sergileyen ve bu tavırla mezheb-i kadîmini oluşturan Şâfiî, rakip iki anlayışı zayıf ve güçlü yanlarıyla yeterince tanıdıktan sonra her iki ekolün güçlü yanlarını esas alan yeni bir yaklaşım ortaya koymuştur. Bu amaçla 199 yılı sonları veya 200 (815) yılı başlarında Mısır’a giden Şâfiî’nin eski telifatını ne oranda beraberinde götürdüğünü tesbite imkân yoksa da ciddi bir yekün tuttuğu tahmin edilen bu birikimden tamamen kopuk bir öğretim ve telif faaliyetine giriştiği düşünülemez. Dolayısıyla el-Ümm ’ün kaynakları arasında kavl-i kadîm birikiminin ciddi bir yer tuttuğu söylenebilir. Şâfiî eski görüşlerinin alınmasına icâzet vermediği halde Müzenî’nin el-Muḫtaṣar ’ı, hatta Rebî‘in rivayet ettiği el-Üm mezheb-i kadîmden unsurlar içermektedir. Bu unsurlar, Şâfiî’nin vefatından sonra her iki dönem öğrencileri arasında gerçekleşen ilmî alışverişin ürünü kabul edilse bile İḫtilâfü Mâlik ve’ş-Şâfiʿî dışında ehl-i re’y çevresine yönelik yazılmış olan usul eksenli risâlelerin el-Üm ’de yer alışını izah edemez.
Beyhakī’nin Rebî‘ tarafından rivayet edildiğini belirttiği el-Emâlî bağımsız bir eser değil el-Ümm ’ün bir parçasıdır. Müzenî’nin el-Muḫtaṣar ’ında ve bunun şerhi olan Mâverdî’nin el-Ḥâvi’l-kebîr ’inde “el-İmlâ” isminin bazı yerlerde yalın, bazı yerlerde “… alâ mesâili Mâlik”, “alâ mesâili İbni’l-Kāsım”, “alâ kitâbi Mâlik”, “ale’l-Muvatta’”, “alâ Muhammed b. el-Hasan” gibi kayıtlarla birlikte geçmesi, Şâfiî’nin diğer öğrencilerinden de el-Emâlî adlı eserlerin rivayet edilmesi, hatta Ebû Hâmid el-İsferâyînî’nin Emâli’ş-Şâfiʿî adıyla Mısır’dan bir eser sipariş ettiğine dair bilgi bu eserin o dönemde el-Üm ’den ayrı halde de bulunduğunu göstermektedir. Müstakil olarak günümüze intikal etmese de mezhebin fürû literatüründe, tarih ve tabakat eserlerinde Şâfiî’ye el-Emâlî adıyla farklı eserlerin nisbet edilmesi, Rebî‘in el-Üm ’de yer verdiği imlâ ürünü kısımların bunların sadece bir kısmını teşkil ettiği izlenimi vermektedir.
