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EMÎR ŞEKÎB ARSLAN Skip to content Şekîb b. Hammûd b. Hasen el-Arslânî (1869-1946)
Lübnanlı âlim, fikir ve siyaset adamı.
Beyrut yakınında bulunan Şûf kazasına bağlı Şüveyfât nahiyesinde doğdu. Şûf’un, XVIII. yüzyılın sonlarından itibaren “emîr” unvanını alan, Hîre’de hüküm süren Lahmî krallarından Münzir b. Mâüssemâ’ın soyundan geldiği söylenen nüfuzlu Dürzî ailelerinden birine mensuptur. Ancak Emîr Şekîb, ailesinin Sünnîliği benimsediğini ileri sürmektedir. Nitekim hem kendisi hem kardeşleri Sünnî eğitimi görmüş ve Sünnî olarak yaşamışlardır. Şekîb Arslan altı yaşından itibaren bir süre Şûf’taki bir Amerikan okuluna devam etti. 1879’da, Beyrut’taki en gelişmiş Mârûnî okulu olan Medresetü dâri’l-hikme’ye girdi. Özellikle Arap edebiyatı ve tarihi alanında çok iyi yetişti; ayrıca Fransızca öğrendi. 1886 yılında Beyrut’ta Medresetü’s-sultâniyye’ye geçti. Burada diğer ilimlerin yanı sıra, o yıllarda Beyrut’ta sürgünde bulunan ve Medresetü’s-sultâniyye’de öğretmenlik yapan Mısırlı âlim Muhammed Abduh’tan fıkıh ve akaid dersleri aldı. Türkçe’yi de burada öğrendi. Ayrıca Abduh’un okul dışında yaptığı sohbet toplantılarına katıldı. 1887’de Şûf‘a dönen Şekîb Arslan, aynı yıl babasının ölümüyle boşalan Şüveyfât nahiye müdürlüğüne tayin edildi. 1890’da bu görevinden ayrılarak gittiği Mısır’da Muhammed Abduh’un etrafında oluşan ve fikirlerini yayan gruba dahil oldu; Mısır’ın önde gelen fikir ve kalem erbabı ile tanıştı. Bu arada Kahire’de yayımlanan el-Ehrâm gazetesinde çeşitli yazılar yazdı. 1890 yılı sonlarında İstanbul’a gitti; devrin önde gelen devlet adamlarından Hasan Fehmi ve Maarif Nâzırı Münif Mehmed paşalarla yakınlık kurdu. 1892’de kısa bir süre Paris’te kaldı ve orada Mısırlı meşhur şair Ahmed Şevkī ile görüştü. Aynı yıl İstanbul’a dönen Şekîb Arslan, o günlerde İstanbul’da bulunan Cemâleddîn-i Efgānî ile tanıştı ve sohbetlerine katıldı. 1892 sonlarında Lübnan’a döndü. 1902’de üç ay kadar Şûf kazası kaymakamlığı yaptı, daha sonra istifa etmek zorunda kaldı. Fakat 1908’de Jön Türkler’in yönetime gelmesiyle tekrar Şûf kaymakamlığına tayin edildi ve üç yıl bu görevde kaldı.
1911 sonlarında İtalyanlar’ın Trablusgarp’ı (Libya) işgalleri üzerine gizlice Libya’ya gitti ve Enver Paşa kumandasındaki Osmanlı ordusuna katıldı. Aynı yılın sonlarında İstanbul’a dönen Emîr Şekîb Kızılay heyetleri müfettişliğine seçildi. 1914’te Osmanlı Meclis-i Meb‘ûsanı’nda Havran temsilcisi olarak görev aldı; I. Dünya Savaşı’nın ilk iki yılını Suriye’de geçirdi. Burada bir taraftan ayrılıkçı Araplar’ı kazanmaya çalışırken diğer taraftan güney cephesinde ordu kumandanı olarak görev yapan Cemal Paşa’ya halkla ilişkilerinde yardımcı oluyordu. 1916 sonlarında İstanbul’a döndü ve 1917 ortalarına kadar Harbiye Nâzırı Enver Paşa ile birlikte çalıştı. Aynı yılın sonunda özel bir görevle Almanya’ya gönderilen Şekîb Arslan uzun süre Avrupa’da kaldı.
