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ELDEM, Halil Ethem Skip to content (1861-1938)
Eski eserler, tarihî belge ve kitâbelerle müzecilik hakkında yayınları olan müze müdürü.
15 Zilhicce 1277’de (24 Haziran 1861) Bebek’te Mahmud Nedim Paşa’nın sahilhânesi köşkünde dünyaya geldi. Sadrazam İbrâhim Edhem Paşa’nın oğlu ve ressam Osman Hamdi Bey ile eski sikkeler uzmanı İsmâil Galib Bey’in kardeşidir. İlkokuldan sonra Kaptan İbrâhim Paşa Rüşdiyesi’nde başladığı orta öğrenimini 1875 yılında babasının elçi olarak bulunduğu Berlin’e giderek orada tamamladı. Bir yıl İsviçre’nin Zürih Üniversitesi’ne devam ettikten sonra Viyana’da Politeknik Yüksek Okulu’nda jeoloji ve kimya öğrenimi gördü (1881-1884). Buradan tekrar İsviçre’ye geçerek Berne Üniversitesi Felsefe Fakültesi’nde doktora yaptı ve 1885’te İstanbul’a döndü.
İlk olarak Bâb-ı Seraskerî Fabrikalar Nezâreti muavinliğine tayin edilen Halil Ethem, dört yıl sonra Erkân-ı Harbiyye-i Umûmiyye Dairesi’nin tercüme şubesine geçti; bu resmî görevlerinin dışında çeşitli okullarda dersler verdi. 1885-1893 yıllarında Dârüşşafakati’l-İslâmiyye’de, 1887’de Mekteb-i Mülkiyye’de, 1900’de Dârülmuallimîn’de, bir yıl sonra da Dârülfünun’da Batı’daki eğitim ve öğretim usullerini uygulayarak ilm-i maâdin (mineraloji), tabakātü’l-arz (jeoloji) ve kimya okuttu. Bu arada verdiği derslere yardımcı olmak üzere İlm-i Maâdin ve Tabakātü’l-arz (İstanbul 1307) adıyla bir kitap yazdı; on yıl kadar sonra da Hochstetter-Bisching imzalı Almanca bir jeoloji kitabını Türkçe’ye çevirdi (Muhtasar İlm-i Tabakātü’l-arz , İstanbul 1317; ilâveli 2. bs., İstanbul 1321). İstanbul’da büyük tahribat yapan 1894 depremi üzerine de Hareket-i Arza Dair Birkaç Söz adıyla küçük bir kitap yayımladı (İstanbul 1312). Bu alanda adını literatüre geçiren önemli bir başarısı ise Viyana’da hocası olan Fr. Toula ile birlikte Gebze çevresinde yaptıkları inceleme sırasında halen kendi adıyla anılan iki yeni fosil cinsi bulmasıdır (“rhynchonella ethemi” ve “acrocordi ceras halili”).
Halil Ethem, ağabeyi Osman Hamdi Bey gibi eski eserlere ve güzel sanatlara meraklı idi; ancak babası onun jeoloji ve kimya dallarında yetişmesini tercih etmişti. Fakat 1892’de, babasının ölümünden birkaç ay önce, ağabeyinin müdürü bulunduğu Âsâr-ı Atîka Müze-i Hümâyunu’nun (bugünkü İstanbul Arkeoloji Müzeleri bünyesinde yer alan Eski Şark Eserleri Müzesi) müdür yardımcılığına tayin edildi ve böylece kendisine ileride şöhret sağlayacak olan asıl sevdiği mesleğe girmiş oldu. II. Meşrutiyet’te İttihatçılar tarafından kendilerine yakın bir kişi olarak görülen Halil Ethem 1909’da, Yıldız Sarayı’ndaki çeşitli eşya ve kitapların ne yapılacağı hususunda kurulan komisyonda görevlendirildi ve onun çabasıyla Yıldız’daki çok değerli Çin ve Batı porselenleriyle II. Abdülhamid’e yirmi beşinci cülûs yıl dönümünde yabancı devlet başkanları tarafından gönderilen hediyeler müzeye verildi. Ancak bunlar daha sonra Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi’ne devredilmiştir. Saraydan çıkarılan bazı mobilyalar ise Âsâr-ı Atîka Müzesi’nin idare bölümündeki odalara dağıtıldı. Aynı yıl içinde Halil Ethem’e, Konya’da bulunduğu bir sırada Dahiliye Nâzırı Avlonyalı Ferid Paşa’nın gönderdiği bir telgrafla İstanbul şehreminliğine tayin edildiği bildirildi (19 Temmuz 1325 / 1 Ağustos 1909). Fakat kendisine çok sıkıntılı gelen bu görevden, iki ay sonra verdiği istifası geri çevrilmekle birlikte ikinci defa verdiği istifa dilekçesinin kabul edilmesi üzerine ayrıldı (6 Kânunusâni 1325 / 19 Ocak 1910).
