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ENSÂBÜ’l-EŞRÂF Skip to content Belâzürî’nin (ö. 279/892-93) ensâb ve tabakat esasına göre yazdığı İslâm tarihine dair meşhur eseri.
Belâzürî’nin zamanımıza intikal eden iki eserinden biri olan Ensâbü’l-eşrâf Câhiliye devri, Hz. Peygamber’in hayat ve şahsiyeti, Hulefâ-yi Râşidîn, Emevîler ve Abbâsîler’in ilk dönemi için önemli bir kaynaktır. Eserden bahseden veya iktibasta bulunan kaynaklarda en-Neseb , el-Aḫbâr ve’l-ensâb , Cümelü nesebi’l-eşrâf , et-Târîḫu’l-meşhûr , Ensâbü’l-eşrâf ve aḫbâruhum , Târîḫu’l-eşrâf , el-İstiḳṣâ fi’l-ensâb ve’l-aḫbâr gibi adlarla anılan eser ensâb esasına göre kaleme alınmıştır. Hz. Ömer’in kurduğu divan teşkilâtındaki sıralamaya göre Arap kabileleri Hz. Peygamber’in mensup olduğu Benî Hâşim’den başlayarak sıralanır, ona nesep bakımından en yakın olan Benî Ümeyye ve Kureyş’in diğer kollarıyla devam edilir. Devlet arşivine hâkim olan bu anlayış ensâb ve tabakat kitaplarında da aynen muhafaza edilmiştir. Nesep konusunda günümüze intikal eden en hacimli eser olan Cemheretü’l-ensâb ’ın müellifi İbnü’l-Kelbî ile İbn Sa‘d ve Halîfe b. Hayyât da eṭ-Ṭabaḳāt adlı eserlerinde bu sıralamayı takip etmişlerdir. Belâzürî, bazı ilâve ve açıklamalar dışında Hz. Peygamber’in soyunu İbnü’l-Kelbî’nin eserinden aynen almış, diğer bölümlerinde de aynı çerçeveyi muhafaza etmiştir.
Belâzürî, eserin adında geçen “eşrâf” kelimesiyle bugün anlaşıldığı gibi Ehl-i beyt mensuplarını değil kavmi arasında ileri gelen meşhur şahsiyetleri kasteder. Esasen Belâzürî ve ondan önceki müellifler zamanında eşrâf, Hz. Ali – Hz. Fâtıma’nın soyundan gelenlere has bir terim olarak kullanılmıyordu. Kelimenin bu son anlamı IV. (X.) yüzyılın sonlarında ortaya çıkmıştır. Müellif idarî, fikrî ve edebî sahalarda temayüz eden herkese eserinde yer vermek suretiyle eşrâf kavramının sınırlarını genişletmiştir. Eşrâf ifadesiyle Belâzürî’nin eserini aynı zamanda bir tabakat (hal tercümesi) kitabı olarak düşündüğü anlaşılmaktadır. Nitekim müellif eseri hem ensâb hem tabakat kitabı gibi yazmayı planlamıştır.
Eserine Hz. Peygamber’in hayatını anlatarak başlayan Belâzürî onun nesebini ele almak için Hz. Nûh’tan itibaren Araplar’ın soyuna, oradan Resûl-i Ekrem’in büyük ceddi Adnan’a, oradan da sırayla dedelerine kadar inerek onların kısaca şahsiyetleri ve çocukları hakkında bilgi verir, daha sonra da Hz. Peygamber’in doğumuna temas eder. Eserin siyer kısmı, Resûl-i Ekrem’in vefatı ve Ebû Bekir’in halife seçildiği Sakīfe olayı anlatıldıktan sonra Ebû Bekir, Ömer, Ali, Hassân b. Sâbit ve Hz. Peygamber’in halası Safiyye bint Abdülmuttalib’in Resûl-i Ekrem’in ölümü üzerine söyledikleri mersiyelerden verilen örneklerle sona erer. Ensâbü’l-eşrâf ’ın bu bölümü Muhammed Hamîdullah tarafından neşredilmiştir (Kahire 1959).
Siyerden sonra tekrar Hz. Peygamber’in nesebine dönen Belâzürî Resûlullah’ın amcalarından ve onların çocuklarından bahseder, önce öz amcası olan Ebû Tâlib ile oğlu Ali’yi, daha sonra onun çocukları ve torunlarını ele alır. Bu kısmın ilk bölümü Hz. Ali’nin şehid edilmesiyle, ikinci bölümü Muhammed b. Hanefiyye’nin hal tercümesiyle sona erer. Eserin bu kısmı Muhammed Bâkır el-Mahmûdî tarafından iki cilt olarak yayımlanmıştır (Beyrut 1974-1977).
