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ENCÜMEN-i DÂNİŞ Skip to content Türkiye’de Tanzimat’tan sonra Batı’daki benzerleri yolunda kurulan resmî ilk akademik müessese.
Böyle bir müessese kurulması fikri, Osmanlı Devleti’nde maarifin Batılı örneklere göre düzenlenmesi gayesiyle girişilen teşebbüsler arasında, 1845’te teşkil edilen Maarif Meclis-i Muvakkati’nin lâyihası ile ortaya atılmıştır. Lâyihada, Maârif-i Umûmiyye Nezâreti’ne bağlı olarak Encümen-i Dâniş’in kurulması isteniyor, bunun gayesi ve bünyesi ana hatlarıyla belirtiliyordu. Ancak hemen uygulama alanına konulamayan bu tasavvurun gerçekleşmesi, Meclis-i Muvakkat yerine çalışmaları sürekli olmak üzere 1846’da kurulan Meclis-i Maârif-i Umûmiyye’ce de benimsenerek beş yıllık bir beklemenin ardından bu meclis tarafından 9 Rebîülâhir 1267 (11 Şubat 1851) tarihinde verilen bir karar sonucunda mümkün olmuştur. Meclis-i Maârif-i Umûmiyye adına üyelerden Ahmed Cevdet’in (Paşa) hazırladığı aynı tarihli bir lâyihada Encümen-i Dâniş’in teşkilât ve statüsü, Meclis-i Muvakkat’in lâyihasındakinden çok daha geliştirilmiş olarak tesbit edilmiş, kuruluş gerekçesi de daha kuvvetli bir şekilde açıklanmıştı. Encümen-i Dâniş’in içinde yer alacağı Dârülfünun binasının tamamlanması beklenmeyip vakit geçirilmeden kurulması teklifiyle sadârete sunulan bu lâyiha, görüşü alınmak üzere 2 Cemâziyelevvel 1267’de (5 Mart 1851) gönderildiği Bâb-ı Meşîhat tarafından da uygun görülerek 25 Cemâziyelevvel 1267’de (28 Mart 1851) Meclis-i Vâlâ yoluyla sadârete havale edildi ve 30 Cemâziyelevvel 1267 (2 Nisan 1851) tarihinde sadâret tarafından Sultan Abdülmecid’e sunuldu. Padişahın 13 Cemâziyelâhir 1267’de (15 Nisan 1851) çıkan iradesiyle de kuruluşu kesinleşti. Çok geçmeden yine Cevdet Paşa’nın kaleminden çıkan bir “beyannâme” ile Takvîm-i Vekāyi‘ in 1 Şâban 1267 (1 Haziran 1851) tarihli 449. sayısında Encümen-i Dâniş’in kurulmuş olduğu kamuoyuna duyuruldu. Aynı nüshada nizamnâmesiyle üyelerinin listesi de yayımlandı.
Bundan sonraki hazırlıkları süratle tamamlanan Encümen-i Dâniş, başta Sultan Abdülmecid olmak üzere bütün kabine üyeleriyle devlet ileri gelenlerinin hazır bulunduğu bir törenle Divanyolu’nda Sultan Mahmud Türbesi yakınındaki Dârülmaârif Mektebi’nin binasında (yakın zamanlara kadar İstanbul Kız Lisesi, halen Cağaloğlu Anadolu Lisesi), 19 Ramazan 1267 (18 Temmuz 1851) günü Sadrazam Mustafa Reşid Paşa tarafından irticâlen okunan bir nutukla açıldı. Encümen adına Ahmed Cevdet Paşa’nın hazırladığı diğer bir nutkun da ikinci başkan Hayrullah Efendi tarafından okunmasından sonra dâhilî üyelere ruûsları (üyelik belgeleri) dağıtıldı.
