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Erasmus hareketliliğine katılım açığı: Yükseköğretim düzeyinde Türkiye-program ülkeleri karşılaştırması Skip to content Yıl 2024, Sayı: 85, 21 – 32, 30.06.2024
Ezgi Özey Selver Özözen Kahraman
https://doi.org/10.17211/tcd.1440378
Öz Erasmus, AB tarafından finanse edilen, öğrencilerin/akademisyenlerin sınırlı bir süre boyunca yurt dışında eğitim almalarına imkân sağlayan ve kaynak ülkeye dönmenin zorunlu olduğu uluslararası bir değişim programıdır. Program, öğrencilere farklı kültürleri deneyimleme ve uluslararası bir perspektif kazanma fırsatı sunarak, onları küresel dünyada rekabet avantajına sahip bireyler haline getirmeye yönelik önemli bir rol üstlenmektedir. Aynı zamanda ülkeler arasında akademik, ekonomik, siyasi iş birliğini güçlendirerek küresel bir eğitim ağı oluşturmaktadır. Programın sunduğu fırsatlar nedeniyle, ülkelerin Erasmus hareketliliğine olan talebi zaman içinde artmıştır. Ancak, her ülkenin bu fırsatları eşit bir şekilde değerlendirdiğini söylemek mümkün değildir. Program ülkelerinin Erasmus hareketliliğine katılım açığına odaklandığımız bu çalışmada, öncelikle hareketliliğin ülkelerdeki mekânsal ve dönemsel (2004-2019) dağılımı analiz edilmiştir. Ayrıca Türkiye’nin programa dahil olma süreci değerlendirilerek, hareketlilikteki konumu ortaya konulmuştur. Genel hareketlilik paterninin belirlenmesinin ardından, ülkelerin hareketliliğe katılımını etkilediği düşünülen ekonomik, sosyal ve akademik değişkenlere odaklanılmıştır. Bu amaçla Sperman Korelasyon analizi uygulanarak ülkelerin tanımlayıcı nitelikleri ile hareketliliğe katılım arasındaki ilişkiler incelenmiştir. Analiz sonucuna göre ekonomik açıdan öne çıkan, nitelikli ve uluslararası arenada saygın üniversitelere sahip ülkelerin, daha yüksek yaşam standartları, kaliteli eğitim ve geniş iş fırsatları gibi çekicilikler sunarak Erasmus hareketliliğinden daha fazla pay aldıkları görülmektedir. Çalışma, öğrenci hareketliliğinin ülkelerin sosyo-ekonomik ve akademik motivasyonlarından daha fazla etkilendiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Bu durum, öğrencilerin bu ülkeleri tercih etmelerinin geniş kapsamlı çekim faktörlerinden kaynaklandığını göstermektedir. Çalışmanın dikkat çektiği bir diğer bulgu, personel hareketliliğinin daha çok bireysel motivasyonlara dayandığıdır. Bu durum, akademisyenlerin uluslararası deneyim kazanma sürecini daha kişisel hedeflere dayandırdıklarını ve bu sürecin daha öznel bir doğaya sahip olduğunu göstermektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler Uluslararası Eğitim Hareketliliği, Erasmus Programı, Türkiye
Kaynakça Adanır, Y., & Susam, E. (2019). Yükseköğretim öğrencilerinin Erasmus+ Programı hakkındaki görüşleri (Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi örneği). Journal of History School, (43), 1584-1612. http://dx.doi.org/10.29228/Joh32681 Akar, E., & Gürkaynak, M. (2022). Bir kamu diplomasisi aracı olarak Avrupa Birliği Erasmus+ Programı. Journal of Suleyman Demirel University Institute of Social Sciences, (42), 263-294. Akgün, A. C., Paltun, D., & Abanoz, M. (2020). Kamu diplomasi aracı olarak yurttaş diplomasi: Türkiye’nin uluslararası ilişkilerdeki misyonuna yönelik Erasmus+ Avrupa gönüllük programı örneği. Intermedia International Ejournal, 7(13), 338-357. 10.21645/intermedia.2020.85 Avrupa Komisyonu. (2004). Erasmus statistics from previous years. https://erasmus-plus.ec.europa.eu/resources-and-tools/statistics-and-factsheets Avrupa Komisyonu. (2020). Erasmus+ Programmeannual report 2019. https://erasmus-plus.ec.europa.eu/resources-and-tools/statistics-and-factsheets Beine, M., Noel, R. & Ragot, L. (2014). Determinants of the international mobility of students. Economics of Education Review, (41), 40-54. Bilgehan, Z. (2016, Kasım 27). OHAL’de Erasmus. Hürriyet. https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/ohalde-erasmus-40289454 Bouwel, V. L., & R. Veugelers, R. (2013). The determinants of student mobility in Europe: the quality dimension. European Journal of Higher Education, 3(2), 172-190. 