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ERŞ Skip to content İslâm ceza hukukunda ölümle sonuçlanmayan müessir fiillerde mağdura ödenen tazminat anlamında terim.
Erş sözlükte “bedel, rüşvet fesat, husumet” gibi farklı anlamlara gelir. Borçlar hukukunda, satılan malın kusurlu çıkması halinde satış bedelinden düşülen miktara, ayrıca bir mala zarar verilmesi durumunda meydana gelen noksanlığın maddî karşılığına erş denir. İslâm ceza hukukunda ise şahıs aleyhine işlenen ve ölümle sonuçlanmayan yaralama ve sakat bırakmalarda mağdura ödenmesi gereken malî karşılığı ifade etmektedir. Erş terim olarak genellikle bu son anlamında kullanılır.
Anlamları birbirine yakın olan erş ile diyetin literatürde kapsam yönüyle ayrı ayrı belirlendiği ve düzenli bir kullanımının bulunduğu söylenemez. Yaralama ve sakat bırakmalarda ödenecek bedel, genelde adam öldürmede söz konusu olan diyetin belli bir oranı şeklinde belirlendiğinden iki tür bedele de diyet denildiği, erşin “cüzi diyet” veya diyetin bir türü olarak nitelendirildiği, yahut erş ile sadece hükûmet-i adl in kastedildiği sıkça görülür. Erş ile diyetin bazan eş anlamlı olarak kullanılması, hatta mala verilen kısmî zararlarda ödenen bedele de erş denilmesinden hareketle erşin diyete göre daha geniş bir kapsamının bulunduğu da söylenmektedir (İvaz Ahmed İdrîs, s. 25-26). Bununla birlikte İslâm hukuk literatüründe ölümle sonuçlanan cinayetlerde (cinayet ale’n-nefs) ödenen bedeli diyet, yaralama ve sakat bırakma ile sonuçlanan müessir fiillerde (cinayet alâ mâ dûne’n-nefs) ödenen maddî karşılığı ise erş olarak adlandırma temayülü ağır basar. Nitekim Şemsüleimme es-Serahsî de erşi bu şekilde tanımlar (el-Mebsûṭ , XXVI, 59). Ödenecek bu bedel şer‘î kaynaklar tarafından belirlenmişse “erş-i mukadder”, yetkili mercilerin takdirine bırakılmışsa “erş-i gayr-i mukadder” adını alır. Bu ikinci nevi erşe hükûmet-i adl denmesi daha yaygındır. Bundan dolayı erş teriminin sadece erş-i mukadderi ifade edecek tarzda kullanımı daha isabetli görünmektedir.
Kur’an’da bazı organlara yönelik müessir fiiller konu edilirken kısastan söz edilmekle birlikte (el-Mâide 5/45) maddî ödemeye temas edilmez. Bununla beraber diyetle ilgili âyetin (en-Nisâ 4/92) dolaylı olarak erşi de kapsadığı söylenebilir. Hz. Peygamber’in söz ve uygulamalarında ise hangi tür yaralama ve sakat bırakmalarda kısas uygulanacağı veya ne miktar bedel (erş) ödeneceği konusunda bir hayli açıklama ve örnek mevcuttur (bu konudaki hadisler için bk. İbn Mâce, “Diyât”, 9-10, 16-20; Ebû Dâvûd, “Diyât”, 20; Nesâî, “Ḳasâme”, 40-48). İslâm hukukçuları bundan hareketle erş konusunda zengin bir hukuk doktrini geliştirmişlerdir.
Müessir fiiller kasıt ve hata şeklinde iki grupta toplanır. Kasten yapılan yaralama ve sakat bırakmalarda suçluya kısasın uygulanması kural ise de suç teşkil eden fiille kısasın uygulanacağı fiil arasında denkliğin sağlanması çok defa mümkün olmayıp maksadın aşılması ihtimal dahilindedir. Bu sebeple kısas ancak belli müessir fiil nevilerine hasredilmiş, büyük bir kısmında suçluya verdiği zararla orantılı miktarda bir bedel ödetilmesi yolu tercih edilmiştir. Hata grubunda mütalaa edilen müessir fiillerde ise esasen kısas söz konusu olmayıp doğrudan erşin ödetilmesine gidilir. Bu sebeple müessir fiillerdeki kasıt-hata ayırımı, ödenecek bedelin aslî veya ikinci derecede ceza olmasını etkilemesi yanında diyette olduğu gibi ağırlaştırıcı-hafifletici sebebin uygulanmasını veya ödemenin âkıle ye yüklenip yüklenmemesini de etkiler.
