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eş-ŞEKĀİKU’n-NU‘MÂNİYYE Skip to content Taşköprizâde Ahmed Efendi’nin (ö. 968/1561) Osmanlı ulemâ ve meşâyihine dair biyografik eseri.
Eserin tam adı eş-Şeḳāʾiḳu’n-nuʿmâniyye fî ʿulemâʾi’d-Devleti’l-ʿOs̱mâniyye ’dir. Osmanlı biyografi literatürü içinde genel ulemâ biyografilerinin ilk derlemesi olma özelliği taşımakta olup yazılış sebebi müellifi tarafından bu alanda büyük bir boşluğun bulunmasıyla açıklanır. Taşköprizâde ulemâ menkıbelerine düşkün olduğunu, Arap ve İran âlimlerinin menâkıbı kaleme alındığı halde Osmanlı ulemâsına dair böyle bir eser yazılmadığını ve ulemâdan birinin (muhtemelen Zenbillizâde Fudayl Çelebi ) ricası üzerine eş-Şeḳāʾiḳ ’ı telif ettiğini belirtir (eş-Şeḳāʾiḳ , s. 2). Arapça olan eserin adında (Osmanlı Devleti Âlimleri İçerisindeki Dağ Laleleri) ulemânın dağ lalelerine (eş-şeḳāʾiḳu’n-nuʻmâniyye; tekili şaḳīḳatü’n-nuʿmân) benzetilmesinde, seçkin Osmanlı Hanefî ulemâsı ve meşâyihinin biyografisini toplamış olmasından hareketle Hanefî mezhebi nin imamı Ebû Hanîfe Nu‘man b. Sâbit ’e bir telmih söz konusu olduğu söylenebilir (bk. Mecdî, s. 9). İslâm ilim ve düşünce tarihinde özgün bir biyografi türü olarak gelişen klasik tabakat geleneğine göre kaleme alınan eser, daha önce yazılmış bazı örnekler olmakla beraber Osmanlı edebiyatında gerçek anlamda biyografi yazma geleneğini de başlatmıştır. Telifinden hemen sonra eserin çok sayıda nüshası üretilmiş, geçimini her ay bu kitabın istinsah ıyla temin edenler olmuştur (Atâî, s. 357). Daha müellifinin sağlığında Türkçe’ye tercümeleri yapılan eser çeşitli ilâveler ve zeyil lerle süreklilik kazanarak canlı tutulmuştur. Âşık Çelebi ile başlayan zeyiller silsilesi XX. yüzyıla kadar devam etmiş, böylece bir Şeḳāʾiḳ külliyatı ortaya çıkmıştır. Türkiye’de ve Türkiye dışındaki kütüphanelerde 150 civarında yazma nüshasının bulunması bu rağbetin bir başka göstergesidir.
Osmanlı Devleti’nin kuruluşundan telif tarihi olan 965 (1558) yılına kadar yaşamış kişilere yer verilen eserde her padişah dönemi “tabaka” ana başlığı altında ele alınmış, dönemin ulemâsı ve meşâyihi hakkında bilgiler verilmiştir. On tabakadan oluşan eserde, farklı yazma nüshalarında farklı sayılarda olmak üzere 350’den fazla âlim ve 150’den fazla şeyhin kısa hayat hikâyeleri anlatılmıştır. Sıralamada ölüm tarihleri esas alınmaya çalışılmışsa da her yerde buna uyulmadığı görülmektedir. Kişilerin daha ziyade müderrislik, kadılık, telif, tâlim terbiye ve irşad faaliyetleri üzerinde durulan eserde dönemin hekimlerinin biyografilerine de yer verilmiştir. XIII. yüzyılda yaşayan Hacı Bektâş-ı Velî ’nin I. Murad devri meşâyihi arasında gösterilmesi (eş-Şeḳāʾiḳ , s. 20), muhtemelen Yeniçeri Ocağı’nın bu padişah zamanında teşkilâtlanmasıyla ilgili menkıbeden dolayıdır. Yine II. Murad döneminde yaşamış olan Kadızâde-i Rûmî ’nin hayatı I. Murad devrinde (a.g.e. , s. 14-17), II. Murad devri mutasavvıflarından Hacı Bayrâm-ı Velî ise Yıldırım Bayezid döneminde anlatılmıştır (a.g.e. , s. 55-56). Aynı şekilde Tapduk Emre ve Yûnus Emre ’nin biyografilerine de Yıldırım Bayezid dönemi mutasavvıfları arasında yer verilmiştir (a.g.e. , s. 56, 57). Müellifin 961’de (1554) geçirdiği bir hastalık sonucu görme duyusunu büyük ölçüde kaybetmesi sebebiyle daha önce tuttuğu notlar üzerinden bir öğrencisine yazdırarak (imlâ) telif ettiği eser 25 Ramazan 965’te (11 Temmuz 