Osman Hamdi Bey’in 1910’da vefatı üzerine Halil Ethem onun yerine müdür oldu ve arkasından, imar faaliyeti adı altında İstanbul’da yapılan eski eser katliamını bir dereceye kadar önlemek amacıyla Sadrazam Said Halim Paşa’nın başkanlığında teşkil edilen İstanbul Âsâr-ı Atîka Muhipleri Cemiyeti’nin yirmi beş kurucu üyesi arasında yer aldı. Üyelerden toplanan aidatla yaşayan ve birkaç önemli eserin kurtarılmasında hizmeti geçen bu cemiyet I. Dünya Savaşı sırasında kapandı. Resmî bir sıfatı bulunmayan bu derneğin yerine, Maarif Nezâreti tarafından Âsâr-ı Atîka Encümeni adı altında bir devlet teşekkülü kuruldu ve başkanlığına da Halil Ethem getirildi. Müze müdürlüğü boyunca kendi gayretiyle oluşturulan bu encümendeki görevini sürdüren Halil Ethem 1931’de emekli olduktan sonra da üye sıfatıyla toplantılara katıldı.
Halil Ethem 1913’te de Cumhuriyet döneminde Türk Tarih Encümeni’ne dönüştürülen Târîh-i Osmânî Encümeni’nin Ahmed Mithat Efendi’den boşalan üyeliğine seçilmişti. 1927 Nisanında encümenin yıllardan beri faaliyet göstermediği gerekçesiyle istifa ettiyse de aynı yılın ağustos ayında Maarif Vekili Necâti Bey tarafından tekrar üyeliğe tayin edildi. Halil Bey, bu kuruluşun yayın organı olan Târîh-i Osmânî Encümeni Mecmuası ’nda ve arkasından Türk Tarih Encümeni Mecmuası ’nda Türk tarihiyle ilgili çok sayıda makale yayımladığı gibi Batı’da basılmış kitapların tahlil ve tanıtımlarını da yaptı.
Türk Tarih Kurumu’nun da üyelerinden olan Halil Ethem, Sâmih Rifat Bey’in 1933’te ölümü üzerine onun yerine ikinci başkanlığa getirildi. Bu arada Atatürk’ün isteğiyle başlanan Türk Tarihinin Ana Hatları adlı eserin hazırlık çalışmalarına katıldı ve bu büyük kitap için, dördüncü örnek fasikül olarak yalnız 100 nüsha basılan Anadolu Selçukluları Devrinde Mimarî ve Tezyinî Sanatlar başlıklı kısmı yazdı. On sekiz sayfalık bir özet olan bu iyi planlanmış özlü çalışmanın aslında 100-150 sayfalık bir kitap hacminde tasarlandığı bilinmektedir; ölümünden çok sonra bu makale tekrar yayımlanmıştır (Halil Edhem Hâtıra Kitabı , I, 279-297). 1932’de İstanbul’da Dolmabahçe Sarayı’nda düzenlenen I. Türk Tarih Kongresi’nde eski eserlerin bakımı ve korunması üzerine bir bildiri sundu. Kongrenin bildiriler kitabında basılan bu önemli konuşmasında, yüksek sanat değerine sahip bazı tarihî Türk eserlerinin yakın tarihlerde nasıl tahrip edildiğini eski ve yeni durumlarını gösteren resimlerle ortaya koymuştur.