Encümen-i Dâniş’in kuruluş gayesini ve görevlerini, daha 1845’ten bu yana açılması düşünülen Dârülfünun’da okutulacak ders kitapları ile halkın kültür seviyesini yükseltecek telif ve tercüme eserleri hazırlama işi teşkil etmekteydi. Çeşitli alanlarda halkın anlayabileceği sade bir dille hazırlatıp yayımlayacağı kitaplarla Türkçe’nin gelişmesine yardımcı olması da kendisinden beklenen hizmetlerin başında gelmekteydi.
Encümenin faaliyet programı geniş tutulduğundan evvelce Meclis-i Muvakkat’in yirmisi dâhilî, yirmisi de hâricî olmak üzere teklif ettiği üye sayısının işlerin verimli ve hızlı yürütülebilmesi için arttırılmasına lüzum görülmüş, Meclis-i Maârif-i Umûmiyye’ce hazırlanan yeni nizamnâmede bu sayı dâhilî (aslî) üyelikte kırka çıkarılmış, fahrî üye sayısı için herhangi bir sınırlama getirilmemişti. Aslî üyelerin sayısının kırk olması yanında ayrılanların yerine seçilecek yenileriyle aynı şekilde hâricî üyelerin seçiminde Fransız Akademisi’ndeki usulün benimsendiği görülmektedir.
Bu müessese tarafından hazırlanacak kitapların kaynağını Doğu ve Batı dillerindeki eserlerin teşkil etmesinin yanı sıra üyelerinin bir kısmı Arapça ve Farsça, diğer bir kısmı da bir veya birkaç Batı diline vâkıf kimselerden meydana gelmekte olduğu gerekçesiyle encümenin “birinci” ve “ikinci” diye adlandırılan iki başkanının bulunması öngörülmekteydi. Bu maksatla Encümen-i Dâniş’in birinci başkanlığına Atâullah Efendizâde Şerif Mehmed Efendi, ikinci başkanlığına da Meclis-i Maârif-i Umûmiyye âzası ve tarihçi Hayrullah Efendi getirildi. Encümene üyelik bir şeref unvanı olarak kabul edildiğinden üyelere ayrıca bir maaş veya ödenek verilmesi düşünülmüyordu. Buna karşılık encümen için eser hazırlayacak olanlara telif ve tercüme hakkı olmak üzere bazı ödeme veya mükâfatlandırma şekilleri tesbit edilmişti. Nizamnâme gereğince siyaset adamları dışındaki dâhilî üyelerin her birinin bir ilim veya fen şubesinde ihtisas sahibi olması, kitap tercüme edebilecek derecede bir Batı veya Doğu dilini bilmesi, ihtisas alanıyla ilgili herhangi bir eser telif edebilecek bilgi ve tecrübeye sahip bulunması, ayrıca Türkçe’ye hâkim olması gibi vasıflar aranıyordu. Hâricî üyelerin Türkçe bilmesi şartı aranmıyor, hangi dilde yazarlarsa yazsınlar maarife hizmet etmeleri yeterli görülüyordu. Encümen-i Dâniş, belirtilen bu özelliklere sahip üyelerden kurulacağına ve üyelerden bir kısmı Arapça ve Farsça, bir kısmı da Batı dillerine vâkıf olacağına göre başkanlardan birinin Arapça ve Farsça’yı, diğerinin de Batı dillerini iyi bilmesi gerekiyordu. Hâricî üyeler, maarifle ilgili olarak yazacakları raporları ve eserleri encümene gönderebileceklerdi. Encümen-i Dâniş’in ilmî toplantılarının her ayın ilk cumartesi günü, işler çok olduğu takdirde ise on beş günde veya haftada bir defa yapılması kararlaştırılmıştı. Nizamnâme, dâhilî üyelerin toplantılara düzenli şekilde devamını da şart koşuyordu. Bu üyelerin ciddi mazeretleri olmadan belirli bir süre devamsızlık yapmaları halinde üyelikten çıkarılacağı belirtilmişti. Encümen-i Dâniş yoluyla maarife hizmet edeceklerin mükâfatlandırılması öngörülmüş ve bunun hangi esaslara göre yapılacağı da tesbit edilmişti. Nizamnâmede ayrıca, fen ve ilim konularındaki eserlerin herkesin kolayca anlayabileceği bir dille yazılmasına özellikle dikkat edilmesi istendiği gibi sanatkârane ifade ile yazılmış edebî eserlerin de takdir edileceği kaydedilmişti.