1558) tamamlanmış ve muhtemelen karşılaştırması aynı yılın 26 Şevvalinde (11 Ağustos) bitirilmiştir. eş-Şeḳāʾiḳu’n-nuʿmâniyye ’nin başlıca kaynaklarının Taşköprizâde’nin kendi müşahede ve izlenimleri, babası Muslihuddin Mustafa Efendi ve amcası Kıvâmüddin Kasım Efendi gibi yakınlarından ve hocalarından duydukları ile bazı resmî tayin listeleri olduğu söylenebilir. Bununla birlikte İbn Hacer el-Askalânî ve Süyûtî gibi daha önceki bazı klasik tabakat yazarlarına da nâdiren atıflar yapıldığı görülür. Gerek eş-Şeḳāʾiḳ ’ı gerekse tercüme ve zeyillerini Âlî Mustafa Efendi , Hoca Sâdeddin Efendi , Selânikî Mustafa , Kâtib Çelebi ve Naîmâ gibi tarihçiler kaynak olarak kullanmıştır.
İbn Hallikân ’ın Vefeyâtü’l-aʿyân ’ının kenarında el-ʿİḳdü’l-manẓûm adlı zeyliyle birlikte basılan eser (Kahire 1299, 1310) Osman Reşer tarafından notlar ve düzeltmelerle birlikte Almanca’ya çevrilmiştir (İstanbul 1927). Ayrıca el-ʿİḳdü’l-manẓûm ile beraber tekrar basılmış (Beyrut 1975) ve son olarak Ahmed Subhi Furat tarafından Mecdî Mehmed’in ilâveleri dipnotlarda gösterilerek ilmî neşri yapılmıştır (İstanbul 1985). Muharrem Tan, eş-Şeḳāʾiḳ ’ın bu neşrini esas alarak eseri Osmanlı Bilginleri adıyla Türkçe’ye tercüme etmiş (İstanbul 2007) ve Muhtesibzâde Mehmed Hâkî tercümesinin Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Kütüphanesi nüshasında (Hazine, nr. 1263) yer alan minyatürlere de kitabında yer vermiştir. Eserin Muhammet Hekimoğlu tarafından yapılan tercümesi ise Türkiye Yazma Eserler Kurumu’nun “Şakâ’ik-i Nuʻmaniyye Çeviri ve Zeyilleri Projesi” kapsamında yayımlanmıştır (İstanbul 2019). Basit bir Arapça ile yazılmış olmasına rağmen herkesin istifadesini sağlamak amacıyla eş-Şeḳāʾiḳ ’ın birçok tercümesi yapılmış, zeyil ve telhisleri meydana getirilmiştir.
Tercüme ve Zeyilleri. eş-Şeḳāʾiḳu’n-nuʿmâniyye müellifinin izniyle Muhtesibzâde Mehmed Hâkî tarafından 967’de (1560) Hadâiku’r-reyhân adıyla, birkaç yıl sonra Derviş Ahmed Efendi tarafından ed-Devhatü’l-irfâniyye fî ravzati’l-Osmâniyye adıyla, Mehmed b. Sinânüddin tarafından da Menâkıbü’l-ulemâ adıyla Türkçe’ye çevrilmiştir. Muhtesibzâde tercümesinin II. Osman döneminde ikinci vezir Gürcü (Hadım) Mehmed Paşa tarafından yaptırılan minyatürlü nüshası (TSMK, Hazine, nr. 1263; nüsha hakkında bilgi için bk. vr. 256a -260b ) Osmanlı’da resimli ulemâ biyografisi türünün yegâne örneğidir (bk. Değirmenci, s. 106). Eseri yine müellifin izniyle tercüme eden bir başka kişi talebesi Âşık Çelebi ’dir. Âşık Çelebi tercümesini hocasına takdim edince Taşköprizâde eserini kolay anlaşılır bir Arapça ile yazdığını kastederek, “Molla, biz de Türkî gibi yazmıştık, bîhûde zahmet ihtiyar etmişsiniz” demiştir (Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , II, 1057). Seyyid Mustafa’nın yaptığı çevirinin adı Hadâiku’l-beyân fî tercemeti Şekāikı’n-nu‘mân ’dır. İbrâhim b. Amâsî de eş-Şeḳāʾiḳ ’ı el-Hadâik adıyla Türkçe’ye çevirmiştir. Eserin en çok ilgi çeken çevirisini ise Mecdî Mehmed Efendi yapmıştır (İstanbul 1269, 1989). Aslına sadık kalınarak yapılan, ancak kişiler hakkında yeni bilgiler veren ve asıl adı Hadâiku’ş-Şekāik olan bu çeviri daha ziyade Tercüme-i Şekāik ismiyle tanınmış ve aslı kadar şöhret kazanmıştır. Mütercimin ifadesine göre Hadâiku’ş-Şekāik Taşköprizâde’nin eserine dayalı yeni bir eser kabul edilmelidir. eş-Şeḳāʾiḳ ’ın mütercimleri bilinmeyen daha başka çevirileri de vardır.