Ensâbü’l-eşrâf ’ın Hz. Peygamber’in diğer amcası Abbas ve çocuklarına yani Abbâsîler’e ait kısmında Mansûr zamanına (754-775) kadarki tarihî gelişmelere genişçe yer veren Belâzürî, Mehdî-Billâh (775-785) ve Hârûnürreşîd (786-809) dönemlerini oldukça kısa anlatmış, daha sonraki Abbâsî halifelerine yer vermediği gibi kendi yaşadığı devri de yazmamıştır. Bu durum, Belâzürî’nin, çağdaşı olduğu Abbâsî halifelerini ve içinde yaşadığı olayları yazmak istemediği şeklinde yorumlanabilir. Eserin Abbâsîler’e ait kısmı Abdülazîz ed-Dûrî tarafından neşredilmiştir (Beyrut 1398/1978). Zeyd b. Ali b. Hüseyin’in hal tercümesini ihtiva eden kısmı ise hem Mahmûdî hem de Dûrî tarafından atlanmıştır.
Emevîler’e ayırdığı bölüme Emevîler’in ceddi Abdüşems b. Abdümenâf ve oğlu Ümeyye’yi anlatarak başlayan Belâzürî bu kabile mensuplarına geniş yer vermiştir. Emevîler’in önce Süfyânîler, sonra da Mervânîler kolunu ele alan müellif bu dönemdeki Hâricî hareketlerine büyük önem vermiş, Emevî halifelerini anlatırken “el-Havâric fî ahdihî” başlığı altında bu zümrenin çıkardığı isyanlara ve sebep olduğu çeşitli olaylara bilhassa temas etmiştir. Belâzürî, Emevî halifelerinden en fazla Abdülmelik b. Mervân’a yer ayırmıştır (yazma nüshada 271 sayfa). Bu onun Hz. Peygamber’in siyerine ayırdığı kısımdan (240 sayfa) daha fazladır. Kaynaklarına sahip olmadığından veya Abbâsîler’in kendilerini düşman olarak gördüklerinden olsa gerek müellif Endülüs Emevîleri’ne kitabında hiç yer vermemiştir.
Ensâbü’l-eşrâf ’ın bilinen eksiksiz tek yazma nüshası Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’nde bulunmaktadır (Reîsülküttâb, nr. 597-598, I, 1196 sayfa; II, 1268 sayfa). Ayrıca Berlin’de Staatsbibliothek’te, San‘a’da Mektebetü Celâleti’l-Melik’te, Paris’te Bibliothèque Nationale’de eksik nüshaları vardır. Kahire’de Dârü’l-kütübi’l-Mısriyye’de de Süleymaniye nüshasının bir kopyası mevcuttur (GAL Suppl. , I, 216; Hamîdullah, s. 197-198; GAS , I, 320). Abdülazîz ed-Dûrî, haklarında fazla bilgi vermeden Ensâbü’l-eşrâf ’ın Fas’ta üç ayrı yeni nüshasının bulunduğunu zikreder (Ensâbü’l-eşrâf [nşr. Abdülazîz ed-Dûrî], nâşirin mukaddimesi, III, s. ب-ا ). Bu nüshalardan biri Rabat’ta el-Mektebetü’l-âmme’de, biri eksik olan diğer ikisi de el-Hizânetü’l-Melekiyye’dedir. Ensâbü’l-eşrâf ’ın Emevîler’e ait kısmının bazı bölümleri yayımlanmıştır. Yarısından fazlasını teşkil eden kısmın neşir çalışmalarına Abdülazîz ed-Dûrî’nin başkanlığında Amman’da devam edilmektedir. Eserin Abdüşemsoğulları (Benî Ümeyye) kısmı Max Schloessinger (I, 818-917 arası, Kudüs 1938; I, 689-818 arası, Kudüs 1971) ve İhsan Abbas (Beyrut 1400/1979, I, 689-986 arası) tarafından, Muâviye b. Ebû Süfyân kısmı Il Califfo Muʿawiya I secondo il Kitab ansāb al-ashrāf tradotto e annotato adıyla Levi Della Vida tarafından İtalyanca tercümesiyle birlikte (Roma 1938), Hz. Osman’dan Abdullah b. Zübeyr’e kadar gelen kısım S. D. F. Goitein tarafından (Kudüs 1936, I, 918-1124 arası) Mus‘ab b. Zübeyr – Abdülmelik devri de W. Ahlwardt tarafından (Leipzig 1883, I, 1110-1196; II, 1-27 arası) neşredilmiştir.
