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Emine Şirin Özgün. The sounds of political actions in the streets of Istanbul. Dissertation (2012) Skip to content Tez Künye Durumu The sounds of political actions in the streets of Istanbul / İstanbul sokaklarında politik eylem sesleri Yazar:EMİNE ŞİRİN ÖZGÜN Danışman: PROF. Ş. ŞEHVAR BEŞİROĞLU ; DOÇ. DR. ROBERT REİGLE Yer Bilgisi: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü / Müzik Ana Bilim Dalı / Müzik Bilim Dalı Konu:Müzik = Music ; Siyasal Bilimler = Political Science ; Sosyoloji = Sociology Dizin:Etnomüzikoloji = Ethnomusicology ; Eylem = Action ; Müzik = Music ; Müzik betimlemeleri = Music desciptions ; Müzik politikaları = Music policies ; Protesto = Protesting ; Ses = Voice ; Ses ortamı = Soundscape ; Siyasi eylem = Political action ; İstanbul = Istanbul Onaylandı Doktora İngilizce 2012 230 s. Bu tezin amacı kent sakinlerinin İstanbul’da politik eylemler sırasında sokağa çıkarak ürettikleri seslerin yapısıyla bu eylemlerin içinde gerçekleştiği toplumsal yapı arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektir. Araştırma katılımcı gözlem yöntemi kullanılarak; kentin farklı bölgelerinde gerçekleşen ve farklı politik-kültürel hedeflere sahip farklı aktörler tarafından organize edilen çeşitli gösterilere katılarak, bu gösterileri gözlemleyerek ve kaydederek; gösterilere katılan kişilerle alanda görüşmeler yaparak yürütülmüştür. Çalışmanın kuramsal temeli, seslerin kültürel olarak üretilmeleri ve bu seslerin günlük ve döngüsel rutinlerin oluşturulmasındaki etkileri gibi soundscape çalışmalarının temel kavramlarının; toplumsal rahatsızlıkları protesto şeklinde ifade eden kitlesel toplantılara dair ritüel ve performans kuramlarının; müziğin kamusal ifadedeki rolü, kimlik üretme süreçlerindeki işlevi, hafızanın kurulmasındaki rolü ve müziğin zaman ve pratik yoluyla kazanabileceği çoklu anlam katmanları gibi etnomüzikolojinin temel kavramlarının bir sentezidir. Bu bağlamda, bu çalışma İstanbul sokaklarındaki döngüsel politik eylemlere dair bir yaklaşım geliştirmekte; bunu yaparken çoklu anlamlara sahip seslerin üretilme ve yeniden üretilme süreçlerini göz önünde bulundurmakta; alan araştırmasına dair ayrıntılı anlatılarla bu seslerin üretilme biçimlerini örneklendirmekte; ve daha da önemlisi toplumun önemsediği çeşitli konuları ve toplumsal hafızayı yansıtan şarkılara, kullanılan sloganların ritmik özelliklerine ve bu iki ifade biçimine içkin söylemlere odaklanmaktadır.Tez konuyla ilgili temel kuramları tartışan ve bu kuramların tezde nasıl kullanıldığının çerçevesini çizen bir giriş bölümüyle başlamaktadır. Bu bölümde tezin hedefleri ve yöntemi alan araştırması sürecine genel bir bakışla açıklanmaktadır. İkinci bölüm İstanbul’daki 1 Mayıs kutlamalarını, bu kutlamaların 1977’den günümüze tarihini; bu tarihin1977’den günümüze kutlamaların karakterini nasıl belirlediğini ve bu kutlamaların sessel yönünü tartışmaktadır. Üçüncü bölüm her yıl 21 Mart’ta kutlanan Nevruz bayramına odaklanmaktadır. Dördüncü bölüm 29 Ekim Cumhuriyet Bayramı törenlerini tartışmakta, seslerin değişen yaklaşımlarla ilişkisini hem sivil hem de askeri törenler açısından incelemektedir. Sonuçlar bölümünde alanda toplanan veriler ve analizler yeniden ele alınmakta ve incelenen seslerin üretiminde başat rol oynayan, altta yatan söylemsel alışkanlıklar tartışılmaktadır. Farklı grupların kendilerini ifade etme biçimlerindeki ortaklıklar ve farklılıklar ortaya çıkarılmakta, özellikle de bu ifadelerin sesler yoluyla nasıl hayata geçirildiği açıklığa kavuşturulmaktadırBu çalışma soundscape çalışmalarının, popüler müzik, etnomüzikoloji, kent sosyolojisi ve müzik sosyolojisi çalışmalarının kesişim noktasında konumlanmaktadır. Aynı zamanda çalışma kapsamında kentteki belirli alanlardaki belirli bir pratiğe antropolojik bir bakış açısıyla odaklanılmaktadır. Özellikle sesler alanına öncelik veren bu çalışma bir yandan da, bu sesleri üreten pratiklere dair antropolojik bir yaklaşım geliştirmeye çalışmakta; bu olayların kentin günlük hayatını dönüştürmekteki rolünü sorgulamakta