eş-Şeḳāʾiḳ ’ın bazı mütercimleri ilâveler yaparak eseri kendi zamanlarına kadar getirmişlerdir. Âşık Çelebi 1568 yılında eş-Şeḳāʾiḳ üzerine Tetimmetü’ş-Şeḳāʾiḳı’n-nuʿmâniyye adıyla Arapça bir zeyil yazmıştır. Mınık veya Hısım sıfatlarıyla anılan Ali b. Bâlî el-ʿİḳdü’l-manẓûm fî ẕikri efâḍılı’r-Rûm adlı Arapça zeylinde eseri 1583 yılına kadar yaşamış ulemâ ve meşâyihi içine alacak şekilde genişletmiştir (Kahire 1299, 1310, s. 333-520). Bunun Osman Reşer tarafından yapılan Almanca tercümesi 1310 baskısına ve Veliyyüddin Efendi nüshasına dayanır (Stuttgart 1934; Beyrut 1975). el-ʿİḳdü’l-manẓûm Suat Donuk tarafından tenkitli neşre hazırlanmış ve Türkiye Yazma Eserler Kurumu’nun “Şakâ’ik-i Nuʻmaniyye Çeviri ve Zeyilleri Projesi” kapsamında yayımlanmıştır (ed. Muhammet Hekimoğlu, İstanbul 2018). İbrâhim b. Amâsî el-ʿİḳdü’l-manẓûm ’u da Türkçe’ye çevirmiştir. Bir başka zeyil İştipli Hüseyin Efendi (ö. 993/1585) tarafından hazırlanmıştır. Lutfibeyzâde Mehmed Efendi (ö. 995/1587) eş-Şeḳāʾiḳ ’ı önce alfabetik düzene sokmuş, ardından bazı ilâvelerde bulunmuş, fakat eserini tamamlayamamıştır. Saçlı Emîrzâde (Yılancık) Abdülkadir (ö. 1000/1592), Fenârîzâde Mahmud Çelebi (ö. 1007/1599) ve Seyrekzâde Emrullah Mehmed’in (ö. 1008/1599) zeyil ve ilâveleri de Atâî’nin kaynaklarındandır. Karaca Ahmed el-Hamîdî’nin de (ö. 1615) bir zeyli vardır. eş-Şeḳāʾiḳ zeyillerinin en mükemmeli ve meşhuru Nev‘îzâde Atâî ’nin (ö. 1045/1635) Hadâiku’l-hakāik fî tekmileti’ş-Şekāik adlı kitabıdır. Zeylini doğrudan eş-Şeḳāʾiḳ ’ı değil Mecdî’nin Hadâiku’ş-Şekāik adlı tercümesini esas alarak hazırlayan Atâî, kendisinden önce yazılan bütün zeyilleri kaynak olarak kullanmıştır. Atâî zeyli üzerine Zeyl-i Şekāik adıyla Uşşâkīzâde İbrâhim (ö. 1724), Vekāyiu’l-fuzalâ ismiyle Şeyhî Mehmed (ö. 1732) ve Tekmiletü’ş-Şekāik adıyla Fındıklılı İsmet (ö. 1904) tarafından yapılan müteselsil zeyiller hep eş-Şeḳāʾiḳ zeyli olarak anılmıştır. Amasyalı Âkifzâde Abdürrahim Efendi’nin (ö. 1817) Kitâbü’l-Mecmûʿ fi’l-meşhûd ve’l-mesmûʿ adlı eseri ise (Millet Ktp., Ali Emîrî Efendi, Arapça, nr. 2527), klasik zeyillerden olmasa da 1737-1806 yılları arasında yaşamış ulemâ ve meşâyihten söz etmesi ve İsmet Efendi’nin bazı boşluklarını doldurması bakımından eş-Şeḳāʾiḳ zeyli kabul edilebilir. Mecdî tercümesi ve bunu esas alarak hazırlanan zeyillerden Atâî, Şeyhî ve İsmet Efendi’nin eserleri Abdülkadir Özcan tarafından eklenen takdim, giriş ve indekslerle birlikte Şekāik-ı Nu‘mâniye ve Zeyilleri adı altında tıpkıbasım halinde yayımlanmıştır (I-V, İstanbul 