1 Mart 1931’de emekli olan Halil Bey, aynı yıl içinde İstanbul’dan milletvekili seçilip iki dönem bu görevini sürdürdü. Çok sevdiği Dârüşşafaka ile olan bağlantısını ise hiçbir zaman kesmedi ve bu müessesenin idare heyetinde bazan başkan, bazan üye sıfatıyla hizmet verdi. 1938 yılı içinde sağlığı iyice bozularak 17 Kasım’da öldü.
Eldem önce müdür yardımcısı, sonra müdür olarak Âsâr-ı Atîka Müzesi’nin başında bulunmasından dolayı daha çok İlkçağ eserleriyle yakından ilgilenmiş, ancak bu durum onun İslâmî Türk eserlerini ihmal etmesine yol açmamıştır. Bu daldaki ilk yayını, Osman Hamdi Bey’in müdürlüğü sırasında basılan kurşun mühürler katalogudur (Arap ve Arap-Bizantin ve Osmanlı Kurşun Mühürler Katalogu , İstanbul 1309). 1915’te bunu, günümüzde hâlâ değerli bir başvuru kitabı olan Kayseri hakkındaki monografya çalışması takip etmiştir (Kayseriye Şehri: Mebânî-i İslâmiyye ve Kitâbeleri , İstanbul 1334; Latin harfleriyle genişletilmiş yeni baskısı, Kayseri Şehri-Selçuklu Tarihinden Bir Bölüm [haz. Kemal Göde], Ankara 1982). Aynı yıl içinde, ağabeyi İsmâil Galib Bey’in İslâmî sikke kataloglarına eklediği VI. cilt de yayımlandı (Meskûkât-ı Kadîme-i İslâmiyye Kataloğu: Meskûkât-ı Osmânî, I. Sultan Osman Han-ı Evvelden Murad Han-ı Sâlisin Âhir-i Saltanatına Kadar Olan Zamanı Müctemidir , İstanbul 1334).
Halil Ethem, Avrupa’nın ünlü Arap dili ve epigrafyası uzmanı Max van Berchem ile birlikte Anadolu’daki ilk İslâmî kitâbelere dair büyük bir derleme hazırlığı girişiminde bulundu. Bu çalışma bir külliyat olacak ve bölgelere göre tasnif edilen Arapça yapı kitâbelerini çeşitli fasiküller halinde tanıtacaktı. Ancak I. Dünya Savaşı kargaşası ve yenilgisiyle bu büyük teşebbüs iki fasikülün basılmasından sonra yarım kaldı (Matériaux pour un corpus inscriptionum arabicarum, IIIe partie: Asie Mineure , fas. 1: Sivas, Divriği, Kahire 1910, fas. 2: ilâveler ve indeks, Kahire 1917). Bu savaş yıllarında Feridun Bey Münşeâtı ’nın Yavuz Sultan Selim’in Mısır seferi bölümünü Almanca’ya çevirerek E. Jäckh tarafından Almanya’da çıkarılan Osmanlı Devleti ve Türkler’le ilgili kitaplar dizisinde (Deutsche Orient-Bücherei) Tagebuch der ägyptischen Expedition des Sultans Selim I. aus Feriduns Sammlung der Staatschriften adıyla yayımlanmasını sağladı (Weimar 1916).
Cumhuriyet dönemindeki ilk yayını, Türk resim tarihi ve ressamlarına dair küçük bir kitaptır (Elvâh-ı Nakşiyye Koleksiyonu , İstanbul 1924). Bunun arkasından ele aldığı önemli bir çalışma, İngiliz şarkiyatçısı Stanley Lane-Poole’ün yayımladığı İslâm devletleri hükümdarlarının şecerelerine dair The Mohammadan Dynasties, Chronological and Genealogical Tables with Historical Introductions (Westminster 1894, 1925) adlı kitabın Türkçe’ye çevrilmesidir. Bu tercümede bazı yanlış tarihleri düzelttiği gibi esere, özellikle Türk tarihi ve Anadolu beylikleri dönemi hakkında eksik olan birçok yeni bilgiyi ekledi; bu şekilde âdeta genişletilmiş bir yeni baskı meydana getirdi (Düvel-i İslâmiyye , İstanbul 1345/1927). Târîh-i Osmânî Encümeni Mecmuası ile Türk Tarih Encümeni Mecmuası ’nın 1911’den 1928’e kadar çıkan sayılarındaki makalelerin indeksini hazırladı (Fihrist-i Umûmî , İstanbul 1928).