Osmanlı Devleti’nin yıkılışından önce Emîr Şekîb, devleti parçalamaya yönelik en büyük tehlikenin Batı’dan geleceğini, bunu önlemek için Osmanlı hilâfeti etrafında bir İslâm dayanışması oluşturmak gerektiğini, Türkler ve Araplar’ın bu dayanışmanın vazgeçilmez unsurları olduğunu, bunun da hilâfetin güçlendirilmesi ve İslâm mirasının geliştirilmesiyle gerçekleşebileceğini ileri sürmüş; adem-i merkeziyetçiliği ve ayrılıkçılığı savunan Türkler’in ve Araplar’ın yanıldıklarını, güç dağılımının imparatorluğun kısa zamanda parçalanıp Avrupa’ya yem olmasına sebep teşkil edeceğini, bundan dolayı merkezî otoritenin güçlendirilmesi gerektiğini söylemiştir. Bunun için hem II. Abdülhamid’in yönetimini, hem de Jön Türkler’in bilhassa Arap ileri gelenlerince tenkit edilen sertlik yanlısı politikalarını tasvip etmiştir. Onu diğer Arap aydınlarından ayıran en önemli özellik, İslâm dayanışması adına Osmanlı hilâfeti ve hükümetini kayıtsız şartsız desteklemiş olmasıdır.
I. Dünya Savaşı’ndan sonra Fransızlar’ın Suriye ve Lübnan’ı, İngilizler’in Filistin’i işgal etmeleri üzerine emperyalizme karşı sert bir tavır takındığı için bölgeye girişi yasaklanan Emîr Şekîb Avrupa’da ikamete mecbur edildi. Bunun üzerine mücadelesini Avrupa’nın değişik şehirlerinde sürdürdü. 1920’de Berlin’de Şark Kulübü başkanlığına seçildi; 1921’de yine Berlin’de Milletler Cemiyeti’nde Araplar’ın haklarını korumayı amaçlayan Suriye-Filistin heyetinde yer aldı. Üç yıl sonra Almanya’daki müslümanların işleriyle ilgilenmek üzere Berlin’de Hey’etü şeâiri’l-İslâmiyye adıyla bir dernek kurdu.
1925-1926 yıllarında Suriye’de meydana gelen ayaklanmalar, esasen Araplar’ı temsil etmeye çalışan Emîr Şekîb Arslan’ın liderliğinin belirgin hale gelmesine vesile oldu. 1926’da Suriye Manda Komisyonu başkanı Markiz Diyoddi ile görüşmek üzere bir heyetin başında Roma’ya, 1927’de hemşerilerinin daveti üzerine Detroit’te toplanan kongreye başkanlık etmek üzere Amerika’ya gitti. Aynı yılın sonlarında Rusya’yı ziyaret ederek bu ülkedeki müslümanların meseleleriyle ilgilendi, İslâmî konularda konferanslar verdi. 1929’da hacca giden Şekîb Arslan bu sırada Kral Abdülazîz ile görüştü. 1930’da İspanya’yı ziyaret etti. Aynı yıl Cenevre’de La Nation arabe dergisini yayımlamaya başladı. 1934’te Mekke’de düzenlenen İslâm Konferansı’na katıldı. 1937’de Fransa’nın yasağı kaldırması üzerine Suriye’ye dönen Emîr Şekîb Arslan büyük bir törenle karşılandı. Suriye hükümeti onu Mecmau’l-ilmî’ye başkan tayin etti. Fakat Fransa, Suriye ile 1936’da yaptığı anlaşmayı bozarak Emîr Şekîb’in sınır dışı edilmesini istedi; bu yüzden görevine başlamadan Cenevre’ye dönmek zorunda kaldı. II. Dünya Savaşı’ndan sonra Suriye ve Lübnan’ın istiklâle kavuşması üzerine 1946 Ekiminde Lübnan’a döndü ve 9 Aralık 1946’da burada vefat etti.
Arapça yanında Farsça, Türkçe, Fransızca, İngilizce ve orta derecede Almanca bilen Emîr Şekîb Arslan, 1935’te Hâşim el-Attassî’ye yazdığı bir mektupta 1781 özel mektup, 176 makale ve 1100 sayfa hacminde çeşitli kitaplar yazdığını ifade ediyordu. Çabuk ve kolay yazar, yazılarında müsvedde kullanmazdı. Telif etmekte olduğu eserin bir kısmı dizilirken diğer kısmının yazımına devam ederdi. Bunun için kendisine “emîrü’l-beyân” lakabı verilmişti. Okuduğunu bir daha unutmayacak kadar güçlü bir hâfızaya sahipti.