el-Üm ’deki hadis malzemesi konusunda Şâfiî’nin temel kaynağı İmam Mâlik ve Süfyân b. Uyeyne’nin rivayetleridir. Dönemin bu iki otoritesine talebelik yapmanın avantajını çok iyi kullanan Şâfiî, rivayetlerine daha çok başvurduğu Mâlik’i eleştirirken Süfyân b. Uyeyne’nin ilmî birikimine sıkça müracaat ihtiyacı duymuş, bu hususta Süfyân’a on dokuz yıl talebelik yapan ve el-Müsned ’iyle hocasının hadis birikimini kaybolmaktan kurtaran Abdullah b. Zübeyr el-Humeydî’den destek almıştır. Şâfiî, el-Üm ’de Leys b. Sa‘d’ın rivayetlerine de yer vermiş, kendisiyle bizzat görüşmüş olmasa da bu rivayetleri onun öğrencisi Ebû Zekeriyyâ Yahyâ b. Hassân et-Tinnîsî’den temin etmiştir. el-Ümm ’ün bir diğer kaynağı Mâlik’in Mısırlı talebelerine ait telifattır. el-Üm ’de bu eserlere herhangi bir atıf yapılmaması Şâfiî’nin bu birikime bütünüyle kayıtsız kaldığı anlamına gelmez. Zira Şâfiî’yi Mısır’a davet edip kendisine sahip çıkan Abdullah b. Abdülhakem şahsî kütüphanesini onun istifadesine sunmuştur. Bu kütüphanede hangi eserlerin bulunduğu tam bilinmese de Mâlikîler’in Mısır’da ürettikleri temel metinleri içerdiği tahmin edilmektedir. Çünkü İbn Abdülhakem, Mısır’ın tanınmış üç âlimi ve İmam Mâlik’in talebeleri olan İbnü’l-Kāsım, İbn Vehb ve Eşheb el-Kaysî’nin fıkhî birikimini derleyip bundan eserler üretmiştir. Mâlik’in fıkhını Irak fıkıh anlayışına göre işleme denemesi olan el-Esediyye ve bunun bir tür redaksiyonu sayılan el-Müdevvene bu tarihte telif edilmiştir. Irak fıkhına karşı benzeri bir tecrübeyi yaşayan Şâfiî’nin bu metinlere ilgisiz kaldığı düşünülemez.
Sonuç olarak Şâfiî, Mısır’a gelir gelmez önceki fıkhî birikimini burada sağladığı yeni kaynakları dikkate alarak gözden geçirip yeni dönem fıkhını telif ve imlâ etmeye koyulmuş, fıkıh bablarını önce ilgili âyet, hadis ve diğer rivayetler, ardından mesâil yer alacak şekilde tertip etmiştir. Yazdıkları belli bir hacme ulaşınca İbrâhim b. Muhammed b. Herim el-Mısrî adındaki dostunu çağırır, Büveytî okur, o yazardı; oradaki diğer öğrenciler de bundan faydalanırdı. Bu meclislere katılan Rebî‘ hazır bulunmadığı sırada yazılanları daha sonra sağlayıp hocasına kontrol ettirmiştir. Mısırlı talebeleri, Şâfiî’nin bu dönem ilmî birikimini muhafaza ederek tedris ve telif faaliyetleriyle yaymaya ve geliştirmeye çalışmış, bunlardan bir kısmı bu mirası aynen aktarırken diğerleri işleyip geliştirmiştir. Şâfiî’nin yeni görüşlerini olduğu gibi aktarma konusunda tartışmasız isim Rebî‘ b. Süleyman el-Murâdî’dir. Daha sonra el-Üm adını alan bu külliyat, mezhep imamının bizzat kendi ifadelerinden oluştuğu için “nusûsü’ş-Şâfiî” diye nitelenmiş ve mezhep literatürü içinde en üst derecede itibar görmüş, talebelerinin bu yeni görüşleri işleyerek meydana getirdikleri telifat grubu ise mezhepte ikinci sırayı almıştır. Rebî‘in rivayeti bir yandan mezheb-i kadîm çerçevesinde aktarılan bilgilerle mukayese, diğer yandan mezheb-i cedîdi özellikle ihtisar ederek, yer yer tahrîcler ekleyerek aktaran Müzenî’nin katkısını ölçme imkânı vermektedir. Şâfiî’den sonra altmış yıl yaşayan Müzenî hocasının eserlerini sürekli elden geçirip telif ettiği el-Muḫtaṣar ’ıyla oldukça özlü bir metin ortaya koymuştur. Bu çalışma Şâfiî’nin hacimli fakat dağınık eserlerini istifade edilebilir bir bütünlüğe kavuşturduğu için sonraki mezhep telifatı için model eser işlevi görmüştür.
