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ELDEM, Sedat Hakkı Skip to content (1908-1988)
Türk mimarlık tarihine dair yayınları olan ve pek çok önemli binayı yapan son dönem mimarlarından.
İstanbul’da doğdu. Babası Marsilya, Zürih ve Münih’te başkonsolos olarak bulunan İsmâil Hakkı Bey, annesi Müzeci Osman Hamdi Bey’in kardeşi Galip Edhem Bey’in kızı Azize Galip Hanım’dır. Orta öğrenimini Münih’te yaptı. Burada henüz lise öğrencisi iken o yıllardaki mimarinin ve tanınmış mimarların geniş ölçüde etkisi altında kaldığı kendi yazılarından öğrenilmektedir. Ona özellikle Essen’deki Krawell Konağı’nın mimarı A. Niemeyer’in tutum ve sanat anlayışı yol gösterici olmuştur.
Almanya’dan 1924’te dönen Sedat Hakkı, Mimar Vedat (Tek) Bey’in de tavsiyesiyle, dayısı Osman Hamdi Bey tarafından kurulan Sanâyi-i Nefîse Mekteb-i Âlîsi’nde (Güzel Sanatlar Akademisi, bugünkü Mimar Sinan Üniversitesi) mimari okudu ve burada Guilio Mongeri’nin talebesi oldu. öğrenciliği sırasında mimari desen çizimleriyle ilgilenerek boş vakitlerinde Topkapı Sarayı’nda ayrıntılı krokiler yaptı; bu arada bir de büyük bir Yenicami cephesi deseni meydana getirdi. Ayrıca hocası Mongeri’nin bürosunda çalışarak Ankara’da o yıllarda sürmekte olan Ziraat Bankası inşaatında yardımcı eleman olarak hizmet etti. Ankara’da bulunduğu 1926-1927 yıllarında kale içindeki “başka hiçbir Türk şehrinde göremediği güzellikteki” eski evleri inceledi, bunların desenlerini çizdi ve fotoğraflarını çekti. İstanbul’da ise yine Mongeri’nin yanında Çırağan Sarayı’nın restorasyonu projelerini, öncelikle binanın rölövesini hazırladı. Fakat bu proje öylece kalmış ve 1980’li yıllarda yapılan restorasyon tamamen değişik esaslar içinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Aynı dönemde şehrin yangından kurtulmuş semtlerindeki eski ev ve konakların da rölövelerini çizdi.
Sedat Hakkı 1928’de Sanâyi-i Nefîse Mektebi’nden mezun olduktan sonra, diploma projesi birinciliğini kazanmasından dolayı Paris ve Berlin’deki bazı ünlü mimarların atölyelerinde staj görmesi için üç yıl süreyle Avrupa’ya gönderildi. Paris’te Auguste Perret ve Le Corbusier’nin, Berlin’de Jansen ve Hans Poelzig’in yanında bulundu. Bu sıralarda akademi müdürü Nâmık İsmail Bey, müesseseyi yeniden düzenlerken hocalıktan ayrılan Mongeri ile Vedat Bey’in yerlerine E. Egli ile H. Poelzig’i aldı ve yanlarına da yetiştirilmek üzere Türk asistanlar koymayı düşünerek Sedat Hakkı’yı yurda çağırdı. Böylece Türkiye’ye dönen Sedat Hakkı, Güzel Sanatlar Akademisi’nin Mimarlık Bölümü’nde öğretim üyesi yardımcılığına tayin edildi ve emekliye ayrıldığı 1978 yılına kadar burada yapı, mimari proje, millî mimari, rölöve ve restorasyon dersleri verdi; bir süre de bölümün başkanlığını yürüttü. Bunun dışında 1941-1945 yıllarında Eski Eserleri Koruma Encümeni üyesi ve başkanı, 1962-1978 yılları arasında da Gayrimenkul Eski Eserler ve Anıtlar Yüksek Kurulu üyesi olarak görev yaptı. Akademideki öğretim üyeliği 1978’de sona ermekle birlikte buranın proje atölyelerindeki çalışmalarını sürdürdü. Gayrimenkul Eski Eserler Kurulu, yeni bir kanunla yalnız İstanbul’un birer bölümü ile ilgilenen üç ayrı kurula ayrıldığında, 1988’in ilk günlerinde Kültür Bakanlığı tarafından bunların birine üye olarak tayin edildiyse de yaşının ilerlemiş olması ve sağlık durumunun elvermemesi yüzünden çalışmalara katılamadı ve kısa bir müddet sonra da vefat etti. Öldüğünde, başlıcaları Sedat Simavi Vakfı Mimarlık ve Kent Planlaması Ödülü (1982), Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı Büyük Sanat Ödülü (1983) ve Ağa Han Mimarlık Ödülü (1986) olmak üzere çeşitli millî ve milletlerarası ödülün sahibiydi ve Mimar Sinan Üniversitesi tarafından onun meslekteki 50. yılı için bir jübile kitabı çıkarılmış bulunuyordu (bk. bibl.).