İslâm birliği düşüncesinde Cemâleddîn-i Efgānî ve Ahmed Fâris eş-Şidyâk, dinî anlayışta ıslah (reform) düşüncesinde Muhammed Abduh, dinî ilimlere merakında Tâhir el-Cezâirî, geniş kültür konusunda Amerikalı doktor Cornelius van Dyck, edebî üslûbunda İbnü’l-Mukaffa‘, Câhiz, Bedîüzzaman el-Hemedânî ve Ebû İshak es-Sâbî, tarih anlayışında da İbn Haldûn’un etkisinde kalmıştır.
Arap dünyasının istiklâline kavuşması için çok büyük gayretler sarfeden Emîr Şekîb bu hususla ilgili hemen her toplantıya katılmış ve Araplar’ın meselelerini milletlerarası platformda savunmuştur. Emîr Şekîb, İslâm ve Arap âleminin parçalanmasında İngiltere ve Fransa’yı suçlu görüyor, her fırsatta bu iki devletin İslâm dünyasına verdiği zararlara dikkat çekiyordu. Aralarında çeşitli anlaşmazlıklar bulunsa bile İslâmiyet’e karşı düşmanlık konusunda kolaylıkla anlaşıp bir araya gelebileceklerini söylüyordu.
Çok güçlü bir tahlil kabiliyetine ve sezgiye sahip olan Emîr Şekîb Arslan’ın siyasî konularla ilgili tahminleri büyük ölçüde gerçekleşmiştir. Meselâ İngiltere’nin vaadlerine kapılarak Osmanlılar’dan ayrılmak isteyen Arap aydınlarına İngilizler’in sözlerini tutmayacaklarını, Filistin’de bir yahudi devleti kurdurmak için Arap topraklarını parçalayacaklarını söylemiş, aynı şekilde İngilizler’le anlaşan Hicaz Kralı Şerif Hüseyin’in pişman olacağını, zira onlar tarafından azledilerek sürgüne gönderileceğini ifade etmiştir. Mısır’da çıkan eş-Şaʿb gazetesinde 12 Mart 1913’te yayımlanan “Nâru Uvrubbâ min şerâreti’l-Balkan” başlıklı yazısında I. Dünya Savaşı’nın Balkanlar’dan çıkacağını haber vermiştir. Emîr Şekîb kendisi daha hayatta iken İslâm dünyasınca takdir edilmiştir. Nitekim 1935’te Hindistan’da İslâm dünyasının ileri gelen ilim, siyaset ve edebiyat adamlarının katıldığı bir toplantıda, “Bugün İslâm dünyasının en büyük siması kimdir?” sorusuna verilen cevaplarla seçilen on üç isim arasından en fazla oyu Emîr Şekîb Arslan almıştır (Ahmed eş-Şerebâsî, s. 191-193).
Eserleri. A) Telif Eserleri. 1. Bâkûretü naẓmi’l-Emîr Şekîb Arslân (Beyrut 1887). On yedi yaşında iken neşrettiği divanıdır.
2. Li-Mâẕâ teʾaḫḫare’l-müslimûn ve li-mâẕâ teḳaddeme ġayruhum (Kahire 1349/1930). el-Menâr dergisinin Cavalı bir okuyucusunun Emîr Şekîb tarafından cevaplandırılmasını istediği bir soruya verdiği cevap önce el-Menâr ’da tefrika edilmiş, ardından kitap haline getirilmiş, daha sonra da Şeyh Hasan Temîm tarafından yayımlanmıştır (Beyrut, ts.). Eseri Abdülvehhab Öztürk Müslümanların Gerileme Sebepleri adıyla Türkçe’ye (Ankara, ts.). M. S. Shakkoor da Our Decline Its Causes adıyla İngilizce’ye (Lahore 1962) tercüme etmiştir.
3. el-İrtisâmâtü’l-liṭâf fî ḫaṭîri’l-ḥac ilâ aḳdesi’l-meṭâf (Kahire 1350/1931).
4. Târîḫu ġazavâti’l-ʿArab fî Fransa ve Suvisre ve İtalya ve Cezâʾiri’l-baḥri’l-mutavassıṭ (Kahire 1352/1933).
5. Dîvânü Emîr Şekîb Arslan . Olgunluk dönemine ait şiirlerini ihtiva eden bu eser M. Reşîd Rızâ tarafından neşredilmiştir (Kahire 1354/1935).
6. el-Ḥulelü’s-sündüsiyye fi’l-aḫbâr ve’l-âs̱âri’l-Endelüsiyye (I-III, Kahire 1936-1939). 1930’da İspanya’ya yaptığı seyahatten sonra Endülüs İslâm medeniyetiyle ilgili olarak yazdığı bir kitaptır.
