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ENDERUN Skip to content Osmanlılar’da idarî ve askerî kadronun yetiştirilmesi için teşkil edilen saray eğitim kurumu.
Osmanlı Devleti’nde XV. yüzyıl ortalarından itibaren medrese dışında en önemli resmî eğitim kurumu niteliği taşır. Daha ziyade mülkî ve askerî idarecilerin yetiştirildiği bu mektep, Osmanlı merkez ve taşra bürokrasisine gerekli insan gücü kaynağını oluşturmak için kurulmuştur. Bu vasfı ile resmî Osmanlı ideolojisi veya zihniyetinin öğretilip geliştirildiği temel eğitim birimini teşkil ettiği gibi idarî ve siyasî hedeflerin tayininde, devletin ana kurumlarının işleyişinde önemli bir yere sahip olmuştur. Enderun’un II. Murad veya Fâtih Sultan Mehmed dönemlerinde açılmış olduğu şeklinde iki ayn görüş ileri sürülmekteyse de II. Murad zamanında Edirne Sarayı’nda teşkil edildiği, ancak gerçek teşkilâtına Fâtih döneminde kavuştuğu söylenebilir. Böyle bir kurumun teşkilinde esas hedef, askerî temele dayanan Osmanlı Devleti’ne yetenekli kumandan yetiştirmek ve devamlı büyüyen ülkenin farklı din, dil ve kültürlere mensup kitlelerini idare edecek sağlam yönetici kadroları temin etmekti. Devlet gayri mütecânis bir sosyal yapıya sahip olduğundan böyle bir eğitim kurumu için ırk veya kan bağı yerine kültür ve disiplin temel prensipler olarak benimsenmiş, kadrolar bu anlayış içerisinde yetiştirilmiştir.
Genellikle aileleriyle hiçbir ilgileri kalmayan, devşirme yoluyla sağlanmış çocukların Enderun’a alınmadan önce belli bir alt eğitimden geçmiş olmaları gerekiyordu. Hıristiyan ailelerden devşirilen çocuklar öncelikle müslüman Türk aileleri yanında Türkçe’yi, İslâmî esasları ve âdâbı öğrenir, daha sonra Edirne, Galatasaray, İbrâhim Paşa (bir ara İskender Çelebi) saraylarında bedenî ve ruhî kabiliyetlerini geliştirecek dersler ve tâlimler görürlerdi. Bunlara “acemi oğlanları” denilirdi. Acemi oğlanları, buradaki belirli tâlim ve terbiyeden sonra “çıkma” adıyla ayrılarak çeşitli askerî birlikler içerisine dağıtılır, üstün yetenekli olanlar ise daha yüksek seviyede bir eğitime tâbi tutulmak üzere Enderun’a alınırdı.
Enderun’daki eğitim Büyük ve Küçük odalar, Doğancı Koğuşu, Seferli Koğuşu, Kiler Odası, Hazine Odası ve Has Oda olmak üzere yedi kademe üzerine kurulmuştu. Buradaki eğitimi sonuna kadar götüremeyen iç oğlanlar ara sınıflardan aynı şekilde çıkma adıyla ayrılarak çeşitli askerî birliklere katılırlardı.
Enderun’un ilk iki kademesinden Küçük Oda Bâbüssaâde’den içeri girince solda, Büyük Oda ise sağda yer almaktaydı. Bu odalara acemi oğlanları mektebinden üstün basan ile mezun olan gençler alınırdı. Bunlar İslâm dini ve kültürü, Türkçe, Arapça ve Farsça dersleri görür, güreş, atlama, koşu, ok çekme gibi spor tâlimleri yaparlardı. Bu odalarda okuyanlar “dolama” denilen bir çeşit cübbe giydikleri için bunlara “dolamalı” denilirdi. Gençler yaklaşık on beş yaş civarındaydı. Buralarda disiplini sağlayan, gençlere çeşitli konularda yardımcı olan lalalar bulunurdu. Büyük Oda’nın kadrosu 100, Küçük Oda’nın altmış iken XVII. yüzyılda toplam kadro 258’e ulaşmıştı. Bu odaların 1675’te kaldırıldığı belirtilmektedir. Enderun’un üçüncü derecesi Doğancı Koğuşu idi; kırk kadar gencin tâlim gördüğü bu koğuş IV. Mehmed zamanında kaldırılmıştır.