1989). eş-Şeḳāʾiḳu’n-nuʿmâniyye ’nin telhis ve ihtisar edilmiş şekilleri de vardır. Bunlardan Mektûbîzâde Abdülaziz Efendi (ö. 1862) eş-Şeḳāʾiḳ ’ı Türkçe’ye çevirip kısaltırken Atâî zeylini de III. Murad devri ortalarına kadar özetlemiştir. Ayrıca müellifleri bilinmeyen Müntehabât-ı Şekāik-ı Nu‘mâniye ve Müntehabât-ı Zeyl-i Atâî isimli telhisler de bulunmaktadır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Taşköprizâde, eş-Şeḳāʾiḳ , s. 2, 3, 14-17, 20, 55-57, 559-560; ayrıca bk. nâşirin önsözü, s. III-IX.
Mecdî, Şekāik Tercümesi , s. 9, 524-526, ayrıca bk. tür.yer.
Atâî, Zeyl-i Şekāik , s. 8-11, 162, 163, 280, 284, 320, 352, 357, 433, 574.
Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , II, 1057-1058.
Osmanlı Müellifleri , III, 17, 74, 95, 109, 360.
TCYK , s. 662-666, 682-687, 753.
Hediyyetü’l-ʿârifîn , I, 37-38, ayrıca bk. tür.yer.
Karatay, Arapça Yazmalar , III, 579.
a.mlf., Türkçe Yazmalar , I, 386-391.
Agâh Sırrı Levend, Türk Edebiyatı Tarihi , Ankara 1973, s. 353-364.
Babinger (Üçok) , s. 94-97.
Abdülkadir Özcan, “eş-Şakâiku’n-Nu‘mâniye ve Osmanlı Biyografyacılığındaki Yeri”, Taşköprü’den İstanbul’a Osmanlı Bilim Tarihinde Taşköprülüzâdeler (haz. Celil Güngör), Taşköprü 2006, s. 99-107.
a.mlf., “İsmet Efendi, Fındıklılı”, DİA , XXIII, 139-140.
a.mlf., “Mecdî, Mehmed”, a.e. , XXVIII, 228-229.
a.mlf., “Tabakat (Osmanlı Dönemi)”, a.e. , XXXIX, 299-301.
a. mlf., “Mecdi, Mehmed”, The Encyclopaedia of Islam Three , Leiden 2021, fas. 6, s. 117-119.
Zahir Sıtkı Güvemli, “Hadâik-al-hakaik fi Tekmile-t-al-Şakaik”, YT , VI/66 (1938), s. 214-219.
a.mlf., “Hadâiku’l-hakâik fî tekmileti’ş-Şakâik’ın İstanbul Kütüphanelerindeki Yazma Nüshaları”, Yeni Türk Yurdu , VI, İstanbul 1939, s. 75-76.
Behcet Gönül, “İstanbul Kütüphanelerinde al-Şaḳāʾiḳ al-nuʿmāniya Tercüme ve Zeyilleri”, TM , VII-VIII/11 (1945), s. 136-168.
Cahid Baltacı, “Hadâiku’ş-Şakâik ve Hadâiku’l-Hakâik’te Bulunmayan Ulema Hakkında Notlar”, İslâm Medeniyeti Mecmuası , IV/2, İstanbul 1972, s. 54-65.
Zülfikar Güngör, “Önemli Bir Biyografik Eser: eş-Şakaiku’n-Nu‘mâniyye”, Diyanet İlmî Dergi , XXXIII/1, Ankara 1997, s. 107-120.
Tülün Değirmenci, “Osmanlı Sarayının Geçmişe Özlemi: Tercüme-i Şakâikû’n-Nuʻmâniyye”, Bilig , sy. 46, Ankara 2008, s. 105-132.
M. Münir Aktepe, “Taşköpri-zâde”, İA , XII/1, s. 43-44.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2010 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 38. cildinde, 485-486 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır. Bu madde en son 16.07.2021 tarihinde güncellenmiştir.