10.1080/21568235.2013.772345 Caron, L. (2024). Handbook of human mobility and migration. In Recchi E. & Safffi, M. (Ed.), Is there an end to mobility? circular and onward migrants (pp. 53-59). Elgar Handbooks in Migration. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781839105784 Çalışkan, E. (2017). Erasmus Mobility in Turkey: motivations and expectations of higher education students at METU (Yayın No. 41698) [Yüksek Lisans Tezi, METU]. Ulusal Tez Merkezi. Duman, T. (2001). Avrupa Birliği eğitim programları, Sokrates Programı. Milli Eğitim Dergisi, (149), 35-46. https://dhgm.meb.gov.tr/yayimlar/dergiler/Milli_Egitim_Dergisi/149/du man.htm Erasmus Student Network (ESN). (2020). ESN releases the biggest research report on the impact of COVID19 on student exchanges in Europe. https://esn.org/covidimpact-report European Parliament (EP). (2020). Erasmus+ students during Covid19: MEP’s call for more support and clarity. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20200408IPR76811/erasmusstudents-during-covid-19-meps-call-for-more-support-and-clarity Favell, A. (2014). İmmigration, integration and mobility: new agendas in migration studies essays 1998–2014. ECPR Press. Hocaoğlu Bahadır, N., & İba Gürsoy, S. (2020). Covid-19 ve ab Erasmus+ Programı’na bakış: Kırklareli üniversitesi örneği. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, (19), 728-751. https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.783979 Kalaycı, Ş. (2014). SPSS uygulamalı çok değişkenli istatistik teknikleri. Asil Yayın Dağıtım. Karlı, İ., & Özel, M. (2020). Türkiye’nin uluslararası imajındayurttaş diplomasisinin rolü: Erasmus+ Değişim Programı özelinde Polonya örneği. Abant Kültürel Araştırmalar Dergisi, 5(9), 1-17. Kavrar, Ö., & Çankaya, S. (2022). Digitalization readiness of university students in Erasmus+: A case study of Turkey, Italy and Spain. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (47), 328-341. https://doi.org/10.52642/susbed.1029962 Kosmaczewska, J. (2015). Academic attractiveness of a host country to Erasmus exchange students. The case of Poland. In H. D. Rugāja (Eds.), Towards Smart, Sustainable and Inclusive Europe: Challenges for Future Development, XVI Turiba University Conference, Proceeding Book, (pp. 175–185). https://www.turiba.lv/storage/files/xvi-konfraksti-final.pdf. Köklü, N., Büyüköztürk, Ş., & Çokluk Bökeoğlu, Ö. (2006). Sosyal bilimler için istatistik. Pegem Yayınları. Küçükcan, T., & Gür, B. S. (2009). Türkiye’de yükseköğretim: karşılaştırmalı bir analiz. SETA. Macrander, A. (2017). Fractal inequality: A social network analysis of global and regional international student mobility. Research in Comparative & International Education, 12(2), 243–268. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745499917712616 Özel, M. (2021). Kamu diplomasisi türü olarak eğitim diplomasisi bağlamında Erasmus+ Değişim Programı (Yayın No. 661049) [Doktora Tezi, Kocaeli Üniversitesi]. Ulusal Tez Merkezi. Özey, E. (2023). Erasmus Programı hareketliliğinin Türkiye üniversitelerindeki mekânsal ve dönemsel analizi (Yayın No. 806471) [Doktora Tezi, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi]. Ulusal Tez Merkezi. Rodriguez Gonzalez, C., Bustillo Mesanza, R., & Mariel, P. (2011). The determinants of ınternational student mobility flows: an empirical study on the Erasmus programme. Higher Education: The International Journal of Higher Education and Educational Planning, 62(4), 413-430. Sirkeci, İ., & Cohen, J. H. (2013, 31 July). Not migrants and immigration, but mobility and movement. Cities of Migration. Thought Leadership. Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics. Pearson. Teichler, U. (2015). Academic mobility and migration: what we know and what we do not know. European Review 23(S1), 6-37. 10.1017/S1062798714000787 Times Higher Education (THE). (2022). World university rankings. https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings Vossensteyn, H., Beerkens, M., Cremonini, L., Besanc¸on, B., Focken, N., Leurs, B., McCoshan, A., Mozuraityte, N., Pimentel Bótas, PC., & de Wit, H. (2010). Improving the participation in the ERASMUS programme. Brussels, Belgium: Directorate-General for Internal Policies of the European Parliament.https://purehost.bath.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/292129/improving_the_participation_in_the_erasmus_programme_updated_with_my_name_in_it.pdf Yöntem, E., & Yıldız, S. (2017). Avrupa Birliği eğitim ve gençlik programlarından yararlanan Kırıkkale üniversitesi öğrencilerinin kültürel etkileşim bağlamındaki düşünceleri. Gençlik Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(12), 47-68. Zeybek Kabakcı, G., & Şimşek, B. (2015). Kültürler arasında göçmen haller: “Erasmus maceram” dijital hikâyeleri. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Kültürel Çalışmalar Dergisi, 2(1), 153-185. 10.17572/mj2015.1.153185
Participation gap in Erasmus mobility: Comparison of Türkiye and program countries in higher education Yıl 2024, Sayı: 85, 21 – 32, 30.06.2024
Ezgi Özey Selver Özözen Kahraman
https://doi.org/10.17211/tcd.1440378
Öz Erasmus is an internationally funded exchange program by the EU, providing students/academics with the opportunity to receive education abroad for a limited period, with a mandatory return to their home country. The program plays a crucial role in shaping individuals as globally competitive by offering them the chance to experience different cultures and gain an international perspective. Simultaneously, it strengthens academic, economic, and political collaboration among countries, contributing to the formation of a global educational network. Due to the opportunities presented by the program, the demand for Erasmus mobility has increased over time. However, asserting that each country equally exploits these opportunities is not possible. In this study, focusing on the participation gap in Erasmus mobility among program countries, we first analyze the spatial and temporal distribution of mobility within countries from 2004 to 2019. Additionally, we evaluate Turkey’s inclusion process in the program, highlighting its position in mobility. After determining the general mobility pattern, the study focuses on economic, social, and academic variables believed to influence countries’ participation in mobility. For this purpose, Spearman Correlation analysis is applied to examine the relationships between countries’ descriptive qualities and their participation in mobility. According to the analysis, economically prominent countries with reputable universities on the international stage tend to garner a larger share of Erasmus mobility by offering attractions such as higher living standards, quality education, and extensive job opportunities. The study indicates that student mobility is more influenced by countries’ socioeconomic and academic motivations, revealing that students’ preferences for these countries stem from comprehensive pull factors. Another noteworthy finding emphasized by the study is that staff mobility relies more on individual motivations, indicating that academics base their international experience on personal goals, making this process more subjective in nature.