Encümen-i Dâniş üyeleri yalnız ilim ve fikir adamı hüviyetinde kimselerden ibaret olmayıp önemli bir kısmı devlet ileri gelenleriyle yüksek idarî görevlilerden seçilmişti. Kuruluşun dâhilî üyelerini şu şahıslar meydana getirmekteydi: Sadrazam Mustafa Reşid Paşa, Şeyhülislâm Ârif Hikmet Bey, Serasker Mehmed Rüşdü Paşa, Meclis-i Vâlâ Reisi Sâdık Rifat Paşa, Hariciye Nâzırı Âlî Paşa, Arabistan ordusu müşiri Emin Paşa, Ticaret Nâzırı İsmâil Paşa, Rumeli müfettişi Sami Paşa, Meclis-i Vâlâ âzalarından Yûsuf Kâmil Paşa ve Arif Efendi ile Nakîbüleşraf Tahsin Beyefendi, Şûrâ-yı Askerî âzasından Rüşdî Molla, reîs-i evvel Şerif Mehmed Efendi, sadâret müsteşarı Fuad Efendi (Paşa), Mekteb-i Tıbbiyye Nâzırı Zîver Efendi, Meclis-i Muhâsebe-i Mâliyye Reisi Lebib Efendi, Takvimhâne Nâzırı ve Vak‘anüvis Recâi Efendi, Meclis-i Maârif âzasından reîs-i sânî Hayrullah Efendi, Ferik Edhem Paşa, Şûrâ-yı Askerî âzasından Ferik İbrâhim Paşa, Ferik Derviş Paşa, Celâl Efendi hafîdi Hüsam Efendi, Dîvân-ı Hümâyun tercümanı Emin Efendi (Muhlis Paşa), Mekâtib-i Umûmiyye Nâzırı Kemal Efendi, Dîvân-ı Hümâyun hulefâsından Ahmed Celâl Beyefendi ve Ali Galib Beyefendi, Ticaret muavini Salih Efendi, Meclis-i Maârif âzasından Subhi Beyefendi (Paşa), Mekke pâyelilerinden İlyas Efendi, Amedî hulefâsından Tâhir Beyefendi, mütercim-i evvel Nûreddin Beyefendi, Tercüme Odası hulefâsından Ahmed Vefik Efendi (Paşa), Dersaadet Ordu-yı Hümâyun Meclisi âzasından Miralay Nûreddin Bey, beytülmâl kassâmı Aziz Efendi, Müneccimbaşı Osman Efendi, Meclis-i Maârif âzasından Ali Fethi Efendi, Ahmed Cevdet Efendi (Paşa), Müderris Hoca Şâkî Efendi, Mekâtib-i Umûmiyye muîni Müderris Ahmed Hilmi Efendi ve Dârülmuallimîn Fârisî hocası Tevfik Efendi.
Hâricî üyeler ise başta Avusturyalı tarihçi Hammer, her ikisi de lugatları ile tanınmış İngiliz Redhouse ve Fransız Bianchi gibi üç ünlü şarkiyatçının yanı sıra devrin meşhur yerli gayri müslim simalarından seçilmiş, ayrıca bazı müslüman şahsiyetler de bunlar arasına alınmıştı. Hâricî üyeler adı geçen üç müsteşrikten başka şu isimlerden meydana geliyordu: Şeyhülharem Dâvud Paşa, Kandiye Kaymakamı Veli Paşa, Meclis-i Nâfia Müftüsü Şâkir Efendi, Kadı Ahmed Nazîf Molla, Müderris Emin Rıfkı Efendi, Müderris Dağıstanlı Hüseyin Nâzım Efendi, Müderris Ahmed Reşid Efendi, Antakyalı Ömer Efendi, Mısır’da Edhem Paşa, Kânî Paşa, Abdullah Paşa, Rifâa Bey, Dramalı Ârif Bey, Şam ulemâsından Ebüssuûd Efendi, Alâiyelî Mütercim Ahmed Efendi, Mühendis Mazhar ve Behçet beyler, İsmet Efendi, Vensan Bey, İstefenaki Bey, Kerâme, patrikhâne kâtibi Ermeni Logofeti Hoca Agob, Yustinik Aleko Efendi, Vasilaki Efendi, Hoca Sahak, Tersane tercümanı Tiryaki Bogos, Hekim Edirneli İstefenaki, David Efendi, Beşiktaşlıoğlu Aleksandri. Çoğu tercüme kalemlerinde çalışmakta olan azınlıklar arasından üye seçmekle bunlardan Batı dillerinden yapılacak tercümelerde faydalanılması düşünülmüştü.