Eski sikkelere olan merakı, Halil Ethem’i emekliye ayrılmasının arkasından bu konuda çok faydalı bir bibliyografya düzenlemeye zorladı (İslâmî Nümizmatik İçin Bir Bibliyografya Tecrübesi , Ankara 1932). Daha sonra Mısır’ın Son Memlük Sultanı Melik Tomanbay II Adına Çorlu’da Bulunan Bir Kitâbe (Ankara 1935) adlı broşürünü bastırdı. İstanbul’da 1930 yılında kurulan Alman ve Fransız enstitülerini tanıtan küçük bir kitabı da aynı yıllarda müzeler idaresinin yayını olarak basıldı (İstanbul’da İki İrfan Evi: Alman ve Fransız Enstitüleri ve Bunların Neşriyatı , İstanbul 1937).
Bunların dışında Halil Ethem, ilmî iddiası olmayan ve geniş halk kitlesine hitap eden bol resimli bazı kitaplar da yayımlamıştır. Topkapı Sarayı 1924’te özellikle onun çabaları sonucu müzeler idaresine bağlanıp halka açıldığında Türkçe ve Fransızca ayrı ayrı küçük birer rehber bastırdı (Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Rehberi , İstanbul 1341; Palais de Topkapou-Vieux Serai-Guide sommaire , İstanbul 1935). Daha sonra, İstanbul’un o tarihlerde en ünlü fotoğraf atölyesi olan Sebah-Joaillier’nin sağladığı bol sayıda resimle Topkapı Sarayı hakkında genel bilgiler veren bir kitabı yayımlandı (Topkapı Sarayı , İstanbul 1931, Fransızca’sı: Le Palais de Topcapou [Vieux Serai] , İstanbul 1932). Ayrıca Yedikule Hisarı (İstanbul 1931) adlı bol resimli küçük kitabı ile Camilerimiz adlı eserini (İstanbul 1932, kapakta 1933) bastırdı. Yine bol resimli olan bu kitap, İstanbul’un altmış kadar camiinin kısa tarihçeleri ve sanat değerlerine dair toplu ve kısa bilgiler veriyordu. Aradan altmış yıl geçmesine rağmen hâlâ daha iyisi ortaya konulamamış olan bu kitaba karşı yapılan bazı aşırı tenkit ve hücumlar yersiz ve haksızdır. Ardından eserin E. Mamboury’nin yaptığı Fransızca çevirisi, bazı ilâveler ve değişik resimlerle daha iyi bir baskı halinde yayımlandı (Nos Mosquées de Stamboul , İstanbul 1934). Halil Bey’in geniş okuyucu kitlesine hitap eden küçük bir broşürü de Müzeler Umum Müdürlüğü’nün kılavuzlar dizisi arasında bastırdığı Niğde Kılavuzu ’dur (İstanbul 1936).
Halil Ethem’in, Târîh-i Osmânî Encümeni Mecmuası ve Türk Tarih Encümeni Mecmuası ’nda yayımlanan makalelerinin birkaçı hariç hepsi kitâbeler hakkındadır: “Âl-i Germiyân Kitâbeleri” (I, 112-128); “Sultan Osmân-ı Sânî’nin Leh Seferine Dair Türkçe Bir Kitâbesi” (I, 223-232); “İstanbul’da En Eski Osmanlı Kitâbesi” (II, 484-497; Rumelihisarı’nda Zağanos Paşa burcu üzerindeki kitâbe hakkındadır); “Yörgüç Paşa ve Evlâdına Dair Birkaç Kitâbe” (II, 530-541); “Kitâbeler Nasıl Kayıt ve Zapt Olunmalıdır?” (II, 625-639; bu makale ayrıca broşür halinde basıldığı gibi Ankara Halkevi tarafından da 1940’ta bir kitapçık olarak yayımlanmıştır); “Karamanoğulları Hakkında Vesâik-i Mahkûke” (II, 697-712, 741-760; III, 821-836, 873-881); “Kara Mustafa Paşa’nın Şopron Şehri Ahalisine Beyannâmesi” (III, 924-937); “Sivas Sultanı Kadı Burhâneddin Namına Kayseri’de Bir Kitâbe” (III, 