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ELFÂ HÂŞİM Skip to content Ebû Abdillâh Muhammed el-Hâşimî b. Ahmed b. Saîd b. Osmân el-Fûtî es-Sûdânî el-Medenî (1866-1931)
Batı Afrikalı Ticâniyye şeyhi.
Biyografisini yazan talebesi Muhammed Hâfız b. Abdüllatîf 1280’de (1863), halifesi Muhammed Meczûb Müddessir el-Haccâz ise 1283’te (1866) doğduğunu kaydeder. Muhammed Hâfız doğum yerini bugün Mali sınırları içinde kalan Segu Sikoro, Haccâz Senegal’deki Diyâvârâ (Diawara/Jawara) (Seesemann, The Encyclopaedia of Islam Three , fas. 1, s. 77-78), D. Robinson, Güneybatı Senegal’de Nioro (La Tijāniyya , s. 110), Abdüssamed Gāzî, Senegal’in kuzeydoğusunda Futa Toro bölgesindeki Halvâr (Tecelliyâtü’l-iʿtiḳād , s. 151) olarak kaydeder. Tanınmış bir ulemâ ve yönetici ailesine mensuptur. Elfâ, Batı Afrika’da yüksek seviyedeki müslüman âlimlere verilen bir unvandır. Dedesi Kādiriyye tarikatına mensup bir âlimdi. Babası ve küçük amcası el-Hâc Ömer Tâl, Ticâniyye tarikatının pîri Ahmed et-Ticânî’nin halifesi Muhammed Hâfız el-Alevî eş-Şinkītî’nin “mukaddem”i idi. Amcası aynı zamanda, günümüzde Mali Cumhuriyeti’nin kurulduğu yukarı Senegal ve Nijer nehri arasındaki topraklarda yarım yüzyıl kadar hüküm süren Tekrûr (Tukulor) İslâm Devleti’nin kurucusu idi.
Elfâ Hâşim, ilk eğitimini aile ortamında aldı, Kur’an’ı ezberledi. Daha sonra Orta Nijer bölgesinde çeşitli yerleri dolaştı. Bir ara Fas’a giderek tasavvufa ve Mâlikî fıkhına dayalı geleneksel medrese eğitimini tamamladı. Amcası el-Hâc Ömer ile onun ardından 1890’lara kadar devleti idare eden büyük oğlu Ahmed el-Kebîr’den icâzet aldı. Ahmed el-Kebîr’in başdanışmanı Saîd Celiyâ Ture’den Segu’da ders okudu. Ahmed el-Kebîr’in hükümdarlığı sırasında müftü olarak görev yaptı. Bölgenin Fransız sömürge yönetimi altına girmesi ve ardından Tekrûr Devleti’nin başşehri Segu’nun işgal edilmesi üzerine (1891) devletin son merkezi olan Bandiagara’ya gitti. Bazı amcaları ile onların oğulları orada kalıp sömürge yönetimi altında hayatlarını sürdürürken Elfâ Hâşim, kâfir idaresinde yaşamanın doğru olmadığını ileri sürerek Ahmed el-Kebîr’le birlikte diğer İslâm topraklarına hicret etti. Uzun süre çeşitli yerleri dolaştıktan sonra yerleştiği Sokoto (bugünkü Nijerya’nın kuzeyi), 1903’te Burmi savaşının ardından İngiliz sömürgesi haline gelince Sudan üzerinden Mekke’ye ulaştı (1905). Burada Fâlih b. Muhammed ez-Zâhirî ve Ahmed b. İsmâil el-Berzencî gibi âlimlerden icâzet aldı. Mescid-i Harâm’da ders verdi. 1907’de Medine’ye yerleşti. Burada açtığı zâviyede Batı Afrika’dan gelen mürid ve ziyaretçilerin eğitimiyle ilgilendi. Mescid-i Nebevî’deki ders halkası yanında evindeki özel derslerde birçok öğrenci yetiştirdi. Hasan b. Muhammed el-Meşşât, Hüseyin b. Abdullah Bâ Selâme, Muhammed b. Muhammed el-Hacûcî, Abdurrahman b. Yûsuf el-İfrîkī, Abdurrahman b. Zeydân, Abdullah b. İdrîs el-Alevî el-Fudaylî, Muhammed Hâfız b. Abdüllatîf et-Ticânî, Saîd b. Sıddîk el-Fûtî, Muhammed Hüseyin Zeydân, Ömer b. Abdülmuhsin el-Kürdî el-Kûrânî bunlardan bazılarıdır. Suûdî hânedanının Hicaz’da hâkim olmaya başladığı 1920’li yıllarda Vehhâbî âlimlerine karşı tasavvufu ve tarikatları savununca şiddetli hücumlara mâruz kaldı. Buna rağmen ilmî yetkinliğinin Kral Abdülazîz tarafından takdir edildiği ve şûra meclisine üye seçildiği belirtilir. Bugün tarikatın sadece Batı Afrika’da değil Sudan ve özellikle Endonezya başta olmak üzere Güney Asya silsilelerinde de adı geçen Elfâ Hâşim, Ömer b. Ebû Bekir b. Osman es-Salgavî el-Kenevî (İmam İmoru, Umaru Krakye; Gana), el-Hâc Ahmed Dem (Senegal), Muhammed Meczûb Müddessir el-Haccâz (Sudan), Ali et-Tayyib (Mısır), Elfâ Nûhu (Kano / Nijerya) gibi halifeler tayin ederek faaliyetlerini sürdürdü. Evrad telkin etmek üzere Medine’de kadınlardan da mukaddem tayin etti. Bunlardan biri sürekli “Allah hay” diye zikrettiği için “Billâhi Hay” lakabıyla anılır (Atîk, s. 42-43). Talebesi Muhammed Hâfız hocasının 31 Mart 1931, halifesi Haccâz 19 Mart 1932, Gāzî 30 Mart 1931 tarihinde Medine’de vefat ettiğini kaydeder. Kendisinden sonra tarikat Hicaz’da İbrâhim Halîl ve ardından Ahmed b. Abdurrahman el-Katâgumî tarafından sürdürülmüştür.
