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ERZURUM KONGRESİ Skip to content Doğu vilâyetlerinin haklarını savunmak üzere 23 Temmuz – 7 Ağustos 1919 tarihleri arasında Erzurum’da toplanan mahallî kongre.
Merkezi İstanbul’da bulunan Vilâyât-ı Şarkiyye Müdâfaa-i Hukūk-ı Milliyye Cemiyeti’nin Erzurum şubesiyle Trabzon Muhâfaza-i Hukuk Cemiyeti’nin ortaklaşa düzenledikleri bu kongreye Vilâyât-ı Şarkiyye Kongresi de denir. Kongrenin toplanmasının en önemli sebebi, Paris Barış Konferansı’nda (18 Ocak 1919) Trabzon ve yöresinde Rum-Pontus, Erzurum ve yöresinde Ermenistan devletlerinin kurulması çabalarının artmasıdır. Ayrıca Güneydoğu Anadolu’da İngilizler’in kendi himayeleri altında muhtar bir Kürdistan kurmak için yoğun çaba harcamaları da bunda önemli ölçüde rol oynamıştır.
Ayrı ayrı kurulmuş olan cemiyetleri birleştirmek ve ortak bir mücadele planı hazırlamak amacıyla Erzurumlular’ın 30 Mayıs 1919’da Trabzonlular’a başvurmasından sonra 10 Temmuz’da Erzurum’da bir kongre yapılması kararlaştırıldı. Kongre çalışmalarına katılmak üzere Erzurum’a gelen Üçüncü Ordu müfettişi Mustafa Kemal Paşa İngilizler’in baskısıyla görevinden azledildi. O da askerlikten istifa ederek vatanın kurtarılması için halkla birlikte çalışacağını bildirdi. İngilizler delege seçimlerini engelledikleri için kongre 10 Temmuz’da toplanamadı ve 23 Temmuz’a ertelendi. Bu sırada Erzurum’a gelen Trabzonlu bazı delegelerle Erzurumlular arasında Mustafa Kemal’in kongreye katılıp katılmaması konusunda anlaşmazlık çıktı. Ermeni mezalimini yaşamış olan Erzurumlular Millî Mücadele’de ordunun önderliğine güvendikleri halde İtilâf devletlerinin etki alanı içinde bulunan Trabzonlular, savaştan sonraki ordu aleyhtarı propagandanın da tesiriyle askerî ve bürokratik kesime ve bunun muhtemel üstünlüğüne karşı çıkıyorlardı. Mustafa Kemal’in kongreye alınmasına aynı şekilde karşı çıkan Trabzonlu bazı delegeler onun muhteris bir kimse olduğunu ve Millî Mücadele’yi kendi istediği doğrultuya çekebileceğini iddia ediyorlardı. Ancak Kâzım Karabekir Paşa araya girerek Erzurum merkez kazasından iki delege istifa ettirildi ve böylece Mustafa Kemal ile Rauf Bey’in kongreye katılmaları sağlandı.
6 Haziran’da büyük ümitlerle gittiği Paris’ten eli boş dönen Sadrazam Damad Ferid Paşa, Erzurum Kongresi’ni anayasaya aykırı bulduğunu ve kongreyi düzenleyenlerin tutuklanması gerektiğini bildiren bir beyannâme yayımladı (20 Temmuz). Sadrazam beyannâmesinde ayrıca yurt dışında bulunduğu altı haftalık sürede Anadolu’nun karışıklık içine sürüklendiğini iddia ediyor ve kongreyi mebusan meclisi gibi telakki ediyordu.
Ajans kanalıyla yayımlanan sadrazamın bu beyannâmesi duyulmadan kongre 23 Temmuz’da açıldı. Kongreye Erzurum’dan yirmi dört, Van’dan iki, Bitlis’ten üç, Sivas’tan on ve Trabzon’dan on yedi kişi olmak üzere toplam elli altı delege katıldı. Diyarbekir ve Ma‘mûretülazîz (Elazığ) delegeleri ise hükümetin engellemesi yüzünden toplantıya katılamadılar. İlk oturumda Mustafa Kemal oy çokluğu ile kongre başkanlığına seçildi. Hoca Râif Efendi ile Trabzonlu İzzet Bey başkan vekilliklerine, Necati Bey ile Trabzonlu Abdullah Hasib Efendi kâtipliklere seçildiler. Teşekkür etmek üzere kürsüye çıkan Mustafa Kemal Mondros Mütarekesi’nden beri gelişen olayları, Anadolu’nun paylaşılması konusundaki faaliyetleri ve buna karşı İstanbul hükümetinin zaaf ve çaresizliğini dile getirdi. Millî iradenin milletin mukadderatına hâkim kılınması ve gücünü millî iradeden alan sorumlu bir hükümetin kurulması gerektiğini belirtti. Kongre kararı gereğince padişaha çekilen telgrafta, vatanın parçalanması tehlikesi karşısında doğu illerinin tertiplediği kongrenin, milletin hürriyet ve istiklâlini kazandığı II. Meşrutiyet’in ilân günü olan bayram gününde çalışmalarına başladığı haber veriliyordu. Kongrenin her türlü siyasî görüş ve düşüncenin üzerinde olduğu, saltanat ve hilâfet hukukunun korunacağı, Osmanlı ve İslâm camiasından ayrılmamayı en kutsal görev saydıkları ifade ediliyordu. Bütün belediyelere ve derneklere çekilen telgraflarda da kongrenin Rum ve Ermeni entrikaları karşısında vatanın parçalanmasını önlemek için toplandığı açıklanıyordu.