Fıkhî birikimini el-Üm ’de son derece başarılı bir şekilde yansıtan Şâfiî konuları ilgili âyet ve hadislere dayanarak işlemiş, nasların hükümlere delâlet biçimini izah edip farklı ictihadları eleştirel bir yaklaşımla değerlendirmiş, meseleleri tahlil ve temellendirmede gösterdiği maharet takdir edilmiştir. el-Üm ’de fıkhî meseleler deliller eşliğinde verilirken usul ile fürû organik bir bütünlük içinde ele alınmak suretiyle canlı bir ictihad etkinliği sergilenmiştir. Bu yönüyle eser tatbikî bir usûl-i fıkıh metni yapısına sahiptir. el-Üm Şâfiî’nin İmam Mâlik, Ebû Hanîfe ve talebeleri, İbn Ebû Leylâ ve Evzâî gibi müctehidlerle yahut onların birbiriyle olan görüş ayrılıklarına dair müstakil bölümler ihtiva etmesi bakımından da önem taşır. Eserinde karşı ve muhtemel görüşleri, bunlara cevaplarını diyalektik bir metotla ele alan ve nezih bir tartışma üslûbu benimseyen Şâfiî, gerek önceki ulemâyı gerek çağdaş muhaliflerini ilmî sınırlar içinde eleştirmekten geri durmamıştır. Dolayısıyla el-Üm , Şâfiî’den önceki ve çağdaşı ulemânın fıkhî görüşlerine yer vermesi açısından fıkhın erken dönem gelişimine ait zengin bir kaynak niteliğindedir. Eserin bu değerinin farkında olan Joseph Schacht, İslâm hukukunun erken dönem gelişimiyle ilgili çalışmasında (bk. bibl.) görüşlerini ağırlıklı biçimde bu eserdeki malzemeye dayandırmaya çalışmıştır.
Mısırlı edip ve yazar Zekî Mübârek, Ebû Tâlib el-Mekkî’nin bir ifadesinden ve eser üzerindeki bazı değerlendirmelerden hareketle yazdığı kitapta (bk. bibl.) el-Ümm ’ün Şâfiî’ye aidiyetini tartışma konusu yapmış, bir mukaddimesinin olmadığını da gerekçe göstererek eserin Şâfiî’nin vefatından sonra yazıldığını iddia etmiştir. Ancak pek çok müellif bu iddianın tutarsızlığını güçlü delillerle ortaya koymuştur (el-Üm , neşredenin girişi, I, 13-17; Tİ , IX, 144-146; ayrıca bk. BÜVEYTÎ ). Esasen Rebî‘ de eser boyunca metnin nisbeti konusunda son derece titiz davranmış, derse katılmayıp Şâfiî’den bizzat dinleyemediği hangi kısımları Büveytî’den aldığını açıkça belirtmiştir (el-Üm , neşredenin girişi, I, 14). Şâfiî’nin görüşlerinin dönemin telif geleneği icabı öğrencileri tarafından, cem‘, tasnif ve tertip edildiğine şüphe yoktur. Bunun yapılması eserin Şâfiî’ye nisbetini etkilemez. Ayrıca Rebî‘, Müzenî ve Büveytî’nin her birinin tertibi diğerinden farklıdır. Bugün mevcut eserin tertibi müteahhirîn devri ulemâsından Ömer b. Reslân el-Bulkīnî’ye (ö. 805/1403) aittir. Muhtemelen Bulkīnî, Rebî‘in sistematiğini yeterince düzenli bulmadığı için yeni bir tertibe ihtiyaç duymuş, bu konuda büyük oranda hocasının ilmî birikimini uzun süre inceleme konusu yapma fırsatı bulan ve aşamalı bir ihtisar işleminden geçirdikten sonra düzenleyen Müzenî’nin el-Muḫtaṣar ’ından esinlenmiştir.