ve bu pratiklerin sadece kentin değil, bütün ülkenin tarihi, gündemive politik kültürü hakkında ortaya koyduğu verileri de değerlendirmeye çalışmaktadır. Politik gösterilerde sokağın sesi, akustemolojik açıdan insanların dünyayı algılama biçimlerini hem yansıtmakta hem de yeniden inşa etmektedir; çatışma öncelikle sesler yoluyla gerçekleşmekte, sokağa yönelik fiziksel müdahale sesler aracılığıyla güç kazanmakta ve en önemlisi, `anlamlar’ sesler yoluyla üretilmektedir. Bu akustemolojik yaklaşım araştırmacının sesleri belli bir kültürel olayın önplan unsurları olarak ele almasını sağlamaktadır; zira bu sesler eylemin ardındaki ana fikri ve niyetleri anlamak ve çözümlemek için gerekli olan bütün kültürel birikimi ve tarihsel bağlantıları içlerinde barındırmaktadırlar.Tezin merkezinde yer alan sessel yapılar dinamik yapılar olarak ele alınmaktadır. Bu yapılar yalıtılmış değildir ve daha büyük bir sistemin parçası olarak iş görürler. Bu anlamda, bu tezin merkezinde yer alan bir kavram olan soundscape diyalektik bir sistemdir. Belirli bir çevrede insanlar tarafından üretilen sesler her zaman hâlihazırda sosyo-kültürel kodlarla yüklenmiş olarak alımlanırlar. Öte yandan, anlamın kendisinin varlığı, çevresiyle iletişim halinde olan tekil veya kolektif bir öznenin varlığına bağlıdır. Bu iletişim soundscape çalışmaları yazınında ?akustik iletişim? olarak anılmaktadır. Akustik iletişim ise seslerin çevresel bağlamda yarattıkları anlamlar ve ilişkiler sisteminin anlaşılmasında uygun bir başlangıç noktası olarak ele alınmaktadır. Bu paylaşılan anlamlar akustik cemaatler olarak adlandırılan topluluklar tarafından hem üretilir, hem de bu toplulukların oluşumundaki temel kurucu unsurlardandır. Araştırmanın ölçeği küresel bir kent olduğunda ise, küçük akustik cemaatler tarafından üretilen seslerin kentin geri kalanına bu cemaatlerin temel sorunlarını ilettiği, aynı zamanda da bir araya gelerek kentin toplam sessel çevresini oluşturdukları görülmektedir.Özgün kullanımıyla ?soundscape? terimi ?sessel çevre? olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Söz konusu İstanbul olduğunda ise, kentteki akışkanlık göz önünde bulundurularak tanım genişletilebilmektedir. Bu tezde ?soundscape? teriminin anlamı genişletilmekte ve yeni bir tanım önerilmektedir: kent ve küreselleşme bağlamında tarihsel bir akışkanlığa sahip olan, kültürel ve bilişsel kodlarla yüklü sessel çevre. Bu sessel çevre günlük ve döngüsel çatışmalara sahne olmakta ve toplumsal iletişimin unsurlarından biri olan politik eylem, sesleriyle de kent hayatını belirlemektedir. Bu eylemler genellikle kamusal alanda-sokakta- gerçekleştirilmektedir. Sokak birbiriyle çatışan ideolojilerin yeniden üretildiği, dönüştürüldüğü ve güçlendirildiği bir alandır. Sokakta gerçekleşen politik eylemler ise kentin iktidar yapısını sokakların sembolik olarak kontrol altına alınması yoluyla geçici olarak ters-yüz eden olaylardır. Kamusal gösteriler söz konusu olduğunda, kitlelerin belli bir mekândaki fiziksel mevcudiyetinin yanında, sesler ve mekân arasındaki ilişki de bu sembolik kontrolün elde edilmesinde önem taşımaktadır: mekân yerleşik davranış kural ve kalıpları vasıtasıyla tanımlanır ve bu gösteriler bu kurallara şiddet ya da rahatsızlık verme yoluyla, fakat her koşulda sesleri kullanarak meydan okur.Akustik iletişim üç sistem yoluyla hayata geçirilir: konuşma, müzik ve soundscape. Bu sistemlerin her biri diğer bütün anlamlı ?özel bir anlam taşımasa da anlamlı- seslerle birlikte genel soundscape’in bir parçası olarak işlevlenir. Öte yandan örgütlü gürültü apaçık bir meydan okuma aracıdır. Bu gürültü konuşma içermediğinde, iletinin dile çevrilmesi mümkün değildir fakat açıkça bir anlam ifade etmektedir: bedensel bir varoluşu ilan eder, gündelik hayata yapılan fiziksel bir müdahale girişimidir. Gürültünün kontrolü iktidar ilişkilerinin bir veçhesi olarak değerlendirilebilir ve bu anlamda örgütlü gürültü kontrol edilemeyen kitlelerin yıkıcı bir simgesi olarak değerlendirilebilir. Kutlama alanında akustik iletişim, kalabalığın duygularının ve hedeflerinin ifade edilmesinde