Tasavvufî kişiliği yanında görüşleri ve fetvaları ile çağdaşlarının takdirini kazanan Elfâ Hâşim gerek memleketinde sömürge güçlerine karşı verdiği mücadele, gerekse Hicaz’a gittikten sonra Medine’de hac ve tahsil için gelen Batı Afrikalılar’a yönelik faaliyetleri sebebiyle Fransız ve İngiliz yöneticilerin dikkatini çekmiştir. İngiliz sömürge yöneticilerinin, Nijerli Fûlânîler’i Sudan Mehdîsi’nin haleflerine tâbi olmaktan vazgeçirmeye yönelik fetvasından dolayı Elfâ Hâşim’i Mehdî’ye ve Mısır milliyetçiliğine karşı kendilerinin bir müttefiki olarak gördükleri (Paden, s. 85), Mehdî’nin tesirini kırmak amacıyla Medine’de iken onu davet ettikleri ve Elfâ’nın da Sudan Ticânîleri arasındaki bağları güçlendirmek amacıyla bu daveti kabul ederek 1920’lerde Sudan’a gittiği (Seesemann, La Tijāniyya , s. 401-402), Mali’deki nüfuzundan dolayı Fransız sömürge yöneticilerinin ise hacca gönderdikleri bazı okul öğretmenleri vasıtasıyla Elfâ Hâşim’in Medine’deki faaliyetlerini izledikleri kaydedilir (Robinson, s. 111). Muhammed Meczûb Müddessir el-Haccâz Târîḫu’ş-Şeyḫ Elfâ Hâşim el-Fûtî adıyla bir eser kaleme almıştır (Hartum 1351/1932).
Eserleri. Elfâ Hâşim bazı fıkhî konulara dair eser ve risâleler, Fûlânî ensâbı, Arap dili, Hz. Peygamber ve Ahmed et-Ticânî’nin methine dair kasideler yazmış, tasavvufa ve özellikle Ticâniyye’ye yöneltilen eleştirilere cevap vermiştir. Eserlerinin büyük kısmı yazma halinde olup vefat ettiğinde Mekke’den gelen Ali Kütübî adlı bir kişinin bunları kendi imkânlarıyla bastırmak üzere alıp götürdüğü, ancak Kahire’de basımını gerçekleştiremeden vefat ettiği, dolayısıyla eserlerin âkıbeti hakkında bilgi bulunmadığı, özel kütüphanesinin de ölümünden sonra Medine’de satıldığı kaydedilmektedir (Kütübî, bk. bibl.). Belli başlı eserleri şunlardır: İmtâʿü’l-aḥdâḳ ve’n-nüfûs bi-muṭâlaʿati aḥkâmi evrâḳi’l-fülûs (kâğıt paranın hangi durumda zekâta tâbi olacağına dairdir; Muhammed b. Ahmed Bekrî Şettâ’nın el-Ḳavlü’l-munaḳḳahü’l-mażbûṭ fî cevâzi’t-teʿâmül ve vücûbi’z-zekât fîmâ yeteʿallaḳ bi-varaḳi’n-navṭ adlı eseriyle birlikte Risâletân fî evrâḳi’n-nuḳūd adıyla, Hartum 1351/1932), Taʿrîfü’l-ʿaşâʾir ve’l-ḫullân bi-şuʿûbi ve ḳabâʾili’l-Füllân (Mekke 1354/1936), Ḫayrü’l-medâʾiḥ fi’l-Muṣṭafâ zi’t-tîbi’l-fâʾiḥ (Kahire, ts. [Dâru tıbâati’s-sâdeti’l-eşrâfi’t-Ticâniyye]), el-Ḳaṣîdetü’l-bâʾiyye (Paris Bibliothèque Nationale, nr. 