Seferli Koğuşu 1635 yılında IV. Murad tarafından teşkil edilmiştir. Önceleri Enderun halkının çamaşırlarının yıkanıp düzenlenmesi hizmetini görürken daha sonra çalışmalar sanata kaydırılmış ve buradaki gençler mûsikişinas, hânende, kemankeş, pehlivan, berber vb. meslek dallarında yetiştirilmişlerdi. Nitekim bu koğuştan birçok mûsikişinas ve şair çıkmıştır. Saray dilsiz ve cüceleri de aynı koğuşta eğitilmiştir. Seferli Koğuşu’nda 100 kadar genç eğitim görür, bu koğuşun iç oğlanları çıkmalarda sipahi bölüklerine verilirdi.
Kilerci Koğuşu Fâtih Sultan Mehmed zamanında kurulmuştur. Buranın âmiri serkilârî-i hâssa idi. Padişaha yemek servisi yapmak bu koğuşun göreviydi. Burada bulunan iç oğlanları hükümdarın ve Harem-i Hümâyun’un ekmek, et, yemiş, tatlı, şerbet gibi her türlü yiyecek ve içecek ihtiyacını hazırlar ve muhafaza ederdi. Saray odaları ve mescidlerinin mumları da bu koğuş tarafından temin edilirdi. Bunların sayıları otuz kadardı. Kilerci Koğuşu iç oğlanları çıkmalarda kapıkulu süvari bölüklerine girerlerdi.
Hazine Koğuşu da Fâtih tarafından teşkil edilmiştir. Buranın âmiri hazinedarbaşı ve hazine kethüdâsı idi. Hazinedarbaşı sarayın en nüfuzlu görevlilerindendi. Sarayda hizmet gören, sayıları 2000 civarındaki “ehl-i hiref” denilen saray sanatkârlarının başı olduğu gibi Enderun hazinesi ve saraya ait mücevherat ve kıymetli eşyanın korunmasından da sorumluydu. Barış ve savaş zamanlarında padişahın yanından ayrılmazdı. Bu koğuşun mevcudu zaman zaman 150’ye kadar çıkmıştır. Buradan çıkma olduğunda gençler kapıkulu süvari bölüklerine, müteferrikalığa ve çaşnigîrliğe girerlerdi.
Has Oda Enderun kademelerinin sonuncusu olup yine Fâtih tarafından kurulmuştur. Has Oda’nın dört meşhur zâbiti has odabaşı, silâhdar, çuhadar, rikâbdar idi; bunlardan sadece has odabaşının padişah huzuruna çıkma yetkisi olduğu Fâtih Kanunnâmesi’nde belirtilmiştir. Has Oda’nın toplam mevcudu kırk civarındaydı. Has odalıların görevleri arasında Hırka-i Saâdet Dairesi’ni temizlemek, eşyasının bakımını yapmak, kandil gecelerinde öd ağacı yakmak, gül suyu dökmek ve mukaddes emanetleri korumak gibi işler sayılabilir. Hünkâr müezzini, sır kâtibi, sarıkçıbaşı, kahvecibaşı, başçavuş gibi padişah hizmetinde bulunanlar da Has Oda mensupları arasından seçilirdi. Hareme bitişik Mâbeyin denilen odada bulunan Has odalılardan çıkma olduğunda bunlar kıdem durumlarına göre önemli görevlere tayin edilirlerdi.
Çalışma sistemi, programı ve işleyişi göz önünde tutulursa Enderun’un bir mektepten ziyade çeşitli hünerlerin, sanatların, idarî ve siyasî bilgilerin uygulamalı olarak öğretildiği, kabiliyetlerin tesbit edildiği bir kurs ve staj yeri olduğu söylenebilir. Enderun’u teşkil eden yedi oda ve koğuşta çıkmalar, terfiler ve boşalan yerlerin doldurulmasında kesinlikle uyulan belirlenmiş kurallar vardı. Ancak padişahların sık olmamakla birlikte terfi ve çıkmalarda usul dışı uygulamaları da olmuştur. Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman’ın Has Odabaşı İbrâhim’i vezîriâzamlık makamına getirmesi bunun ilginç bir örneğidir.