vazgeçilmez bir rol oynar. Bu olaylardaki sesler, sadece hâlihazırda yapısal olarak tanımlanmış olan toplumsal alan içinde bir işaret fişeği olarak yer almaz, aynı zamanda bu toplumsal alanı dönüştürmek için gerekli araçları da sağlar. Bu olaylardaki sesler, katılımcıların bu olaylardan önce, olaylar sırasında ve sonrasında ürettikleri konuşmaları, sloganları, şarkıları ve gürültüleri içermektedir. Bu olaylar kentin ses alanını değiştirmekte, günlük hayatı dönüştürmekte ve belli talepleri görünür/duyulur hale getirerek kamuoyuna müdahale etmektedir.Politik seslerin kültürel bağlamları içerisinde, kentin genel ses yapısının bir parçası olarak incelenmesi bu seslerin üretildiği ve deneyimlendiği koşulların incelenmesini de gerektirmektedir. Bu çalışmada politik eylemlerin sesleri daha geniş bir kültürel bağlamın parçası olarak ele alınmış ve sessel anlatılar olarak değerlendirilmek üzere kayıt altına alınmıştır. Sokakta gerçekleşen politik eylemlerin sesleri dört farklı şekilde deneyimlenmektedir: bağlam olarak, bilgi olarak, hafıza ile ilişkili olarak ve duygularla ilişkili olarak. Öte yandan seslerin kendisi kültürel kodların yeniden üretildiği, tarihsel bağların yeniden kurulduğu, toplumsal sınırların ve ortaklıkların sağlamlaştığı bağlamlar olarak ele alınabilmektedir. Bu sesler, anlatılar olarak; yani sosyo-kültürel söylemlerin taşıyıcısı olan metinler olarak değerlendirilmelidir: sesler bu tez kapsamında incelenen olayların hem katılımcılarına ve üreticilerine; hem de bu etkinliklerin dışında kalan ?ötekilere? yönelik iletiler içermektedir. Meydanlarda protesto gösterileri için bir araya gelen kitleler, bu eylem aracılığıyla üretilen akustik bilgi tutarlı bir bütün haline geldiği ve kentin geri kalanına hitap ettiği; aynı zamanda da katılımcıların kimlik algılarının bir parçasını oluşturduğu ölçüde akustik bir topluluk olarak değerlendirilebilir. Seslerin örgütlenme biçimi doğası gereği topluluğun örgütlenme biçimiyle bağlantılıdır: atışmalar, lider-grup etkileşimi, düzenle ilgili kurallar ve benzerleri hem seslerin üretilme biçimlerini denetler, hem de toplumsal yapıyı yansıtır. Seslerin üretimiyle ilgili kurallar toplumsal sözleşmenin kurallarını da göz önüne sermektedir. Kısıtlanmış seslerin kullanımı-bir dilin, belli bir müzik türünün, ?gürültü? olarak nitelenen seslerin ya da kolektif sessizliğin kullanımı- toplumsal yapının işleyişine meydan okuyabilir. İstanbul’da gerçekleşen politik eylemlerde seslerin bu doğrultuda kullanılmasına sıklıkla rastlanmaktadır. Sokakta gerçekleşen politik gösterilerin merkezinde önemli simgelerin bulunduğu gözlemlenmektedir. Bu simgelerin en önemlilerinden biri seslerdir: şarkıların belirli toplumsal ve tarihsel anlamları vardır; sloganlar tarihsel bir birikimin ürünüdür; marşlar, ritimler, sessizliklerin ve gürültülerin kullanımı, inanışların ifade edilmesi- bunların hepsi toplumsal yapıların bir aynasıdır ve söz konusu eylemi bütün toplumsal sistem içinde konumlandırırlar. Öte yandan yine bu sesler katılımcılara da kimliklerle ve anlamlarla ilgili kodları sunmaktadır. Çalışma kapsamında incelenen bütün olaylardaki ortak duygu birlik, bütünleşme, ötekilerden farklı olma ve güç kazanma-sistemi değiştirmeye muktedir olma- duygusudur.Tezin bölümlerinde ele alınan olayların ortak yapısal özellikler sergiledikleri görülmektedir. Öncelikle, bu olayların hepsi önceden organize edilmişlerdir; hepsinde toplumun hafızasında sembolik önemi olan belirli bir alanda toplanılmakta ve çoğu kez bu alana yürünmektedir. Alandaki topluluğun mesajı salt o alandaki fiziksel birliktelikle bile iletilebilmektedir; alandaki ortaklık ve bütünlük ses (müzik, konuşma, slogan ve gürültü) ve simgeler kullanılarak sergilenmektedir. Ayrıca bu gösterilerde belli nesnelerin tekrar tekrar kullanılması, belirli bir dansın icrası ve kurulan söylemler bu olayları birer simge haline getirmektedir. Son olarak bu olayların döngüsel karakteri ve tekrarın kendisi bunların birer ritüel olduğuna işaret etmektedir. Bu ritüellerde birey ve topluluk arasındaki sınırlar muğlâklaşmakta ve bir bütünleşme duygusu