İnsan sağlığına ve vücut bütünlüğüne karşı işlenen müessir fiiller İslâm hukuk doktrininde vücudun bir organını yok eden fiiller, bedenî veya insanî bir fonksiyonu iptal eden fiiller, baş ve yüzdeki yaralamalar, vücuttaki yaralamalar şeklinde dört kategoride ele alınır. İşlenen müessir fiil sonunda insanın bir organının veya bedenî-insanî bir fonksiyonunun tamamıyla dumura uğratılması, yahut fıtrî özelliğinin ve şeklinin ciddi ölçüde zarar görmesi ve kısasın uygulanması için gerekli şartlarda da eksiklik bulunması halinde kural olarak tam diyet miktarı bir bedel ödenmesi gerekir. İslâm hukukundaki bu anlayışın temelini, Hz. Peygamber’in Amr b. Hazm ile Yemen halkına gönderdiği ve burun, dil, dudak, göz, diş, el, ayak ve ayak parmakları, cinsiyet organı ve cinsî iktidarın diyetinin yer aldığı mektup teşkil eder (el-Muvaṭṭaʾ , “ʿUḳūl”, 1; Nesâî, “Ḳasâme”, 47-48). İslâm hukukçuları bundan hareketle aklî meleke, konuşma, görme, işitme, yürüme, çocuk yapma, cinsî iktidar gibi kişinin duyularını, bedenî ve ruhî özelliklerini, bir kısmı tartışmalı olmakla birlikte göz kapağı, kaş, göz, dudak, kulak, göğüs, bel gibi ayrı fonksiyona sahip organlarını, yüzün ve vücudun fıtrî görünümünü ayrı birer değer kabul etmiş ve bunlardan birinin tamamen iptali halinde tam diyetin gerekeceğini söylemişlerdir. Hatta felç, boyun eğriliği, idrar tutamama, kamburluk gibi ağır bir sakatlığa yol açan müessir fiiller de bu grupta mütalaa edilir. Aynı fonksiyona sahip organ sayısı birden fazla olsa da bunların hepsi tek organ sayılmış ve diyet buna göre hesaplanmıştır. Meselâ iki el, iki yanak, dört göz kapağı, elin on parmağı grup halinde birer organ hükmündedir. Bu konuda organın bedenî fonksiyonu ve hayatî önemi kadar insanın dış görüntüsünü sağlamadaki payı da hesaba katılmıştır. Esasen bazı organların ve fonksiyonlarının erşiyle ilgili ayrıntıdaki görüş farklılığı da bu organa atfedilen önem konusundaki farklı yaklaşımlardan kaynaklanmaktadır. Bu arada dilsizin dilinin, topal kimsenin sağlam ayağının, tek gözü gören kimsenin gören veya görmeyen gözünün erşi konusunda ilginç hukukî yaklaşım ve tartışmalara rastlanır.
Baş ve yüzdeki yaralamalara İslâm hukuk literatüründe şecce adı verilir ve bunun onu aşkın türü ayrı ayrı isimlerle adlandırılır. Yaralamaların hangilerinde kısasın uygulanabileceği ayrı bir tartışma konusudur (bk. KISAS ). Kısas uygulanmadığı takdirde bunlardan küçük çaptakilerin erşi doktrinde belirlenmeyip yetkili mercilerin takdirine (hükûmet-i adl) bırakılmış, belli bir dereceden sonraki yaralamaların erşi ise ilgili hadislerden de hareketle ayrı ayrı belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu grubu teşkil eden yaralamalardan kemiğe kadar ulaşanı mûdıha diye anılır ve erşi tam diyetin yirmide biridir. Kemiğin kırılmasına yol açmışsa (hâşime) onda bir, kemiği yerinden oynatmışsa (munakkıle) yirmide üç, beyin zarına kadar ulaşmışsa (me’mûme) veya beyin zarını da geçmişse (dâmiğa) üçte bir oranında diyet ödenir. Baş ve yüz hariç vücuttaki yaralamalar, yaranın iç boşluğa kadar ulaşması halinde câife diye anılır ve erşi üçte bir diyettir. Baş ve vücuttaki diğer yaralamalarda veya organlara ve bedenî fonksiyonlara kısmen zarar veren yaralamalarda ödenecek bedelin belirlenmesi ise bilirkişi, hâkim, kanun koyucu gibi yetkili mercilerin takdirine bırakılmıştır (bk. CİRÂH ; HÜKÛMET-i ADL ).
Diyet miktarını etkileyen cinsiyet, din farkı, hürriyet gibi şartlar erş miktarını da etkiler. Ancak İmam Mâlik dahil Medineli hukukçular bir hadisten (Nesâî, “Ḳasâme”, 37) hareketle, tam diyetin üçte birine ulaşmadığı sürece kadın ve erkeğin erşinin eşit olduğu görüşündedir. Başta İbn Mes‘ûd olmak üzere bir kısım sahâbe ve tâbiîn, Hz. Peygamber’in ceninin diyetinde (gurre) kız-erkek ayırımı yapmamasına dayanarak tam diyetin yirmide birini aşmadığı sürece -ki bu mûdıhanın erşidir- kadın ile erkeğe eşit bedel ödeneceğini belirtmişlerdir. Fukahanın çoğunluğu ise diyet ve erşi cezadan çok maddî tazminat olarak telakki ettiğinden kadının erşinin erkeğinkine nisbetle yarım olacağını ileri sürmüşlerdir.