Benî Ümeyye’den sonra Kureyş kabilesinin diğer kollarına ayrı ayrı yer veren Belâzürî ardından Kinâneoğulları’na ve Kayslılar’a geçmiş, ancak Sakīf kabilesine ayırdığı bölümü tamamlayamadan vefat etmiştir. Belâzürî eserine bir mukaddime yazmamıştır. Esasen onun yaşadığı çağda kaleme alınmış birçok eserde mukaddime bulunmadığı bilinmektedir. Ensâbü’l-eşrâf ’a Cemâleddin İbnü’l-Kıftî (ö. 646/1248) eẕ-Ẕeyl ʿalâ Ensâbi’l-Belâẕürî adıyla bir zeyil yazmıştır.
Ensâbü’l-eşrâf tabakat, ensâb ve ahbâr üslûplarının birleştirilmesi suretiyle teşekkül etmiştir. Müellif bir halifenin dönemine ait olayları ele alırken tarihçilerin ve tabakat müelliflerinin takip ettiği usule de bağlı kalmaya çalışmış ve böylece geniş ufuklu bir tarihçi olduğunu ispat etmiştir. Kendisinden önce eser veren Urve, Zührî, İbn İshak, Vâkıdî gibi siyer ve megāzî âlimlerinden; Ebû Mihnef, Avâne b. Hakem, Medâinî ve Heysem b. Adî gibi tarihçilerden; İbn Sa‘d, Halîfe b. Hayyât gibi tabakat müelliflerinden; İbnü’l-Kelbî, Ebü’l-Yakzân Sühaym, Mus‘ab ez-Zübeyrî ve Zübeyr b. Bekkâr gibi ensâb âlimlerinden faydalanmış, birçoğu zamanımıza intikal etmemiş olan kaynaklardaki bazı haber ve rivayetlerin bugüne ulaşmasını sağlamıştır. Ayrıca çeşitli bölgelerde, bilhassa Irak, Suriye şehirlerinde ve Medine’deki âlimlerden derlediği şifahî rivayet ve bilgileri nakletmiştir. Abbâsî halifelerinin sarayında katıldığı ilmî ve edebî sohbetlerden de pek çok bilgi elde etme imkânı bulmuştur.
Ensâbü’l-eşrâf , olayları tarih sırasına göre anlatmaması bakımından tarih kitaplarından, halifelerle ilgili kısa bir nesep bilgisi ve hal tercümesi vermekle yetinmeyip dönemlerini geniş bir şekilde ve başka şahsiyetlerin faaliyetlerine de temas ederek anlatması bakımından da nesep kitaplarından ayrılır. Belâzürî, günümüze ulaşan diğer eseri Fütûḥu’l-büldân ’da olduğu gibi bu eserinde de orijinal bir plan çerçevesinde tarih, tabakat, edebiyat ve ensâb kitaplarının üslûplarını mezcetmiştir. Ensâb ’da diğer İslâm tarihi kaynaklarında görüldüğü gibi çeşitli şairlere ait şiirlere de yer veren Belâzürî, bu manzumeler dolayısıyla da dikkati çekmektedir.
Zengin kaynaklara sahip olan Belâzürî rivayetleri eserine alma, tarih verme ve rakamları kullanma konusunda çok dikkatli hareket etmiştir. Ancak eserini kronolojik değil nesep şecerelerine göre kaleme aldığından meselâ Muâviye’yi Hz. Osman’dan önce, Hz. Ömer’i de Adî kabilesi içerisinde daha sonra ele almak mecburiyetinde kalmıştır. Müellif bir halife hakkında bilgi verirken o devirdeki siyasî, askerî ve dinî gelişmelere geniş yer ayırmıştır. Bu bakımdan eser siyasî açıdan olduğu kadar içtimaî, iktisadî, edebî yönleriyle de değerli bir kaynaktır. Ensâba ait bilgileri İbnü’l-Kelbî’den alan müellif şahıs yahut kabilelerin nesebini verirken sened zikretmemiştir. Yazılı veya sözlü kaynaklardan alıp “kāle” (dedi ki) ifadesiyle kaydettiği haberler onun en sağlam saydığı rivayetlerdir. Daha çok yazılı kaynaklardan aldığı bilgiler için “yurvâ an” veya “ruviye an” (rivayet olunduğuna göre), sözlü kaynaklardan aldığı bilgiler için de “zekere” (zikretti) ifadelerini kullanır. Belâzürî, çağdaşı olan ve olmayan kişilerden rivayet alırken mümkün olduğunca isnadı kullanmaya çalışmıştır. Semâ kayıt ve icâzetine riayet etmekle birlikte kaynağını zikretmeden yer verdiği rivayetler de vardır. Ayrıca bazı rivayetleri kısaltmış, birçoğunu da bir haber haline getirmek üzere birleştirmiştir.