24 Temmuz’da Mustafa Kemal’in başkanlığında açılan kongrenin ikinci oturumunda önce sadrazamın beyannâmesi ele alındı; şiddetli tartışmalar sonunda padişaha bir telgraf çekilmesine karar verildi. Sert bir dille kaleme alınan telgrafta Anadolu’da herhangi bir karışıklık çıkmadığı, sadrazamın böyle bir iddiada bulunarak Mondros Mütarekesi’nin 24. maddesi gereğince İtilâf devletlerinin buraları işgaline zemin hazırladığı hatırlatılarak bunun derhal tekzip edilmesi istendi. Kongreyi mebusan meclisi şeklinde gösteren sadrazamın millete karsı suç işlediği de belirtildi. Kongrenin saltanat ve hilâfete bağlılığı bir kere daha vurgulandıktan sonra hükümetin hukuka aykırı olan bu beyannâmeyi derhal yalanlaması, kongreye tatmin edici bilgi vermesi, millî menfaatler konusunda uyanık olması ve Mebusan Meclisi’ni en kısa zamanda toplantıya çağırması istendi.
Erzurum Kongresi’ni bu vesileyle resmen öğrenen sadrazam daha fazla ileri gidemedi. Başta Kâzım Karabekir olmak üzere bölgedeki mülkî ve askerî çevrelerce de desteklenen kongre çalışmalarına devam etti. Aslında Yunanlılar’ın Ege bölgesini işgallerinden ve sadrazamın müttefiklerden beklediğini alamamasından sonra prestiji iyice sarsılan hükümetin içinde millî teşkilâtlanma ve faal bir direnme gereğine duyulan inanç daha da yaygınlaşmıştı. Nitekim Temmuz 1919’da Karadeniz gezisine çıkan İngiliz istihbarat subayı Heathcote Smith, millî cereyanın kısmen bizzat Osmanlı hükümetince düzenlenip yürütüldüğünü rapor etmişti (Akşin, s. 477). Bu yüzden İngilizler baskılarını arttırdıkları için Damad Ferid Paşa bazı kabine üyelerinin itirazına, hatta istifasına rağmen Mustafa Kemal ile Rauf Bey’in tutuklanmaları konusunda yeni bir emir çıkarttı (29 Temmuz). Erzurum vali vekiliyle Kâzım Karabekir bu emri derhal reddettiler. İngilizler’in Doğu Anadolu’yu işgal edecekleri tehdidi karşısında telâşa kapılan hükümetin emrine hiçbir devlet yetkilisi uymadı.
Çalışmalarını encümen ve umumi heyet görüşmeleri şeklinde sürdüren Erzurum Kongresi’nde değişik siyasî görüşler serbest bir ortamda tartışıldı. Trabzonlu delegelerden Ömer Fevzi, İbrâhim Hamdi ve Ali Naci beylerin öncülük ettiği muhalif grubun itirazları birkaç temel noktada ortaya çıktı. İlk muhalefetini Mustafa Kemal’in başkan seçilmesinde ortaya koyan karşı grup en önemli tepkiyi, kongrece kurulması kararlaştırılan Şarkî Anadolu Müdâfaa-i Hukuk Cemiyeti’nin mahallî şube başkanları konusunda gösterdi. Ayrıca yeni cemiyetin yürütme organı durumundaki Temsil Heyeti’nin yetkileri meselesinde de itirazda bulundu. Kongreye bir alternatif program taslağı da sunan bu grup belediyelerin bağımsız olmasını, idarî adem-i merkeziyete gidilmesini, vakıf yönetimlerinin müslüman cemaate bırakılmasını, ordu ve jandarma yerine milis teşkilâtı kurulmasını, işçilerin kârdan pay almasını istiyordu. Amerikan veya İngiliz himayesinin kabul edileceği ima edilen, ülkeler arasında müslüman ve gayri müslim nüfus mübadelesi yapılması ve yabancı sermayeden faydalanılması gibi tekliflerin yer aldığı bu taslak büyük tartışmalardan sonra çoğunluk tarafından reddedildi.