7. en-Nehḍatü’l-ʿArabiyye fi’l-ʿaṣri’l-ḥâżır (Kahire 1356/1937). Şam’da verdiği bir konferansın metnini ihtiva etmektedir.
8. el-Vaḥdetü’l-ʿArabiyye (Dımaşk 1356/1937). Şam’da verdiği bir başka konferansının metnidir.
Emîr Şekîb’in ayrıca şu eserleri de zikredilebilir: Maḳālât luġaviyye (Dımaşk 1928); Şevḳī ev ṣadâḳatü erbaʿîne sene (Kahire 1936); Taʿlîḳāt ʿalâ İbn Ḫaldûn (I-III, Kahire 1355/1936); es-Seyyid Reşîd Rıżâ ev iḫâʾü erbaʿîne sene (Dımaşk 1937); ʿUrvetü’l-ittiḥâd beyne ehli’l-cihâd (Buenos Aires 1941); Sîre ẕâtiyye (nşr. Ahmed eş-Şerebâsî, Beyrut 1969).
B) Tercümeleri. 1. Âḫiru Benî Serrâc (İskenderiye 1898). Fransız yazarı François René de Chateaubriand’ın, Benî Serrâc hânedanının tarihine dair Aventures du dernier Abencérage adlı eserinin tercümesidir. Emîr Şekîb, notlar ekleyerek genişlettiği bu esere ayrıca kendisinin yazdığı Ḫulâṣatü Târîḫi’l-Endelüs ilâ suḳūṭı Ġırnâṭa ve müellifi meçhul Aḫbârü’l-ʿaṣr fî inḳıḍâʾi devleti Benî Naṣr adlı eserlerle Endülüs emirlerinden Ebü’l-Hasan Ali b. Ebû Nasr b. Ebü’l-Ahmer’in dört emirnâmesini de ilâve etmiştir.
2. Ḥâżırü’l-ʿâlemi’l-İslâmî (I-IV, Kahire 1343/1925; Beyrut 1394/1973, 4. bs.). Amerikalı yazar Lothrop Stoddard’ın The New World of Islam (London 1922) adlı eserinin Accâc Nüveyhid tarafından yapılan Arapça tercümesiyle Emîr Şekîb’in notlarından meydana gelmektedir. Ancak hem eserin aslı ile bu notlar ayırt edilemeyecek kadar birbirine karıştığı, hem de 250-300 sayfa hacmindeki eserin aslı bu notların ilâvesiyle 1688 sayfaya çıktığı için genellikle kitap Emîr Şekîb Arslan’ın telifi sayılmaktadır. Ḥâżırü’l-ʿâlemi’l-İslâmî müslüman dünyasının tarihî, kültürel, siyasî ve iktisadî durumu hakkında bilgi ve değerlendirmeler yanında birçok şarkiyatçının İslâmiyet’e, İslâm tarih ve medeniyetine karşı hücumlarına cevaplar ihtiva etmektedir. Emîr Şekîb, ilâve ettiği notlarda birçok Batılı kaynak yanında Romen devlet adamı T. G. Djuvara’nın Cent projets de partage de la Turquie (Paris 1914) adlı kitabından da faydalanmış, Ḥâżırü’l-ʿâlemi’l-İslâmî ’nin bir bölümünde (III, 208-342) bu eserin özetini vermiştir (Yakup Üstün Fransızca’sından da faydalanarak bu özeti Türkiye’yi Parçalamak İçin 100 Plan, Haçlı Taassubu-Türkiye Düşmanlığı adıyla Türkçe’ye tercüme etmiştir, Ankara 1978). Eser, Ali Rızâ Seyfi Bey tarafından Yeni Âlem-i İslâm adıyla Türkçe’ye çevrilmiştir (İstanbul 1338).
3. Anaṭol Frans fî mebâẕilih (Kahire 1345/1926). J. J. Broussons’un Anatole France’ın özel hayatını anlatan eserinin bazı ilâvelerle tercümesidir.
C) Neşre Hazırladığı Eserler. İbnü’l-Mukaffa‘, ed-Dürretü’l-yetîme (Beyrut 1893); el-Muḫtâr min resâʾili Ebî İsḥâḳ eṣ-Ṣâbî (Beabda 1898); Ravżü’ş-şaḳīḳ (kardeşi Emîr Nesîb’in şiirlerinin notlar ilâvesiyle neşridir [Dımaşk 1925]); Ahmed b. Muhammed el-Mevsılî, Meḥâsinü’l-mesâʿî fî menâḳıbi’l-İmâm Ebî ʿAmr el-Evzâʿî (Kahire 1352/1933).