kalabalığa güç kazandırmaktadır. Bu nedenle bu gösteriler ?adanmışlık ve dayanışmanın kamusal ifadeleri? olarak nitelendirilmektedir.Sesler aracılığıyla iletilerini dış dünyaya duyuran ve katılımcıların kimliklerini de sesler aracılığıyla yeniden üreten bu olaylar kent yaşamının, kent ritminin temel unsurlarından biri haline gelmiştir. Bu sesler örgütlenmiş seslerdir ve seslerin örgütlenme biçimleri toplumun örgütlenme biçimleriyle paralellikler taşır. Sessel yapılar toplumsal yapılar tarafından üretilir ve yine bu toplumsal yapıları etkiler ve dönüştürürler. Bu tezde toplumsal yapılar ve sessel yapılar arasındaki bu ilişki örnek olaylar üzerinden tartışılmaktadır. The aim of this thesis is to understand relationships between the sound structures in the street that people produce in the course of political action in Istanbul, and the social context within which these political actions happen. The study has been conducted using the participant observation method, attending, observing and recording several demonstrations, which took place in different parts of the city, organized and performed by different actors, with different political-cultural aims; talking to people in the course of the events. The theoretical basis of the study consists of a synthesis of the core concepts of soundscape studies, such as the emphasis on the cultural production of sounds and their effects on the society in constructing both the everyday and cyclic routines; the ritual theories, focusing on mass gatherings and their rules, as expressing discontent in the form of protest, and/or as means of cultural safety valve, discharging the tensions through irony and entertainment; and ethnomusicology?s core concerns, such as the role of music in the public expression, its functions as to create identities, its role in the construction of the memory and the multiple layers of meanings the music can achieve through time and practice. Within this context, this study will introduce an approach to the cyclic political actions in the streets of Istanbul, taking into account the production and reproduction of sounds with multiple meanings; illustrate the way these sounds are produced, through detailed narratives of the fieldwork and analysis of the sounds from the field; and more specifically focus on both the ?songscape? as reflecting the society?s multiple concerns and memory, as well as the rhythmic characteristics of the slogans, along with the discourses embedded in both ways of expression. The thesis begins with an introductory chapter that discusses and outlines the core theories, upon which the arguments of the thesis are built, that sets the objectives of the study, and explains the methodology through an overall look at the fieldwork process. The second chapter discusses the May Day celebrations in İstanbul, the history of the celebrations since 1977 that determined the characteristics of the ways it is performed in the years that follow, and the sound aspects of the celebrations-clashes produced in these conditions. The third chapter deals with Nevruz celebrations, happening on 21st March every year, with their political aspects, and the ways political concerns are articulated through sounds. The third chapter focuses on the Republic Day celebrations, the relationship of the sounds with the changing manners, from the perspectives of both the civil and official (state) celebrations. In the conclusions, the data collected from the field and the analyses are reconsidered in order to illustrate the latent discursive habits active in the production of the sounds investigated; the commonalities and differences in the ways different groups express themselves politically are revealed; and notably how these expressions are carried out through sound (e.g. songs, environmental sounds, slogans)is clarified. The CD accompanying the thesis provides the reader with visual and sound excerpts from the field, and referred to in the text, in order to illustrate the discussions more clearly.
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