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ENVÂ’ Skip to content ENVÂ’ (الأنواء) Araplar’da yıldızların hareketiyle hava durumu ve iklimler arasında ilgi kuran, çeşitli takvimlere esas teşkil eden halk astronomi ve meteoroloji bilgisi.
Müellif: Muharrem Çelebi
Envâ’ sözlükte “güçlükle ayağa kalkma, doğrulma, yükselme; ağır bir yük sebebiyle eğilme, meyletme” mânalarına gelen nev’ isminin çoğuludur. Terim olarak “bir yıldızın veya yıldız takımının şafak vakti batarken aynı anda aksi yönden ‘rakib’ denilen mukabilinin doğması” anlamına gelmekte, böylece aynı zamanda cereyan eden hem doğuş (tulû‘) hem batış (sukūt) hadisesini ifade etmekte, bundan dolayı da bazı dil âlimlerince ezdâddan sayılmaktadır. Nev’in başlıca anlamının “yükselme, doğrulma” olması sebebiyle asıl doğuş kavramını ifade için tercih edilmesi gerekirken Araplar onu “ağırlık sebebiyle eğilme, meyletme” anlamından ötürü daha ziyade batış karşılığında kullanmışlardır. Ayrıca ismin bu iki zıt anlamdan hangisine delâlet ettiği, yıldızın hangi tabiat hadisesine sebebiyet verdiğiyle de ilgilidir; çünkü bir yıldızın doğuşu ile batışının farklı olayları meydana getirdiğine inanılmaktadır (İbnü’l-Ecdâbî, s. 134-135).
Yıldızlar eski Araplar için, geceleyin yollarını kolayca bulmalarını sağlayan birer işaret olmalarının yanında çeşitli meteorolojik olaylara ve iklim değişikliklerine yol açtıklarına inanıldığı ve mevsimlerin ardarda gelişlerinin alâmeti sayıldıklarından daima gözlem konusu teşkil etmişlerdir. Câhiz bu husustaki halk bilgilerinin önemli bir birikim oluşturduğuna işaret eder (Kitâbü’l-Ḥayevân, VI, 30). İlmî bir teoriyle temellendirilmemiş olan ve yalnız gündelik hayat içindeki gözlemlere dayanan bu birikim eski Arap atasözü, seci ve şiirlerine bütün canlılığıyla yansımıştır. Buralarda geçen yıldız adları ile bu yıldızların doğuş veya batışlarının sebebiyet verdiği meteorolojik olaylar nesilden nesile kolayca aktarılan bazı formüllere bağlanmıştır. Söz konusu bilgileri bir ortak hâfıza gibi saklayan bu sözlü malzeme göçebe veya yerleşik olsun eski Araplar’ın su, hava ve toprakla olan ilişkilerinin izahını, daima göklerin yeri yönettiği şeklindeki kadim inanca dayandırdıklarını göstermektedir. Câhiliye Arapları, muhtemelen Mezopotamya ve Kuzey Sâmî uygarlıklarından da etkilenerek meydana getirdikleri bu astronomi (astroloji) – meteoroloji karışımı ilkel kozmolojik öğretide yıldızları yağmurun yağması, sıcakların veya soğukların başlaması, suların çekilip kabarması, bitki örtüsünde değişiklik olması, bereket ve kıtlık meydana gelmesi ve çeşitli rüzgâr yahut fırtınaların çıkması gibi tabii hadiselerin âmili olarak görmüşler ve onlara bir tür ulûhiyyet nisbet ederek beklentileri doğrultusunda kendilerinden niyazda bulunmuşlardır. Envâ’ bilgisi hakkında yazılmış son eserlerden birinin müellifi olan İbnü’l-Ecdâbî, Araplar’ın envâ’ disiplinine bakışının İslâm öncesi ve İslâm sonrasında uğradığı köklü değişikliğe işaret etmektedir. Müellife göre Câhiliye Arapları yıldızları bazı tabiat hadiselerinin yaratıcıları olarak görmekle küfre düşmüşlerdir. Bu konuda İslâm inancına uygun görüş sahibi olan Araplar ise envâı sadece belli tabiat hadiselerinin vaktini gösteren işaretler şeklinde değerlendirmişlerdir. Bu anlayışa göre envâ’, Allah’ın âdeti (sünnetullah) üzere cereyan eden belli hadiseler için “a‘lâm ve evkāt” olmaktan öte bir