Zikrettiği rivayetler arasında tercihte bulunmasıyla meşhur olan Belâzürî, aynı konudaki rivayetlerden doğru kabul ettiğini “daha sahih”, “daha sabit”, “daha meşhur” gibi ibarelerle ifade eder. Güvenilir bulmadığı rivayetleri de “iddiadır”, “bâtıldır”, “cahil sözüdür”, “sabit değildir”, “hatadır”, “vehimdir” gibi ifadelerle cerheder. Doğruluğu hakkında kesin bir kanaate sahip olmadığı rivayetlerin sonuna da “Allahü a‘lem” ibaresini koyar ki bu yönüyle diğer klasik İslâm tarihçilerinden meselâ Taberî’nin metodundan ayrılır. Taberî, haberleri kronolojik olarak vermek istemesinin tabii sonucu olarak farklı ve zıt rivayetleri konuyu tamamlamak için eserine almayı tercih etmiştir. Belâzürî ise bütün tarihçiler tarafından kabul edilmiş olan rivayetlere öncelik vermiş, bunu yaparken de muhtelif senedleri zikretmeksizin râvilerin ittifak ettiğini gösteren “kālû” (dediler ki) ifadesini kullanmış, daha sonra aynı konuda bulabildiği farklı rivayetleri senedleriyle birlikte yazmıştır. Bu husus Belâzürî’nin metodunun anlaşılması bakımından son derece önemlidir. Taberî’nin, rivayetlerinde Irak mektebine daha fazla yer vermiş olmasına karşılık Belâzürî ilk devir İslâm tarihine ve fetihlere ait rivayetlerde genellikle Medine ekolüne dayanmış, mahallî rivayetlere de çok ehemmiyet vermiştir. Bütün bunlar onun tenkitçi bir metot ve zihniyete sahip olduğunu göstermektedir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Belâzürî, Ensâb , III (nşr. Abdülazîz ed-Dûrî), nâşirin mukaddimesi.
Brockelmann, GAL Suppl. , I, 216.
Sezgin, GAS , I, 320-321.
Abdülazîz ed-Dûrî, Baḥs̱ fî neşʾeti ʿilmi’t-târîḫ ʿinde’l-ʿArab , Beyrut 1960, s. 49-50.
a.mlf., “Kütübü’l-ensâb ve târîḫu’l-Cezîreti’l-ʿArabiyye”, Dirâsâtü târîḫi’l-Cezîreti’l-ʿArabiyye , Riyad 1979, I, 137-141.
M. Câsim el-Meşhedânî, Mevâridü’l-Belâẕürî ʿani’l-üsreti’l-Ümeviyye fî Ensâbi’l-eşrâf , I-II, Mekke 1407/1986.
Muhammed Hamîdullah, “Le Livre de généalogies d’al-Balāḏurīy”, BEO , XIV (1952-54), s. 197-211.
Meir M. Bravmann, “On Reading al-Balāḏurī’s Ansāb al-Ašrāf; a Contribution to Arabic Lexicography”, Isl. , XLII/1 (1965), s. 58-70, 238-258.
Khalil Athamina, “The Sources of al-Balād̲h̲urī’s Ansāb al-Ashrāf”, Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam , V, Jerusalem 1984, s. 237-262.
C. H. Becker, “Belâzürî”, İA , II, 467-468.
a.mlf. – [F. Rosenthal], “al-Balād̲h̲urī”, EI2 (İng.) , I, 971-972.
C. E. Bosworth, “Balāḏorī”, EIr. , III, 570-571.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1995 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 11. cildinde, 249-251 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.