Enderun sistemi, organik bağ içerisinde çeşitli kademeleri bulunan bir eğitim sürecine dayanır. Buradaki başarı büyük ölçüde kendi içindeki bütünlükten gelmektedir. Adaylar özel olarak teşkil edilmiş, belirli kurallara göre hareket eden gezici ekipler tarafından fizikî, bedenî ve ruhî özellikleri incelenerek seçilirdi. Bunların gönderilecekleri ailelerde de bazı vasıflar aranıyordu. Hazırlık sınıflarının bulunduğu saraylarda Türk ve İslâm kültürüyle ilgili derslerle bedenî kabiliyetleri geliştirecek spor dersleri esastı. Bu eğitim sisteminde başından sonuna kadar titizlikle riayet edilen ilkelerden biri çıkma idi. Başlangıçtan beri uygulanan bu usul Kanûnî devrinde geliştirilmişti ve hazırlık sınıflarından Enderun eğitiminin sonuna kadar geçen süre içinde başarı ve ilerleme gösteremeyenler buradan alınıp ordunun çeşitli kademelerine verilirdi. Böylece ancak fevkalâde başarı gösterenler eğitim süresini tamamlayabilirdi. Ayrıca oda ve koğuşlardaki sabit kontenjana göre belirli aralıklarla sayıyı azaltıp kabiliyetli yeni elemanlara yer açmak için de çıkma usulüne başvurulmuştur.
Enderun sisteminde önemle üzerinde durulan bir diğer ilke de kültürün etkili bir şekilde verilmesiydi. Çok değişik ırk ve dinî kökenlerden gelen gençler İslâm-Türk kültürü içerisinde yetiştiriliyordu. Yabancı gözlemciler hazırlık ve Enderun eğitimi için seçilmiş gençlerden bahsederken Türkler’in kabiliyetli gördükleri kimseleri eğitmekten büyük bir zevk aldıklarını ve bu uğurda her türlü fedakârlığa katlandıklarını belirttikleri gibi, ayrıca seçim sırasında güzel yüzlü ve fizikî kusuru olmayanların tercih edilmesinide Türkler’deki “güzel bir yüzde kötü bir ruhun saklanamayacağı” inancına bağlamaktadırlar. Habsburg elçisi olarak XVI. yüzyıl ortalarında Osmanlı ülkesine gelen Busbeke mektuplarında Batılılar’ın iyi yetiştirilmiş attan ve köpekten zevk aldığını, Türkler’in ise iyi eğitilmiş insandan büyük haz duyduklarını yazmaktadır.
Enderun eğitiminin temel prensiplerinden biri de disiplindi. Hazırlık ve Enderun eğitimine devam eden gencin her hareketinin ölçülü olması gerekiyordu. Özellikle Enderun’da akağalar kurallara uyma konusunda son derece sertti. En küçük kusur bile cezalandırılırdı. Verilen belli başlı cezalar falaka, uykusuz bırakma, yemeği kesme idi. Bu disiplin gençlerin sabırlı, her türlü meşakkate dayanıklı, saygılı, alçak gönüllü olmalarını sağlardı. Yatakhaneleri koğuş şeklindeydi ve her sekiz on gencin arasında bir akağa yatağı bulunurdu. Pirinç ve et temel yiyeceklerdendi. Gençlerin fazla yemesine izin verilmediği gibi gıdasız kalmamasına da özen gösterilirdi. Gençlerin kabiliyetlerine göre her türlü makama ulaşabileceklerini bilmeleri onların prensiplere uymalarını sağlar ve çalışma azimlerini arttırırdı.