anlam taşımaz (el-Ezmine ve’l-envâʾ, s. 136). İslâm’daki tevhid ilkesinin Araplar’ın envâ’ hakkındaki telakkilerinde kesin bir dönüştürücü rol oynadığı anlaşılmaktadır. Nitekim Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’in çeşitli âyetlerinde yıldızların Allah’ın emrinde olduğu ve dolayısıyla kendilerinde hiçbir yaratıcı gücün bulunmadığı açıklıkla ifade edilmektedir (meselâ bk. el-En‘âm 6/97; en-Nahl 16/12; er-Rahmân 55/6). Hz. Peygamber de envâ’ konusundaki bâtıl inancı kınayarak yağmuru yağdıranın Allah olduğunu belirtmiş, yağmurun yağışını bir yıldızın doğup batmasına bağlayanların o yıldıza tapıp Allah’ı inkâr etmiş olacaklarını bildirmiştir (Buhârî, “Eẕân”, 156, “İstisḳāʾ”, 128, “Meġāzî”, 35; Müslim, “Îmân”, 125; Nesâî, “İstisḳāʾ”, 16).
Envâ’ sisteminin ilk şekli, basit olarak yıldız veya takım yıldızların doğuş ve batışı ile (nev’) başlayan yaklaşık yirmi sekiz dönemlik bir güneş yılındaki meteorolojik hadiseleri takip ve tahmin etme bilgisinden ibaretti. Yıldızların birbirlerine göre süreleri farklılık arzeden batışlarıyla (meselâ Süreyya takım yıldızının yedi gün, Hen’a yıldızının bir gün) yine nev’ denilen bir döneme girilmekte ve belli yıldızların batışı veya mukabillerinin doğuşu ile hava durumu tahmin edilmekteydi. Böylece on dört çiftten oluşan yirmi sekiz yıldız yahut takım yıldızın doğuş ve batışları ile başlayan yirmi sekiz sabit döneme ayrılmış ilkel bir güneş yılı takvimi elde edilmiş oluyordu (EI2 [İng.], I, 523). Daha sonraki merhalede Araplar, İslâm’dan bir süre önce benimsedikleri ayın arz etrafındaki hareketini belirten yirmi sekiz durak ile (menâzil) yirmi sekiz envâı birleştirdiler ve sonuçta sistemi, her biri 12° 50’’lık eşit yaylardan teşekkül eden yirmi sekiz bölümlü bir zodyak haline getirdiler. Bu sisteme göre bir yılda yirmi sekiz yıldız veya takım yıldızın her biri, on üç günlük yirmi yedi ve on dört günlük bir sabit dönem (nev’) halinde yirmi sekiz menzil oluşturmakta ve toplam 365 gün elde edilmektedir (27 × 13 = 351 + 14 = 365). Bu durumda ay, arz etrafında yirmi sekiz günde tamamladığı dönüşü sırasında her gece bir menzili geçmekte ve bir gece bir yıldız veya takım yıldıza yakın olurken ertesi gece doğu istikametinde o yıldız(lar)dan uzaklaşmaya başlayarak nihayet 28. gece yıldızı batıda tekrar idrak etmektedir. Böylece on dört çiftlik yirmi sekiz yıldız veya takım yıldız ayın yörüngesi için sabit bir referans sistemi meydana getirmiş olmaktadır. Ayın yirmi sekiz menzilini oluşturan bu yıldızlar kuşağı dört mevsim için yedili gruplara ayrılmış ve bunların “menâzilü’ş-Şâmiyye” denilen on dördü kuzey menzillerini, “menâzilü’l-Yemeniyye” denilen on dördü de güney menzillerini teşkil etmiştir. Gökkubbede aynı anda bu yıldızların on dördü gözlenebilmektedir. Zira daima biri doğarken rakibi batmakta, dolayısıyla gözlemcinin ufkunda her zaman için yirmi sekiz envâ’ yahut menzilin sadece yarısı kalmaktadır. Kazvînî’nin ʿAcâʾibü’l-maḫlûḳāt’ına göre ayın yirmi sekiz menzili şu adları taşımaktadır: Şeretân, butayn, süreyyâ, deberân, hak‘a, hen‘a, zirâü’l-esed (ilkbahar); nesre, tarf, cebhe (nev’ süresi on dört günlük olan tek yıldız), zübre, sarfe, ‘avvâ’, es-simâkü’l-a‘zel (yaz); gafr, zübânâ, iklîl, kalbü’l-akreb, şevle, naâim, belde (sonbahar); sa‘dü’z-zâbih, sa‘dü bülâ‘, sa‘dü’s-suûd, sa‘dü’l-ahbiyye, el-fer‘u’l-evvel, el-fer‘u’s-sânî, batnü’l-hût (kış).