Erşin takdirinde her organ ve fonksiyon ayrı bir değer kabul edildiğinden müessir fiilin birden fazla yaralanma ve sakatlanmaya yol açması halinde kural olarak her biri için ayrı erş takdir edilir. Ancak yaralanma veya sakatlıklar aynı organda olmuşsa sadece miktarca büyük olan bedelin, organ ve sebep değiştiğinde ise her bedelin ayrı ayrı gerekeceği fikri ağırlık taşır. Yaralama ve sakatlamalarda suç ve erşin taaddüdü konusunda ayrıntılı bir hukuk doktrini oluşmuştur.
Erşin ödetilmesinde suçluyu cezalandırmadan ziyade haksız fiil sonucu meydana gelen bedenî zararı tazmin gayesi ağır bastığından erş sorumluluğu için failin medenî sorumluluğu yeterli olup cezaî ehliyete sahip bulunması şartı aranmaz. Başka bir ifadeyle erşin ödenmesinin gerekçesi failin kasıt ve kusuru değil mağdurun suçsuz oluşudur. Bu sebeple küçüğün, delinin, doktor ve sağlık personelinin, kamu görevlilerinin, hayvan ve eşyanın yol açtığı yaralanma ve sakatlıklarda, gerekli illiyet bağı kurulabildiği ve mağdur hukukun koruması altında olduğu sürece erşin yetkili ve sorumlu şahıs ve mercilerce ödenmesi gerekir. Erşten sorumlu tutulan kural olarak fail ise de Hanefîler’e ve Şîa’ya göre erş diyet miktarının yirmide birini, İmam Mâlik de dahil Medineli hukukçulara göre üçte birini geçtiği takdirde belli şartlarla bunu âkıle üstlenir. Şâfiîler ise miktarı ne olursa olsun erşi âkılenin üstleneceği görüşündedir. Erşin alacaklısı mağdur, onun ölümü halinde ise mirasçılarıdır. Erş mağdur açısından diyette olduğu gibi tamamıyla şahsî bir hak sayılır. Hukukî mahiyeti itibariyle ise erşin maddî tazminat vasfı diyete göre çok daha belirgindir. Doktrinde, erş ödendikten sonra faile ayrıca maddî bir bedelin ödetilmeyeceği fikri hâkim olmakla birlikte suçluya devlet tarafından ek bir ceza verilip verilmeyeceği, yaranın iyileşip geride hiçbir iz kalmamasının erşi ne derece etkileyeceği gibi hususlar tartışmalıdır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
el-Muvaṭṭaʾ , “ʿUḳūl”, 1.
İbn Mâce, “Diyât”, 9-10, 16-20.
Ebû Dâvûd, “Diyât”, 20.
Nesâî, “Ḳasâme”, 40-48.
Mâverdî, el-Aḥkâmü’s-sulṭâniyye , Kahire 1386/1966, s. 234-235.
Serahsî, el-Mebsûṭ , XXVI, 26, 59, 81.
Kâsânî, Bedâʾiʿ , VII, 311-325.
İbn Rüşd, Bidâyetü’l-müctehid , Kahire 1392, II, 350-357.
İbn Kudâme, el-Muġnî , Kahire 1367, IX, 488 vd., 523 vd.
Abdülkādir Ûdeh, et-Teşrîʿu’l-cinâʾiyyü’l-İslâmî , Kahire 1379/1960, II, 261-290.
Abdülazîz Âmir, et-Taʿzîr fi’ş-şerîʿati’l-İslâmiyye , Beyrut 1389/1969, s. 133-139.
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M. Ebû Zehre, el-ʿUḳūbe , Kahire, ts. (Dârü’l-fikri’l-Arabî), s. 590-596.
Ali Şafak, Mezheplerarası Mukayeseli İslâm Ceza Hukuku , Erzurum 1977, s. 127-135.
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a.mlf., Naẓariyyetü’ḍ-ḍamân , Dımaşk 1402/1982, s. 344-349.
Ahmed Fethî Behnesî, ed-Diye fi’ş-şerîʿati’l-İslâmiyye , Beyrut 1404/1984, s. 109-169.
a.mlf., el-Mevsûʿatü’l-cinâʾiyye fi’l-fıḳhi’l-İslâmî , Beyrut 1412/1991, I, 83-124.
Bilmen, Kamus2 , III, 13, 31-37, 49-53.
İvaz Ahmed İdrîs, ed-Diye beyne’l-ʿuḳūbe ve’t-taʿvîż fi’l-fıḳhi’l-İslâmiyyi’l-muḳāren , Beyrut 1986.
E. Tyan, “Diya”, EI2 (İng.) , I, II, 340-343.
“Erş”, Mv.Fİ , V, 83-107.
“Eṭrâf”, a.e. , XIV, 198-242.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1995 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 11. cildinde, 307-308 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.