Sedat Hakkı Eldem, Cumhuriyet döneminin Türk modern mimarisine damgasını vuran bir mimardır. Yaptığı binaların bazılarında eski Türk yapı sanatı unsurlarını kullanarak millî mimariyi canlandırmaya çalışmış, bazı eserlerinde ise bu tutumdan uzaklaşıp Yalova Termal Oteli, İstanbul Fındıklı’da Societe Anonyme Turque d’Installation Electrique (SATIE) binası, İstanbul Hilton Oteli, İstanbul Belediyesi Atatürk Kitaplığı gibi o yılların Avrupa mimarisine uygun binalar da meydana getirmiştir. New York Dünya Fuarı için hazırladığı Türkiye pavyonu ve İstanbul’daki Fen ve Edebiyat Fakültesi ile Maçka Taşlık’taki Şark Kahvesi (1988’de yıkılmıştır) gibi tasarımlarında ise eski Türk yapı sanatı geleneğinin izleri belirgindir.
Eldem, bilhassa Osmanlı dönemi Türk sivil yapı sanatını çok iyi tanıyan bir mimardı. Güzel Sanatlar Akademisi’nde kurduğu Millî Mimari Semineri’nde (1934) öğrencilerine bu binaların rölövelerini çizdirmeye özen göstermişti. Akademinin 1 Nisan 1948’de geçirdiği yangın sırasında bu malzemenin bütünüyle yandığı veya bir kısmının bürosunda ve evinde olduğu için kurtulduğu söylenir. Ayrıca İstanbul ve Edirne ile ilgili özellikle eski fotoğraflardan meydana gelen çok zengin bir arşivinin bulunduğu bilinmektedir. Bu arşivden ve topladığı rölövelerden de faydalanarak bir dizi kitap yazmak suretiyle Türk sanat tarihine büyük hizmeti olmuştur. Bunun yanında projelerini hazırladığı binaların da plan, tasarı ve resimlerini Mimar (İstanbul), Arkitekt (İstanbul) ve Mimarlık (Ankara) dergilerinde yayımlamış, ilk makalesi Alişanzâde Sedat Hakkı imzasıyla çıkmıştır (“İstanbul ve Şehircilik”, Mimar , I [1931], s. 1-4). Eski Türk ev mimarisine dair başlıca yazıları şunlardır: “Amcazâde Hüseyin Paşa Yalısı” (Mimar , III/12 [1933], s. 377-381); “Eski Bir Türk Evi” (Mimar [1934], s. 80-81); “Millî Mimari Meselesi” (Arkitekt , IX/9-10 [1939], s. 220-223); “Yerli Mimariye Doğru” (Arkitekt , X/3-4 [1940], s. 69-74); “Türk Evi” (Ülkü-Halkevleri Dergisi , II/22 [1942], s. 10-15); “Millî ve Yerli Mimari Davamız” (Mimarlık [1944], s. 28-29); “Bursa’da Bazı Sofalar” (Akademi , II [1964], s. 3-11); “Geleneksel Mimari Araştırmaları” (Akademi , VI [1967], s. 4-34); “Birgi’de Çakır Ağa Konağı” (Türkiyemiz , I [1970], s. 11-15); “Boğaziçi Yalıları” (Sanat Dünyamız [1974]); “Şehadet Camii Hakkında Bir Araştırma” (Türk San‘atı Tarihi Araştırma ve İncelemeleri , [1963], I, 313-326; bu çalışma Bursa’da I. Murad Hudâvendigâr tarafından yaptırılan ve 1855 depreminde yıkıldıktan sonra eski biçiminden çok farklı olarak ihya edilen Şehadet Camii hakkındadır).