1017-1023); “Anadolu’da İslâmî Kitâbeler” (VIII, 513-523 [Karatay Hanı], 577-591 [Tokat], 641-662 [Tokat], 728-753 [Tokat]); “Hersekoğlu Ahmed Paşa’nın Esaretine Dair Kahire’de Bir Kitâbe” (VII, 200-222, 272-290); “Kekboza’da (Gebze) 787 Hicret Tarihli Bir Osmanlı Kitâbesi” (VII, 228-235); “Ankara Ahî’lerine Dair İki Kitâbe” (VII, 312-315); “Merzifon’da Pervâne Muînüddin Süleyman Namına Bir Kitâbe” (VIII, 42-57); “Sultan Kayıtbay Namına Bir Top” (VIII, 129-139); “Trabzon’da Osmanlı Kitâbeleri” (VIII, 323-352); “Bir Atın Mezar Kitâbesi” (XV, 196-199; Sultan II. Osman’ın Karacaahmet civarında gömülen atı için dikilen mezar taşına dairdir); “Kârkiyaiyye’den Ahmed Han’ın İstanbul’a İlticası Hakkında Bir Vesika” (XV, 297-304); “Mısır Fethi Mukaddematına Ait Mühim Bir Vesika” (XVII-XVIII, 30-36). Bunlardan başka aynı dergilerde bazı yabancı yayınları tahlil eden veya tanıtan bibliyografya yazıları da yazmıştır; bunlar şu eserler hakkındadır: M. van Berchem ve J. Strzygowski, Amida (I, 365-377); L. Bouvat, Les Barmécides (V, 61-64); Sâlih Münir Paşa’nın Revue d’Histoire Diplomatique ’te yayımlanan “Louis XVI et le Sultan Selim III” başlıklı makalesi (a.y.); W. Bachmann, Kirchen und Moscheen in Kurdistan (a.y.); A. Havszmann, Le Château royal de Hongrie (V, 118-122); R. Lubenau, Beschreibung der Reisen… (V, 123-124); J. H. Mordtmann’ın Encyclopédie de l’Islam ’da yayımlanan “Hadgi Khalifa” maddesi (V, 124-126); J. Strzygowski, Iran und der Völkerwanderung (VII, 126-128); E. de Zambaur, Manuel de généologie et de chronologie pour l’histoire de l’Islam (XVI, 386-388).
1917’de konferans ve bildirilerinden kırk kadar diapozitifle yaptığı Anadolu’daki Selçuklu kervansaraylarına dair Almanca konuşmasının dört sayfalık bir özeti “Die Seldschukischen Hane in Anatolien”, Osmanischer Lloyd gazetesi tarafından basılmış, I. Türk Tarih Kongresi’nde yaptığı konuşma da bildiriler kitabında resimli olarak yer almıştır (Birinci Türk Tarih Kongresi, Konferanslar – Müzakere Zabıtları , Ankara 1932, s. 532-566).
Eldem’in bu iki dergideki makaleleri dışında başka yerlerde de birkaç yazısı basılmıştır. Bunlardan biri Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi’ndeki bazı değerli eserler hakkında olup Fransız İslâm sanatı uzmanı G. Migeon ile birlikte yazılmış (Les collections du Vieux Serai à Stamboul”, Syria [1930], s. 91-102), tarihî eserlerin kötü durumlarına dair bir yazısı ise 1933’te yayımlanmıştır (“Âbidelerimizin Hali”, Tarihî Âbide ve Eserlerimizi Korumağa Mecburuz , İstanbul 1933, s. 4-10). Son ilmî makalesi, Hollanda’da bir özel koleksiyonda olan ve üzerinde Yavuz Sultan Selim’in adına kitâbe bulunan bir at başlığı, Akkoyunlu Hamza Bey’in adı yazılı Mardin Kalesi’nin kilidi (İstanbul’da Çinili Köşk Müzesi’nde) ve Konya’da bulunan Ebû Said Bahadır Han’ın adı yazılı bir bakır kazan hakkındadır (“Madenden Üç Türk Eseri”, Türk Tarih, Arkeologya ve Etnografya Dergisi , III [1936], s. 137-150, Fransızca’sı, s. 151-153).