Çeşitli kütüphanelerde pek çok yazması bulunan el-Üm önce Bulak’ta basılmış (I-VII, 1321-1326), uzun süre bunun tıpkıbasımları yapılmış, daha sonra çeşitli neşirleri gerçekleştirilmiştir (nşr. Muhammed Zührî en-Neccâr, I-VIII, Kahire 1381/1961, Beyrut 1393/1973; nşr. Mahmûd Matracî, I-VIII, Beyrut 1413/1993; nşr. Ahmed Bedreddin Hassûn, I-XV, Beyrut 1996; nşr. Ali Muhammed v.dğr., I-X, Beyrut 1422/2001; nşr. Rif‘at Fevzî Abdülmuttalib, I-XI, Mansûre 1422/2001). Bunlar arasında özellikle Rif‘at Fevzî Abdülmuttalib’in neşri titiz bir çalışma olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Mezhebin temel metni sayılması sebebiyle el-Ümm ’ün pek çok ihtisarı yapılmış ve başka çalışmalara da konu olmuştur. Ahmed b. Hüseyin el-Beyhakī el-Üm ’de yer alan hadisleri tahriç etmiş, ayrıca Şâfiî’nin dayandığı nasları derlemeye çalışmıştır. Şâfiî’nin eserlerini tarayarak onun görüşlerine dayanak teşkil eden âyetleri Aḥkâmü’l-Ḳurʾân ’da toplayan Beyhakī, ardından hadisleri de Maʿrifetü’s-sünen ve’l-âs̱âr ’ında bir araya getirmiştir. Emîr Sencer b. Abdullah el-Câvlî el-Ümm ’ü yeniden düzenlemiş (Tertîbü Kitâbi’l-Üm ), İbnü’l-Lebbân eseri Nevevî’nin Ravżatü’ṭ-ṭâlibîn ’inin konu başlıklarına göre Tertîbü’l-Üm adıyla bablara ayırmışsa da bunu temize çekememiştir. Yûnus b. Bedrân b. Fîrûz el-Cemâl el-Mısrî de el-Ümm ’ü ihtisar etmiş, Ebû Bekir Ahmed b. Hüseyin b. Sehl el-Fârisî, ʿUyûnü’l-mesâʾil fî nuṣûṣi’ş-Şâfiʿî adıyla bir eser yazmış, İbn Dakīkul‘îd de bunu şerhetmiştir (Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , II, 1188, 1397). el-Ümm ’ün Bulak’taki ilk yayımı için yazma nüshalar ve maddî imkân sağlayan Ahmed Bek el-Hüseynî, eserin ibadetlerle ilgili kısmını Şâfiî ulemâsının biyografilerine yer verdiği geniş bir mukaddime ile birlikte Mürşidü’l-enâm li-bürʾi Ümmi’l-İmâm adıyla yirmi dört cilt halinde şerhetmiştir. Ziriklî bu şerhin yazmasının Dârü’l-kütübi’l-Mısriyye’de bulunduğunu ve mukaddimesinden faydalandığını kaydeder (el-Aʿlâm , I, 94; Abdullah Muhammed el-Habeşî, I, 271). Muhammed Zeynüddin b. Sa‘d, Kahire Üniversitesi’nde Merviyyâtü’l-İmâm eş-Şâfiʿî fî Kitâbi’l-Üm min evvelihî ilâ evveli kitâbi’l-büyûʿ adıyla bir yüksek lisans tezi hazırlamış (1993), Abdülvehhâb b. Ahmed Halîl b. Abdülhamîd’in, Riyad İmam Muhammed b. Suûd Üniversitesi’ne sunduğu el-Ḳavâʿid ve’ḍ-ḍavâbitü’l-fıḳhiyye fî Kitâbi’l-Üm adlı yüksek lisans tezi (1419) daha sonra neşredilmiştir (Riyad 1429/2008).
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Bilal Aybakan, İmam Şâfiî ve Fıkıh Düşüncesinin Mezhepleşmesi , İstanbul 2007, tür.yer.
Hüseyin Vâlî, “Kitâbü’l-Üm ve mâ yuḥîṭu bih”, ME , IV (1352), s. 657-688.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2012 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 42. cildinde, 298-300 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.