Anahtar Kelimeler International Education Mobility, Erasmus Program, Türkiye
Kaynakça Adanır, Y., & Susam, E. (2019). Yükseköğretim öğrencilerinin Erasmus+ Programı hakkındaki görüşleri (Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi örneği). Journal of History School, (43), 1584-1612. http://dx.doi.org/10.29228/Joh32681 Akar, E., & Gürkaynak, M. (2022). Bir kamu diplomasisi aracı olarak Avrupa Birliği Erasmus+ Programı. Journal of Suleyman Demirel University Institute of Social Sciences, (42), 263-294. Akgün, A. C., Paltun, D., & Abanoz, M. (2020). Kamu diplomasi aracı olarak yurttaş diplomasi: Türkiye’nin uluslararası ilişkilerdeki misyonuna yönelik Erasmus+ Avrupa gönüllük programı örneği. Intermedia International Ejournal, 7(13), 338-357. 10.21645/intermedia.2020.85 Avrupa Komisyonu. (2004). Erasmus statistics from previous years. https://erasmus-plus.ec.europa.eu/resources-and-tools/statistics-and-factsheets Avrupa Komisyonu. (2020). Erasmus+ Programmeannual report 2019. https://erasmus-plus.ec.europa.eu/resources-and-tools/statistics-and-factsheets Beine, M., Noel, R. & Ragot, L. (2014). Determinants of the international mobility of students. Economics of Education Review, (41), 40-54. Bilgehan, Z. (2016, Kasım 27). OHAL’de Erasmus. Hürriyet. https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/ohalde-erasmus-40289454 Bouwel, V. L., & R. Veugelers, R. (2013). The determinants of student mobility in Europe: the quality dimension. European Journal of Higher Education, 3(2), 172-190. 10.1080/21568235.2013.772345 Caron, L. (2024). Handbook of human mobility and migration. In Recchi E. & Safffi, M. (Ed.), Is there an end to mobility? circular and onward migrants (pp. 53-59). Elgar Handbooks in Migration. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781839105784 Çalışkan, E. (2017). Erasmus Mobility in Turkey: motivations and expectations of higher education students at METU (Yayın No. 41698) [Yüksek Lisans Tezi, METU]. Ulusal Tez Merkezi. Duman, T. (2001). Avrupa Birliği eğitim programları, Sokrates Programı. Milli Eğitim Dergisi, (149), 35-46. https://dhgm.meb.gov.tr/yayimlar/dergiler/Milli_Egitim_Dergisi/149/du man.htm Erasmus Student Network (ESN). (2020). ESN releases the biggest research report on the impact of COVID19 on student exchanges in Europe. https://esn.org/covidimpact-report European Parliament (EP). (2020). Erasmus+ students during Covid19: MEP’s call for more support and clarity. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20200408IPR76811/erasmusstudents-during-covid-19-meps-call-for-more-support-and-clarity Favell, A. (2014). İmmigration, integration and mobility: new agendas in migration studies essays 1998–2014. ECPR Press. Hocaoğlu Bahadır, N., & İba Gürsoy, S. (2020). Covid-19 ve ab Erasmus+ Programı’na bakış: Kırklareli üniversitesi örneği. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, (19), 728-751. https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.783979 Kalaycı, Ş. (2014). SPSS uygulamalı çok değişkenli istatistik teknikleri. Asil Yayın Dağıtım. Karlı, İ., & Özel, M. (2020). Türkiye’nin uluslararası imajındayurttaş diplomasisinin rolü: Erasmus+ Değişim Programı özelinde Polonya örneği. Abant Kültürel Araştırmalar Dergisi, 5(9), 1-17. Kavrar, Ö., & Çankaya, S. (2022). Digitalization readiness of university students in Erasmus+: A case study of Turkey, Italy and Spain. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (47), 328-341. https://doi.org/10.52642/susbed.1029962 Kosmaczewska, J. (2015). Academic attractiveness of a host country to Erasmus exchange students. The case of Poland. In H. D. Rugāja (Eds.), Towards Smart, Sustainable and Inclusive Europe: Challenges for Future Development, XVI Turiba University Conference, Proceeding Book, (pp. 175–185). https://www.turiba.lv/storage/files/xvi-konfraksti-final.pdf. Köklü, N., Büyüköztürk, Ş., & Çokluk Bökeoğlu, Ö. (2006). Sosyal bilimler için istatistik. Pegem Yayınları. Küçükcan, T., & Gür, B. S. (2009). Türkiye’de yükseköğretim: karşılaştırmalı bir analiz. SETA. Macrander, A. (2017). Fractal inequality: A social network analysis of global and regional international student mobility. Research in Comparative & International Education, 12(2), 243–268. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745499917712616 Özel, M. (2021). Kamu diplomasisi türü olarak eğitim diplomasisi bağlamında Erasmus+ Değişim Programı (Yayın No. 661049) [Doktora Tezi, Kocaeli Üniversitesi]. Ulusal Tez Merkezi. Özey, E. (2023). Erasmus Programı hareketliliğinin Türkiye üniversitelerindeki mekânsal ve dönemsel analizi (Yayın No. 806471) [Doktora Tezi, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi]. Ulusal Tez Merkezi. Rodriguez Gonzalez, C., Bustillo Mesanza, R., & Mariel, P. (2011). The determinants of ınternational student mobility flows: an empirical study on the Erasmus programme. Higher Education: The International Journal of Higher Education and Educational Planning, 62(4), 413-430. Sirkeci, İ., & Cohen, J. H. (2013, 31 July). Not migrants and immigration, but mobility and movement. Cities of Migration. Thought Leadership. Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics. Pearson. Teichler, U. (2015). Academic mobility and migration: what we know and what we do not know. European Review 23(S1), 6-37. 10.1017/S1062798714000787 Times Higher Education (THE). (2022). World university rankings. https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings Vossensteyn, H., Beerkens, M., Cremonini, L., Besanc¸on, B., Focken, N., Leurs, B., McCoshan, A., Mozuraityte, N., Pimentel Bótas, PC., & de Wit, H. (2010). Improving the participation in the ERASMUS programme. Brussels, Belgium: Directorate-General for Internal Policies of the European Parliament.https://purehost.bath.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/292129/improving_the_participation_in_the_erasmus_programme_updated_with_my_name_in_it.pdf Yöntem, E., & Yıldız, S. (2017). Avrupa Birliği eğitim ve gençlik programlarından yararlanan Kırıkkale üniversitesi öğrencilerinin kültürel etkileşim bağlamındaki düşünceleri. Gençlik Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(12), 47-68. Zeybek Kabakcı, G., & Şimşek, B. (2015). Kültürler arasında göçmen haller: “Erasmus maceram” dijital hikâyeleri. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Kültürel Çalışmalar Dergisi, 2(1), 153-185. 10.17572/mj2015.1.153185 Toplam 28 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar Birincil Dil Türkçe Konular Beşeri Coğrafya (Diğer) Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi Yazarlar Ezgi Özey ÇANAKKALE ONSEKİZ MART ÜNİVERSİTESİ 0000-0001-8137-8926 Türkiye
Selver Özözen Kahraman ÇANAKKALE ONSEKİZ MART ÜNİVERSİTESİ 0000-0001-6024-0792 Türkiye
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2024 Gönderilme Tarihi 20 Şubat 2024 Kabul Tarihi 6 Haziran 2024 Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Sayı: 85
Kaynak Göster APA Özey, E., & Özözen Kahraman, S. (2024). Erasmus hareketliliğine katılım açığı: Yükseköğretim düzeyinde Türkiye-program ülkeleri karşılaştırması. Türk Coğrafya Dergisi (85 ), 21-32. https://doi.org/10.17211/tcd.1440378
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