Emîr Şekîb Arslan’ın henüz yayımlanmamış bazı eserleri de şunlardır: Büyûtâtü’l-ʿArab fî Lübnân , el-Beyân ʿammâ şehidtü bi’l-ʿayân , Târîḫu bilâdi’l-Cezâʾir , Mâ lem yerid fî mütûni’l-luġa , Baḥs̱ ʿan Ṭrablus ve Berḳa , el-Ḥulletü’s-seniyye fi’r-riḥleti’l-Bosniyye , İḫtilâfü’l-ʿilm ve’d-dîn (tercüme), Medeniyyetü’l-ʿArab , el-Ceyşü’l-muʿabbâ min târîḫi Uvrubbâ , Târîḫu Lübnân . Ayrıca el-Fetḥ , eş-Şûrâ , el-Menâr , el-Müʾeyyed , el-ʿİrfân , Mecelletü’z-zehrâ ve Mecelletü Mecmaʿi’l-ʿilmiyyi’l-ʿArabî gibi dergi ve gazetelerde İslâmiyet’le ilgili çok çeşitli yazıları yayımlanmıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Emîr Şekîb Arslan, Li-Mâẕâ teʾaḫḫâre’l-müslimûn ve li-mâẕâ teḳaddeme ġayruhum (nşr. Şeyh Hasan Temîm), Beyrut, ts. (Dâru mektebeti’l-hayât), nâşirin mukaddimesi, s. 11-27.
Serkîs, Muʿcem , I, 932.
Brockelmann, GAL Suppl. , III, 394-399.
Kehhâle, Muʿcemü’l-müʾellifîn , IV, 304.
a.mlf., el-Müstedrek , Beyrut 1406/1985, s. 289.
Enver el-Cündî, Terâcimü’l-aʿlâmi’l-muʿâṣırîn fi’l-ʿâlemi’l-İslâmî , Kahire 1970, s. 147-154.
Ahmed Kabbiş, Târîḫu’ş-şiʿri’l-ʿArabiyyi’l-ḥadîs̱ , Beyrut 1971, s. 87-88.
Sâmî ed-Dehhân, el-Emîr Şekîb Arslân: ḥayâtühû ve âs̱âruh , Kahire 1976.
Ahmed eş-Şerebâsî, Şekîb Arslân: dâʿiyetü’l-ʿurûbe ve’l-İslâm , Beyrut 1978.
Muhammed Kürd Ali, el-Muʿâṣırûn (nşr. Muhammed el-Mısrî), Dımaşk 1401/1980, s. 248-267.
Muhammed b. Azzûz Hakîm, Ves̱âʾiḳ sırriyye ḥavle ziyâreti’l-Emîr Şekîb Arslân li’l-Maġrib , Tıtvân 1980.
Ziriklî, el-Aʿlâm (Fethullah) , III, 173-175.
el-Mevsûʿatü’l-ḥarekiyye (nşr. Müessesetü’l-Buhûs ve’l-meşârîu’l-İslâmiyye), Amman 1403/1983, I, 121-124.
Abdülkerîm Osman, Meʿâlimü’s̱-s̱eḳāfeti’l-İslâmiyye , Beyrut 1984, s. 470-474.
Hannâ el-Fâhûrî, el-Câmiʿ fî târîḫi’l-edebi’l-ʿArabî , Beyrut 1986, II, 308-309.
William L. Cleveland, Batı’ya Karşı İslam: Şekip Arslan’ın Mücadelesi (trc. Selahattin Ayaz), İstanbul 1991.
Ârif en-Nekedî, “el-Emîr Şekîb Arslân”, MMİADm. , XXII/1-2 (1947), s. 86-95.
Cebrâîl Cebbûr, “el-Emîr Şekîb Arslân”, el-Ebḥâs̱ , VII/1, Beyrut 1954, s. 33-38.
Mikel de Epalza, “Dos literatos Arabes viajan por Sharq al-Andalus: Shakib Arslan (1939) Y. Husain Mones (1963)”, Sharq al-Andalus , sy. 1, Alicante 1984, s. 173-184.
Axel Havemann, “Between Ottoman Loyalty and Arab «Independence» Muhammed Kurd Ali, Ǧirǧi Zaydan and Šakīb Arslan”, Quaderni di Studi Arabi , sy. 5-6, Venezia 1987-88, s. 347-356.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1995 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 11. cildinde, 151-153 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.