Envâ’ bilgisi hakkında ilk eser II. (VIII.) yüzyılın ortalarında yazılmaya başlanmış ve bu tür eserlerin yazımı İslâm dünyasındaki kültürel gelişmelere bağlı olarak VII. (XIII.) yüzyıla kadar sürmüştür. IV. (X.) yüzyıldan önce kaleme alınan eserlerde envâın genellikle eski Arap folkloruna yansıyan şekilleri muhafaza edilmiş, ayrıca bunlara İslâmî dönemdeki itikadî mülâhazalar, ibadet vakitlerinin tesbiti ve gündelik hayatın yeni icaplarıyla ilgili bazı bilgiler eklenmiştir. Daha sonraki devirlerde kültürel coğrafyanın genişlemesine ve tercüme hareketlerine bağlı olarak envâ’ kitaplarına Süryânî, İbrânî, Fârisî, Grek ve Kıptî kültürlerine ait astronomi bilgileri ve takvim sistemleri de girmiştir. Bu şekilde gelişen envâ’ literatürünün günümüz duvar takvimlerinde de izlerine rastlanan çeşitli fırtınaların esmesi, soğuk veya sıcakların başlaması, cemrelerin düşmesi, bitki örtüsündeki değişiklikler ve suların kabarması veya çekilmesi gibi tabiat hadiselerini tamamen gök cisimlerinin hareketlerine bağlamış olduğu görülmektedir. İslâm dünyasında matematik temeline dayalı astronomi ilminin zirveye doğru yükselmesiyle envâ’ sistemi giderek bilim literatüründen çıkmışsa da İslâm astronomisinin en büyük şahsiyetlerinden olan Bîrûnî’nin el-Âs̱ârü’l-bâḳıye’sinde Araplar’ın envâ’ geleneğini konu edinen bir bölümün yer alması, bu konuya duyulan ilginin ilmî gelişmelere rağmen yer yer devam ettiğini göstermektedir.