Çalışmalarını 7 Ağustos’ta tamamlayan kongrede alınan kararlar bir beyannâme ile neşredildi. Ayrıca bu kararları uygulamak üzere kurulan yeni cemiyetin çalışma sistemi ve teşkilâtı yine kongrece hazırlanıp onaylanan nizamnâmede açıklandı. On maddeden oluşan beyannâmeye göre Canik (Samsun) sancağı ile Trabzon ve doğu vilâyetleri (Erzurum, Sivas, Van, Diyarbekir, Ma‘mûretülazîz, Bitlis) ve bu saha içindeki müstakil sancaklar, hiçbir sebep ve bahane ile birbirlerinden ve Osmanlı camiasından ayrılması mümkün olmayan bir bütün ve bölgedeki müslümanlar öz kardeş sayılıyordu (md. 1). Eğer merkezî hükümet bir devletin baskısı altında buraları bırakmak ya da ihmal etmek zorunda kalırsa saltanat ve hilâfet makamına bağlılığı ve millî hakları sağlayacak tedbir ve kararlar alınacak, böyle bir durum ortaya çıktığında Doğu Anadolu’da geçici bir yönetim kurulacaktı (md. 4).
Her türlü işgal ve müdahale Rum ve Ermeni devleti kurulması amacına yönelik sayılacağından birlikte savunma ve direnme esasının benimsendiği, ayrıca siyasî hâkimiyeti ve sosyal dengeyi bozacak şekilde gayri müslimlere yeni imtiyazlar verilmesinin kabul edilmeyeceği (md. 3), ancak bunların kanunlarla pekiştirilmiş müktesep haklarına saygı gösterileceği (md. 5) ifade ediliyordu.
İtilâf devletlerinden, Mondros Mütarekesi’nin imzalandığı 30 Ekim 1918’deki Osmanlı sınırları içinde kalan ve halkın çoğunluğu müslüman olan doğu illerinde birbirlerinden ayrılmaları imkânsız öz kardeş, dindaş ve soydaşların oturduğu memleketlerin bölünmesi düşüncesinden vazgeçmeleri, Osmanlı varlığına, tarihî, ırkî ve dinî haklara saygı göstermelerinin beklendiği açıklanıyordu (md. 6). Devlet ve milletin iç ve dış bağımsızlığı, vatanın bütünlüğü saklı kalmak üzere altıncı maddede açıklanan sınırlar içinde, milliyet esaslarına uygun ve ülkeye karşı istilâ emeli beslemeyen herhangi bir devletin yardımının memnunlukla karşılanacağı, insanca ve âdil şartları kapsayan bir barışın derhal imzalanmasının insanlığın selâmeti ve dünyanın sükûnu adına en büyük millî gaye sayıldığı belirtiliyordu (md. 7).
Milletlerin kendi kaderlerini bizzat tayin ettikleri bu dönemde İstanbul hükümetinin de millî iradeye boyun eğmesi gerektiği, millî iradeye dayanmayan hükümetlerin verdikleri kararlara milletçe uyulmadığı gibi dışarıda da itibar edilmediğinin anlaşıldığı ifade edilerek hükümetten hemen millî meclisi toplantıya çağırması isteniyordu (md. 8). Osmanlı vatanının bütünlüğü ve milletin bağımsızlığının sağlanması, saltanat ve hilâfet makamlarının korunması için “Kuvâ-yi Milliyye’yi âmil ve irâde-i milliyyeyi hâkim kılmak esastır” deniliyordu (md. 2).
Vatanın mâruz kaldığı önemli olaylar sonucunda millî vicdandan doğan cemiyetlerin Şarkî Anadolu Müdâfaa-i Hukuk Cemiyeti adı atında birleştirildiği ifade edilerek bu cemiyetin her türlü particilik akımının dışında bulunduğu ve bütün müslüman yurttaşların derneğin tabii üyesi sayıldığı açıklanıyordu (md. 9). Ayrıca kongre tarafından seçilen Temsil Heyeti’nin kabul edildiği ve köylerden başlayarak il merkezlerine kadar mevcut millî teşkilâtların birleştirilerek onaylandığı da belirtiliyordu (md. 10).
Beyannâmedeki ilkeler nizamnâmede bir defa daha tekrar edildikten sonra yeni cemiyetin kuruluş esasları belirlenmekteydi. Köyden şehre kadar bütün mahallî birimlerde şubesi açılacak olan derneğin en yüksek karar organı, bütün vilâyetlerin katılmasıyla oluşacak genel kongre idi. Yürütme organı ise genel kongre tarafından seçilen en az dokuz, en çok on altı üyeden meydana gelen Hey’et-i Temsîliyye olacaktı. Hey’et-i Temsîliyye’nin alacağı her karar genel kongrece tasdik edildikten sonra kesinleşecekti.