Halil Ethem’in Şehbâl dergisinde çıkan birkaç makalesinden başka (sy. 70, s. 428-429; sy. 75, s. 46-48; sy. 87, s. 288-289) Tasvîr-i Efkâr gazetesinde basılmış (19 ve 20 Ağustos 1913) Anadolu’daki eski eserlere dair iki yazısı daha vardır. Ölümünden az önce, kitabını Türkçe’ye çevirdiği Lane-Poole’ün hayatı ve eserleri hakkında kısa bir nekroloji yazısı yayımlamıştır (“Biyografya: Stanley Lane-Poole”, TTK Belleten , I/3-4, 1937, s. 673-676). Ankara’da 1935-1937 yılları arasında inşa edilen garın büyük holünün duvarlarına yaptırılacak panolar için açılan yarışmaya katıldığına dair bir bilgi varsa da bunun doğruluğunu ve eğer doğru ise nasıl bir projeyle katıldığını öğrenmek mümkün olmamıştır.
1892’de Rus Jeoloji-Antropoloji ve Etnografya Enstitüsü, 1895’te Alman Arkeoloji Enstitüsü, 1899’da Avusturya Arkeoloji Enstitüsü, 1904’te Yunan Arkeoloji Kurumu ve 1933’te de Sidney Eski Eserler Kurumu tarafından şeref üyesi seçilen Halil Ethem’e 1931’de İstanbul Dârülfünunu fahrî müderrislik, 1933’te de Leipzig Üniversitesi fahrî doktorluk unvanları vermiştir. Ölümünden sonra Türk Tarih Kurumu onun adına iki ciltlik bir anma kitabı çıkarmıştır (Halil Edhem Hâtıra Kitabı , I-II, Ankara 1947-1948).
Eldem, Osmanlı döneminin sonları ile Cumhuriyet döneminin başlarında faaliyet gösteren Türk kültür tarihinin önemli bir şahsiyetidir. Yetişmesi bakımından bir eski eserler uzmanı olmamakla beraber ağabeyi Osman Hamdi Bey’in yanında bu beceriyi kazanarak mükemmel bir müzeci, ayrıca iyi bir Türk-İslâm sikkeleri ve kitâbeleri uzmanı olmuştur. Türk müzeciliğinin gelişmesindeki gayreti özellikle üzerinde durulması gereken bir konudur. Topkapı Sarây-ı Hümâyunu’nun müze olarak düzenlenmesi ve içindeki yıkılmaya terkedilen mekânların ihyası için gösterdiği büyük cesaret ve gayret inkâr edilemez. Ayrıca son derece değerli birçok yazmayı bulundukları yerlerden toplayarak ciddi bir koruma altına alması da unutulmayan bir hizmet olmuştur. Onun Türk-İslâm tarihi bakımından azımsanamayacak hizmeti ise öncelikle S. Lane-Poole’ün önemli kitabını tercüme ederek ilâvelerle genişletmesi ve Anadolu’nun yüzlerce kitâbesini toplayıp yayımlamış olmasıdır. Bunların dışında, çeşitli politik zorluklara rağmen Türk mimari eserlerinin korunması ve ihyası için gösterdiği çabalarla yaptığı yayınlar ve nihayet hayatının son yıllarında kaleme aldığı birkaç küçük kitapla geniş bir okuyucu kitlesine İstanbul’un eski eserlerini tanıtması yine unutulmayacak hizmetlerindendir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Halil Edhem Hâtıra Kitabı , Ankara 1947-48, I-II.
Füruzan Kınal, “Halil Edhem Bibliyografyası”, a.e. , I, 299-302.
Rakım Ziyaoğlu, İstanbul Kadıları, Şehreminleri, Belediye Reisleri , İstanbul 1971, s. 172-176.
Mustafa Cezar, Sanatta Batı’ya Açılış ve Osman Hamdi , İstanbul 1971, bk. İndeks.
Fahri Çoker, Türk Tarih Kurumu , Ankara 1983, s. 233-253.
L. A. Mayer, “In Memoriam Halil Edhem Eldem (1861-1938)”, AI , VI (1939), s. 198-201.
R. Ekrem Koçu, “Eldem (Halil Edhem)”, İst.A , IX, 4994-4995.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1995 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 11. cildinde, 18-21 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.