Enderun gençlerinin içinde bulunduğu çevre de onların bilgi ve görgülerinin artmasına yardımcı oluyordu. Topkapı Sarayı asırlarca yoğun idarî, siyasî ve diplomatik faaliyetlere sahne olmuş bir merkezdi. Ülke dahilinden beylerbeyiler, sancak beyleri, kadılar; müslüman ve gayri müslim devletlerden gelen diplomatik heyetler, elçiler; Dîvân-ı Hümâyun üyeleri olan sadrazamlar, vezirler, kazaskerler hep bu sarayda yoğun faaliyet içerisinde bulunuyordu. Bu husus Enderunlu gençlere engin bir görüş ve tecrübe sağlıyordu. Gerek merkezde gerekse eyaletlerde çeşitli seviyelerde hizmet gören vezirler, beylerbeyiler, sancak beyleri ve diğer idarî görevliler genellikle bu kurumdan yetişmiş kimselerdir. Tayyarzâde Atâ Bey ve Hızır İlyâs’ın eserlerinde saray ve Enderun hayatı ve burada oluşan kültür muhiti hakkında ayrıntılı bilgiler vardır. Özellikle Atâ Bey’in eserinde, Enderun’da yetişen ve değişik alanlarda görev yapan âlim, şair, devlet adamı, asker ve idarecilerin adları ve yer yer biyografileri verilmiştir.
Enderun tamamen farklı metotlara ve hedeflere dayanan medrese ile karşılaştırıldığında birinci kurumun hedefine ulaşma açısından daha şanslı ve başarılı olduğu görülür. Medrese eğitimi, ilmiyeye mensup ailelerin çocuklarına tanınan imtiyazlar ve himayelerle içeriden zayıflarken Enderun’un sıkı bir disipline dayanan, başarı ve mahareti yükselmenin yegâne vasıtası yapan prensibi, kimseye bir ayrıcalığın tanınmadığı klasik dönemde bu kurumu imparatorluğun en başarılı eğitim müessesesi haline getirmiştir. Nitekim Batılı birçok gözlemci ve uzun yıllar İstanbul’da kalmış elçiler medreseden ziyade Enderun eğitimiyle ilgilenmişler, en garazkâr olanları dahi takdirkâr ifadeler kullanmışlardır. Ancak XVII. yüzyılda, mevcut usullere aykırı olarak birtakım himaye ve kayırmalarla Enderun’a şartlara uymayan kimselerin alınmaya başlanması, eğitim sisteminin gelişen yeni ihtiyaçlara ayak uyduramaması, özellikle bu dönemlerde kapıkulu askerînin iktidarı belirleyici büyük nüfuz ve gücü, Enderun’daki disiplinin ve eğitim kalitesinin sarsılmasına yol açtı. Genel olarak imparatorluktaki diğer kurumlar gibi bu müessese de önemini yitirmeye başladı. Buna rağmen Enderun XIX. yüzyıl başlarına kadar etkisini devam ettirmiş, daha sonra ise Batı tarzında açılan mekteplerden yetişenler idarede söz sahibi olmuşlardır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
D’Ohsson, Tableau général , VII, 34-56.
Hızır İlyas, Târîh-i Enderûn , İstanbul 1276.
Atâ Bey, Târîh-i Atâ (Târîh-i Enderûn) , İstanbul 1293.
B. Miller, The Palace School of Muhammed the Conqueror , Cambridge 1941.
Uzunçarşılı, Saray Teşkilâtı , s. 297-357.
Fethi İsfendiyaroğlu, Galata Sarayı Tarihi , İstanbul 1952.
İsmail H. Baykal, Enderun Mektebi Tarihi , İstanbul 1953.
Rycaut, London 1968, s. 25-33.
Ülker Akkutay, Enderûn Mektebi , Ankara 1984.
Albert Howe Lybyer, Kanuni Sultan Süleyman Devrinde Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun Yönetimi (trc. Seçkin Cılızoğlu), İstanbul 1987, s. 73-80.
İsmet Parmaksızoğlu, “Enderun Mektebi”, TA , XV, 193.
a.mlf., “Enderun-i Hümayun”, a.e. , XV, 193-196.
Ülkü Altındağ, “Topkapı Sarayı”, Sanat, Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi , sy. 7, Ankara 1982, s. 12-43.
a.mlf., “Hasoda Teşkilatı”, Türk Etnografya Dergisi , sy. 14, İstanbul 1974, s. 97-113.
V. J. Parry, “Enderūn”, EI2 (İng.) , II, 697-698.
C. E. Bosworth, “K̲h̲āṣṣ Oda”, a.e. , IV, 1097.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1995 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 11. cildinde, 185-187 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.