Nizamnâmede ayrıca Osmanlı hükümetinin “inhilâl”i tehlikesine karşı diğer vilâyetlerle birlikte, bunlar olmazsa tek başına savunma ve direnme ön görülüyordu. Hatta gerektiğinde Doğu Anadolu’da geçici bir idare de kurulabilecek, bu olağan üstü yönetimin üyelerini genel kongre seçecekti. Buna zaman bulunmadığı takdirde bu görevi Hey’et-i Temsîliyye yüklenecek ve derhal genel kongreyi toplayarak onayını alacaktı. Geçici yönetim, işleri Osmanlı mevzuatına göre yürütecek, askerî ve mülkî kadrolar geçici hükümetin emrinde olacaktı. Bu hükümet kurulduğunda durum bütün devletlere resmen bildirilecekti.
Erzurum Kongresi, oluşturduğu bu yeni teşkilâtla Kuzey ve Doğu Anadolu’da bugün yirmi beş vilâyeti içine alan geniş bir alanda tek bir cemiyeti fiilî otorite haline getirmiş oluyordu. Kongre, gerek temsilî gücü gerekse faaliyet alanı bakımından mahallî karakterli olmakla beraber beyannâmede ve nizamnâmenin başında ilân edilen prensipler tamamen genel ve millî mahiyettedir. Diğer bir ifadeyle Erzurum Kongresi teşkilât açısından mahallî, getirdiği siyasî esaslar bakımından millî karakterlidir. Kongre aynı zamanda mahallî birlikten millî bütünleşmeye uzanışı da ifade etmektedir. Bu esaslar daha sonra Sivas Kongresi’nce de aynen benimsenecektir. Bu sebeple Erzurum Kongresi kararlarını açıklayan beyannâmeyi, Türkiye’de millî ve demokratik devlet talebinin ilk tarihî belgesi olarak görmek mümkündür. Amasya kararlarıyla başlayan millî hareket, Erzurum Kongresi’nde bölge çapında da olsa halkı temsil ettiğini ileri sürebilecek bir tabana ve teşkilâta sahip olmuştur. Amasya kararlarında ancak zımnen var olan ve teşkilâtlanma biçimi belirtilmemiş bulunan yeni hükümet kurma işi, sadece Doğu Anadolu için dahi olsa nizamnâmede öngörülmüştür. Ayrıca merkezî hükümetten millî meclisin toplanması istenirken aksi halde milletin kendisinin buna bir çare bulacağı tehdidi açıkça dile getirilmiştir. Daha da önemlisi Mîsâk-ı Millî’nin kabul edilmesidir. Mondros Mütarekesi’nin imzalandığı tarihteki sınırların millî sınırlar olarak kabul edilmesiyle artık imparatorluk iddiasından vazgeçiliyor, buna karşılık millî bağımsızlık prensibi üzerinde ısrar ediliyordu.
Erzurum Kongresi’nde seçilen dokuz kişilik Hey’et-i Temsîliyye üyelerinin yeni kurulacak cemiyetin de kurucuları olmaları kararlaştırılmıştı. Mustafa Kemal Paşa, 24 Ağustos 1919’da Temsil Heyeti adına Erzurum valiliğine başvurarak cemiyetin nizamnâmesini teslim etti. Böylece Şarkî Anadolu Müdâfaa-i Hukuk Cemiyeti’nin kuruluşu resmen tamamlanmış oldu. Erzurum valiliğine verilen listede Hey’et-i Temsîliyye’nin, dolayısıyla cemiyetin kurucu üyeliğine seçilenlerin isimleri şu şekilde sıralanmıştı: 1. Mustafa Kemal Paşa (eski Üçüncü Ordu kumandanı, askerlikten ayrılma), 2. Rauf Bey (eski Bahriye nâzırı), 3. İzzet Bey (eski Trabzon mebusu), 4. Servet Bey (eski Trabzon mebusu), 5. Hoca Râif Efendi (eski Erzurum mebusu), 6. Sâdullah Efendi (eski Bitlis mebusu), 7. Bekir Sâmi Bey (eski Trabzon valisi), 8. Ahmed Fevzi Efendi (Erzincan’da Nakşibendî tarikatı şeyhi), 9. Hacı Mûsâ Bey (Mutki’de aşiret reisi).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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M. M. Kansu, Erzurum’dan Ölümüne Kadar Atatürk’le Beraber , Ankara 1966, I, 23-193.
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TA , XV, 379-382.
Bülent Tanör, “Millî Mücadele’de Kongreler”, TCTA , IV, 1143-1145.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1995 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 11. cildinde, 335-337 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.