Sedat Hakkı’nın bol resimlerle zenginleştirilmiş eski Türk ev mimarisine dair bir yazısı “XVII. ve XVIII. Asırlarda Türk Odası” başlığıyla çıktı (Güzel Sanatlar Dergisi , V [1944], s. 1-28) ve bunu “Bursa Evleri” (İstanbul 1948) hakkındaki kısa yazısı takip etti. İlk kitabı ise Türk Evi Plan Tipleri ’dir (İstanbul 1954 [2. bs. 1968]). Burada eski Türk ev, konak ve saray mimarisinin çeşitli tiplerini tesbit ederek bunların özelliklerini ilk defa ortaya koydu. Süheyl Ünver ve Cahide Tamer’in de yazılarının yer aldığı Amucazâde Hüseyin Paşa Yalısı (İstanbul 1970) adlı küçük bir kitapta Boğaziçi’nin son eski yalı kalıntısına dair görüşlerini açıkladı.
Eldem, son yıllarında peş peşe yayımladığı büyük boy kitapları ile birikimlerini ortaya koydu. Bunların ilki Köşkler ve Kasırlar (I, İstanbul 1969) oldu; bu önemli eserin II. cildi bir müddet sonra basılabildi (İstanbul 1973). Daha sonra da Türk sanatına genel bir bakış olan Türk Mimari Eserleri ile (İstanbul 1976) Türk Bahçeleri (İstanbul 1976) ve Köçeoğlu Yalısı-Bebek (İstanbul 1977) adlı eserleri çıktı. Bunların arkasından Sultan III. Ahmed döneminde Sadrazam Nevşehirli Damad İbrâhim Paşa tarafından Kâğıthane deresi kıyısında yaptırılan ve Nedîm’in şiirleriyle büyük üne kavuşan, daha sonra II. Mahmud tarafından yıktırılarak tekrar inşa ettirilen ve en sonunda da Sultan Abdülaziz tarafından üçüncü defa bütünüyle yenilenen saraya dair Sadabad ’ı (İstanbul 1978) ve ardından elindeki eski İstanbul fotoğraflarını değerlendirdiği İstanbul Anıları ile (İstanbul 1979) Boğaziçi Anıları ’nı (İstanbul 1979) iki kalın cilt halinde yayımladı. Feridun Akozan ile birlikte hazırladığı Topkapı Sarayı: Bir Mimarî Araştırma (İstanbul 1982), bu geniş külliyenin sınırları içindeki mekân ve binaları rölöveleri, eski ve yeni resimleriyle tanıtan önemli bir çalışmadır. Sedat Hakkı Eldem’in son eseri ise en iyi bildiği konuda kaleme aldığı Türk Evi: Osmanlı Dönemi oldu (İstanbul I, 1984; II, 1986; III, 1987). Bu kitap için onun “ömrünün eseri”dir denilebilir. Türk sivil mimarisinin örneklerini bir araya toplayan bu ana eserde klasik Türk evi üç dönemde incelenmekte ve konaklar, saraylar, köşklerle taş odalar üzerinde ayrı ayrı durulduktan sonra mimari elemanlarla yapı teknikleri, şehir yapısı ve bahçeler ele alınmaktadır. Eserin IV. cildinde Rumeli, V. cildinde de Anadolu evlerinin tanıtılması tasarlanmıştı. Bu ciltlere dair malzeme ile yazarın ölümünden sonra Mimar Sinan Üniversitesi’ne bağışlandığı söylenen arşiv ve rölövelerin kesin durumu hakkında bilgi edinilememiştir. 1992 yılına ait gazete haberlerinden ise terekesinden bazı antika eşya ve eserlerin ailesi tarafından müzayedeye verilerek satıldığı öğrenilmiştir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Mustafa Cezar, Sanatta Batıya Açılış ve Osman Hamdi , İstanbul 1971, tür.yer.
Metin Sözen – Mete Tapan, 50 Yılın Türk Mimarisi , İstanbul 1973, s. 195, 198, 244, 250, 425.
Mimar Sinan Üniversitesi, 100. Yıldönümü Armağanı .
Sedad Hakkı Eldem 50 Yıllık Meslek Jübilesi , İstanbul 1983.
Sibel Bozdoğan v.dğr., Sedad Eldem, Architect in Turkey , İstanbul 1987.
A. Suat Serdengeçti, “Yanan Milli Mimari Rölöveleri Arşivinde Neler Vardı”, Mimarlık , sy. 2, İstanbul 1948, s. 14-16.
“Eldem, Sedad Hakkı”, ABr. , VIII, 92-93.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1995 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 11. cildinde, 22-23 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.