İbnü’n-Nedîm, envâ’ bilgisi hakkında IV. (X.) yüzyıla kadar yazılmış yirmi sekiz eserin adını vermektedir (el-Fihrist, İndeks, s. 86, 92). Bunlardan ancak birkaçı günümüze ulaşabilmiştir. Bu ilk devir telifleriyle daha sonraki dönemlere ait çoğu neşredilmiş bulunan kitapların başlıcaları şunlardır: Ebû Basîr Yahyâ b. Kāsım el-Esedî’nin (ö. 150/767) Kitâbü’l-Yevm ve’l-leyle’si, Müerric es-Sedûsî, Nadr b. Şümeyl, İbn Künâse ve Asmaî’nin Kitâbü’l-Envâʾ adlı eserleriyle Kutrub’un Kitâbü’l-Ezmine’si (İbn Künâse ve Kutrub’un eserleri günümüze ulaşmıştır), Yahyâ b. Ziyâd el-Ferrâ’nın Kitâbü’l-Eyyâm’ı (nşr. İbrâhim el-Ebyârî, Kahire 1956), Ebû Zeyd el-Ensârî’nin Kitâbü’l-Maṭar’ı (nşr. Luvîs Şeyho, Beyrut 1905, 1908), İbn Kuteybe’nin Kitâbü’l-Envâʾı (Haydarâbâd 1375/1956), Ebû Hanîfe ed-Dîneverî’nin Kitâbü’l-Envâʾı (bk. DİA , IX, 358), İbnü’l-Gurbâlî’nin Kitâbü’l-Envâʾ ve’l-ezmine’si (TSMK, III. Ahmed, nr. 3508, tıpkıbasım nşr. Fuat Sezgin, Frankfurt 1985), Ebû Ali el-Merzûkī’nin el-Ezmine ve’l-emkine’si (I-II, Haydarâbâd 1332/1914) ve İbnü’l-Ecdâbî’nin (ö. 650/1252 [?]) el-Ezmine ve’l-envâʾı (nşr. İzzet Hasan, Dımaşk 1964).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “nvʾe” md. Cevherî, eṣ-Ṣıḥâḥ , “nvʾe” md.Kāmus Tercümesi , “nvʾe” md. Buhârî, “Eẕân”, 156, “İstisḳāʾ”, 128, “Meġāzî”, 35. Müslim, “Îmân”, 125. Nesâî, “İstisḳāʾ”, 16. Kutrub, Kitâbü’l-Ezmine, British Museum, Or., nr. 536, vr. 3b , 4a . Yahyâ b. Ziyâd el-Ferrâ, Kitâbü’l-Eyyâm (nşr. İbrâhim el-Ebyârî), Kahire 1956, s. 27. Câhiz, Kitâbü’l-Ḥayevân , VI, 30. İbn Kuteybe, Kitâbü’l-Envâʾ, Haydarâbâd 1375/1956, s. 6-7. İbnü’n-Nedîm, el-Fihrist (Teceddüd), bk. İndeks. Bîrûnî, el-Âs̱ârü’l-bâḳıye ʿani’l-ḳurûni’l-ḫâliye (nşr. C. E. Sachau), Leipzig 1878 → Leipzig 1923, s. 11-12, 50-53, 62-63, 238-239, 325, 332. Merzûkī, el-Ezmine ve’l-emkine, Haydarâbâd 1332, II, 60, 179-187. İbn Sîde, el-Muḫaṣṣaṣ, Beyrut 1321, IX, 13-18. Ebû Ca‘fer et-Tûsî, Ricâlü’ṭ-Ṭûsî (nşr. M. Sâdık Bahrülulûm), Kum 1381/1961, s. 333. Meydânî, Mecmaʿu’l-ems̱âl (Ebü’l-Fazl), III, 391. İbnü’l-Ecdâbî, el-Ezmine ve’l-envâʾ (nşr. İzzet Hasan), Dımaşk 1964, s. 134-136, ayrıca nâşirin mukaddimesi, s. 7-20. Kazvînî, ʿAcâʾibü’l-maḫlûḳāt, Beyrut, ts., s. 46-53. Kurtubî, el-Câmiʿ , XVII, 228-230. İbnü’l-Gurbâlî, Kitâbü’l-Envâʾ, TSMK, III. Ahmed, nr. 3508 → (nşr. Fuat Sezgin), Frankfurt 1985.Tecrid Tercemesi , II, 920-921. Süyûtî, el-Müzhir , II, 528-532. Mahmûd Şükrî el-Âlûsî, Bulûġu’l-ereb , III, 228-261. C. Zeydân, Târîḫ , III, 15-17. Brockelmann, GAL , I, 102; Suppl., I, 160. Sezgin, GAS , VII, 336-370. Cevâd Ali, el-Mufaṣṣal , VIII, 423-433. Ch. Pellat, “Anwāʾ”, EI2 (İng.), I, 523-524.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1995 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 11. cildinde, 257-258 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.