Keçecizâde Fuad Efendi ile Ahmed Cevdet Efendi’nin Encümen-i Dâniş’in kuruluşundan önce Bursa’da bulundukları sırada beraberce hazırlamış oldukları Kavâid-i Osmâniyye adlı gramer kitabı encümenin açılış günü padişaha takdim edildi ve gördüğü takdir üzerine Encümen-i Dâniş’in yayını olarak basılmasına karar verildi. Encümenin ilk toplantılarından itibaren tarih, coğrafya, riyâziye, iktisat ve tabiat ilimleri gibi çeşitli bilgi sahalarına ait eserlerin hazırlanması üyelere ve diğer şahıslara ısmarlanmıştı. Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar’ın belirttiği üzere ısmarlanan bu eserler arasında yeni çağlar tarihine ait olanlar ön sırada gelmektedir. Tanpınar bunu, “Tanzimat devrinde yenilik hareketinin başında bulunanların memleketin siyasî terbiyesini sağlamak ve ona bir ufuk açmak için bu tarih disiplinini lüzumlu gördükleri anlaşılıyor” diye açıklamaktadır (XIX. Asır Türk Edebiyatı Tarihi , s. 114). Bu arada, Türkçe’ye Arapça-Farsça kelimelerin kullanımı bakımından düzen vermek için bir lugat kitabı hazırlamak üzere ayrıca bir komisyon kurulmuştur.
Encümen-i Dâniş’in en müsbet ve neticeye ulaşmış çalışması, ilk iş olarak Ahmed Cevdet Paşa’ya, Hammer’i tamamlayacak şekilde 1188 (1774) Küçük Kaynarca Antlaşması’ndan Yeniçeri Ocağı’nın kaldırıldığı 1241 (1826) yılına kadar olan devreyi içine alan vak‘aların yazılmasını ısmarlamasıdr. Böylece on iki ciltlik Târîh-i Cevdet meydana gelmiştir. Daha önce Pîrîzâde Mehmed Sâhib’in (ö. 1748) baştan ilk beş bölümünü çevirdiği İbn Haldûn’un ünlü Muḳaddime ’sinin son altıncı kısmı da Ahmed Cevdet Paşa tarafından yine encümenin faaliyetleri çerçevesinde tercüme edildi.
Bütün bu iyi niyetli teşebbüs ve hazırlıklara rağmen Encümen-i Dâniş kendisinden beklenen görevi tam olarak yerine getiremedi. Bunda, Dârülfünun’un açılışının tahminleri çok aşan bir gecikmeye uğraması, Kırım Savaşı (1853-1856) gibi ekonomik etkileri uzun yıllar süren önemli bir olayın yanı sıra asıl daha başlangıçta, ilim adamı olma şartına uyulmadan sivil ve asker birçok devlet adamının encümene üye yapılmış olmasının da rol oynadığı belirtilmektedir. 1862’den sonraki devlet salnâmelerinde üyelerin adlarına rastlanmadığından Encümen-i Dâniş’in ömrünün on yıl kadar sürdüğü ve bu tarihten sonra faaliyetlerinin sona ermiş olduğu tahmin edilmektedir. Kuruluş nizamnâmesine aykırı olarak çeşitli kademelerdeki asker ve sivil devlet ve siyaset adamlarının şeref pâyesi için encümene alınması, bunların ihtisasları olmadığı halde zaman zaman ilmî toplantılara katılmaları, bazan toplantıların zamanında yapılmaması bir süre sonra encümenin asıl ihtisas sahibi üyelerini ikinci plana düşürdü ve böylece Encümen-i Dâniş kuruluş gayesini tam olarak gerçekleştiremeden dağıldı.