5666), İfâdetü ehli’t-tenvîr bimâ ḳīle mine’t-tafṣîl fi’t-taṣvîr (Mektebetü Mekkete’l-mükerreme, Fetâvâ, nr. 46), el-Ḳaṣîdetü’d-dâliyye (noktasız harflerle yazılan bir na‘t olup “Mühmele” diye de anılır), Reġāʾibü’l-muḥtâcîn ʿalâ ṭarîḳati’t-Ticâniyyîn, Silâḥu’t-Ticâniyyîn fi’r-red ʿale’l-muġteribîn ve’l-muʿteriżîn, el-Ḳaṣîdetü’s-seniyye fî medḥi ṣâḥibi’l-ḫatmiyye, Taḥrîkü’l-fikr ile’l-müfâḍale beyne’l-ʿilmi ve’ẕ-ẕikr, Risâle fi’l-ġavs̱ ve’l-aḳṭâb ve’l-vezîreyn ve mefâtîḥi’l-künûz, Risâletü fehâli’n-naẓar fîmâ câʾe fi’l-mehdî el-muntaẓar, Risâle fî cevâbi’l-esʾileti’l-erbaʿate ʿaşer fi’ṭ-ṭarîḳati’t-Ticâniyye, Hediyyetü’l-ḫalef (Elfâ Saîd el-Fûtî’nin biyografisine dairdir), İbdâʾü’l-ḫilâf fî cevâzi beyʿi muʿaṭṭali’n-nefʿ min ʿaḳāri’l-evḳāf, el-Ecvibetü’l-Ḥâşimiyye ʿani’l-esʾileti’l-Medeniyye, Kitâb fî Aḥkâmi’l-hicre ve aḥkâmi müvâlâti’l-küffâr, Kitâb fî Taḥrîmi rücûʿi’l-muhâcir ʿan hicretihî, Risâletü cevâbi’l-müşâcir fî menʿi müvâres̱eti ġayri’l-muhâcir, İfâdetü ḥizbi’l-ġaffâr bi’t-tefâsîli’l-meẕkûre fî muʿâmeleti’l-küffâr, Refʿu’l-ḥarec ve’l-meşaḳḳa bi-ibâhati’t-taṭlîḳ li-ḫavfi’z-zinâ ev ʿademi’n-nafaḳa, Risâletü nûri’l-mişkât fî tebyîni mâ ḳīle fî naḳli’z-zekât, Risâle fî cevâzi taḳlîdi küllin mine’l-eʾimmeti’l-müctehidîn, Risâle fi’l-cevâb ʿan s̱elâs̱eti esʾiletin fî ḥükmi cemʿi’ẓ-ẓuhri ve’l-ʿaṣri li-ġayri seferin ve lâ ʿöẕrin, Şerḥu’l-Âcurrûmiyye bi’l-ems̱ileti’l-Ḳurʾâniyye ve’l-ḥadîs̱iyye, Manẓûme fî esmâʾillâhi’l-ḥüsnâ, Kitâb fî İs̱bâti İslâmi ecdâdi’n-Nebî, el-Ḳavâʿid ve’l-ʿaḳāʾidü’l-yaḳīniyye ve mühimmâtü’l-fevâʾidi’d-dîniyye, Manẓûme fî esmâʾi süveri’l-Ḳurʾân, Taḳrîbü’l-meʿânî fî taḥrîci eḥâdîs̱i Cevâhiri’l-meʿânî, Fetḥu’l-muġīs fî ʿilmi’l-ḥadîs̱. Ebû Bekir Atîk, Elfâ Hâşim’in Manẓûme fî şühedâʾi Uḥud adlı kasidesini İtḥâfü (İrşâdü)’l-aḥibbâʾ bi-ẕikri vaḳʿati Uḥud ve men kâne bihâ mine’ş-şühedâ adıyla şerhetmiş ve aynı konuda yazdığı şiiriyle birlikte (Kahire 1371/1952, Fetḥu’l-aḥad ’la birlikte; Kano 1380/1960), ayrıca aynı kasideyi bazı ilâvelerle mezcedilmiş olarak Fetḥu’l-aḥad fi’t-tevessül bi-bâḳī şühedâʾi Uḥud adıyla neşretmiştir (Kahire 1381/1961).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA :
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2016 yılında İstanbul’da basılan (gözden geçirilmiş 2. basım) EK-1. cildinde, 399-401 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.