Encümenin hazırlatmış olduğu eserlerin büyük bir kısmı yayımlanmadığı için bu kuruluşun o günkü ilim ve kültür hayatına ne ölçüde tesir ettiği tam olarak tesbit edilememiştir. Encümen-i Dâniş’in ne tür eserler hazırlattığı, bunlardan hangilerinin tamamlandığı da kesin olarak bilinmemektedir. A. Hamdi Tanpınar’ın işaret ettiği gibi, Cumhuriyet’ten sonra 1924 yılında Yıldız Sarayı’ndan İstanbul Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi’ne intikal eden yazmalar arasında encümen tarafından telif veya tercüme ettirilen çeşitli eserler bulunmaktadır. Bunlar arasında doğrudan doğruya encümen âzası tarafından yazılmış veya encümene sunulmuş tarih, coğrafya, riyâziyyât, iktisat, tabiat ilimleri ve son çağ Avrupa tarihine ait değişik hacimde eserlerin bulunduğu göz önüne alınırsa Encümen-i Dâniş’in 1850’lerin Türkiye’sinde ilim ve kültür alanında neleri gerçekleştirmek istediği anlaşılabilir.
Encümen-i Dâniş hakkında şimdiye kadar yapılan değerlendirmelerde bu kuruluşun bir nevi ilimler akademisi hüviyeti taşıdığı, hatta teşekkülü sırasında Fransız Akademisi’nin örnek alındığı söylenmiştir. Encümenin gayesini, mahiyetini ve çalışma şeklini inceleyen Kenan Akyüz’ün de belirttiği gibi kaynaklarda böyle bir ifade yer almamakla beraber Encümen-i Dâniş’in yapısı, kuruluş gayesi ve çalışma tarzı şeklen de olsa böyle bir benzerliği hatıra getirmektedir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Cevdet, Tezâkir , I, 13; IV, 46-58, 72, 218, 222, 240.
Lutfî, Târih , IX, 51.
Mahmud Cevad, Maârif-i Umûmiyye Nezâreti Târihçe-i Teşkîlât ve İcrâatı , İstanbul 1338, I, 47-57.
Mehmed Ali Ayni, Dârülfünûn Tarihi , İstanbul 1927, s. 11-12.
Karal, Osmanlı Tarihi , VI, 176-178.
Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar, XIX. Asır Türk Edebiyatı Tarihi , İstanbul 1956, s. 113-115.
a.mlf., “Kültür ve Sanat Yollarında Gösterdiğimiz Devamsızlık”, Yaşadığım Gibi , İstanbul 1970, s. 16-23.
Kenan Akyüz, Encümen-i Dâniş , Ankara 1975.
M. Şakir Ülkütaşır, “Encümen-i Dâniş (İlk Türk Akademisi)”, Akademi , sy. 6, İstanbul 1946, s. 17-19; aynı makale: TY , sy. 254 (1956), s. 695-698.
Münir Aktepe, “Türkiye’de Akademi Meselesi ve II. Abdülhamid’e Dil Akademisi Hakkında Sunulan Layiha”, BTTD , II/8 (1968), s. 23-25.
Mithat Sertoğlu, “Türkiye’de İlk İlimler Akademisi: Encümen-i Dâniş”, a.e. , XI/64 (1973), s. 12-15.
Pakalın , I, 529-531.
Ziya Bakırcıoğlu, “Encümen-i Dâniş”, TDEA , III, 43-44.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1995 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 11. cildinde, 176-178 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.