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eş-ŞİFÂ Skip to content İbn Sînâ’nın (ö. 428/1037) mantık ve nazarî felsefe disiplinlerine dair ünlü eseri.
İbn Sînâ’nın felsefî sistemini bütün yönleriyle kapsayan ve diğer eserlerinin anlaşılması için esas teşkil eden Kitâbü’ş-Şifâʾ , İslâm felsefesi geleneği yanında topyekün İslâm düşüncesi tarihinin de büyük bir klasiğidir. Filozofun kendi ilimler tasnifine dayalı olarak kaleme aldığı eser, onun terminolojisinde felsefî ilimler veya aklî ilimler diye geçen çok sayıda disiplini konu edinir. Eserde mantıkla temellenen felsefî araştırma tabiat felsefesi ve matematik ilimleriyle bilimsel boyutlar kazanır, metafizikle taçlanır, peygamberliğin ispatı meselesiyle son bulur. eş-Şifâʾ , Aristo külliyatının İslâm felsefe geleneğindeki ismiyle “et-ta‘lîmü’l-evvel”in yeniden ele alınışı olup felsefî ilimlerin öğretimi için kapsamlı bir kaynak şeklinde tasarlanmıştır. İbn Sînâ, felsefî çözümlemelerini Aristo külliyatından hareketle derinleştirirken tıpkı onun yaptığı gibi Thales ve Pisagor’a kadar giden felsefî fikirlerle hesaplaştığı için eş-Şifâʾ aynı zamanda İbn Sînâ’nın bakışıyla yazılmış bir Grek felsefesi tarihi görünümündedir. Bu eleştirel tutumu çağının kelâmcılarına da yöneltmiş olması eseri İslâm kelâm geleneği bakımından önemli kılmaktadır. Filozofun fizik ve matematiğin çeşitli dallarını, ayrıca zooloji ve botaniği sistemli biçimde ele alması esere bilim tarihinin bakış açısıyla da yaklaşmayı gerektiren özel bir hüviyet kazandırmıştır.
Filozofun eş-Şifâʾ ya yazdığı genel giriş eserin amacı ve yöntemi hakkında fikir edinmek için önemli bir kaynaktır. Fizik bölümünün başındaki ikinci giriş de eserin müellif tarafından tanıtılması yönüyle önemlidir. Talebesi Ebû Ubeyd Abdülvâhid el-Cûzcânî’nin eş-Şifâʾ ya yazdığı sunuşla hocası hakkında kaleme aldığı Târîḫu’ş-Şeyḫ adlı biyografi de eserin yazılış süreciyle ilgili değerli bilgiler içermektedir. İbn Sînâ, eserini yazmaktaki maksadını “Eskiçağ’lara ait felsefî ilimlerde doğruluğunu araştırarak tesbit ettiğimiz (mâ tahakkaknâhu) ilkeleri özüyle ortaya koymak” diye açıklamaktadır. Bu ifadedeki “tahakkuk” kavramı, İbn Sînâ terminolojisinde bilgiyi bir filozofun ya da felsefe akımının otoritesinden hareketle değil ayrıntılı mantıkî analiz ve kanıtlamalarla doğrulamak anlamına gelmektedir (Gutas, s. 188). Filozofa göre bu ilkeler, uzun yıllar boyunca ortak felsefî aklın çabaları ve kabulleriyle üretilmiş bir araştırma birikimini ifade etmektedir. Bu amacın, eski nesillerin ürettiği bilgileri aktarmakla yetinilmesi veya bu birikim karşısında pasif bir yorumcu konumunda bulunulması demek olmadığını vurgulamak üzere filozof, söz konusu ilkeler ve onlarla ilgili ikincil meseleler hakkında araştırmalar yaparken tam bir problem bilinci içinde davrandığını vurgulamaktadır. Klasik kaynaklarda yer alan bütün önemli birikimlerin esere alındığını özellikle belirten İbn Sînâ bu felsefî birikime kendisinin ulaştığı çok önemli hususları kattığını da belirtmektedir (eş-Şifâʾ el-Manṭıḳ [1] , s. 9-10). eş-Şifâʾ da eleştirel bir yöntem izleyeceğini ve sonu gelmeyen tartışmalara girmek istemediğini fiziğe yazdığı girişte tekrar vurgulayan filozofun kendisinden önceki şârihlerce kaleme alınmış kitapları şerh veya tefsir etme yolunu seçmeyişi de bundandır. Ancak eseri Meşşâîler’in felsefesinde geçerli olana yakın bir tertip içinde düzenleme niyeti de açıkça dile getirilir (eş-Şifâʾ eṭ-Ṭabîʿiyyât [1] , s. 3).
İbn Sînâ, Aristo’nun tertibine uyarak eş-Şifâʾ ya mantıkla başlamıştır. Mantığı fizik, matematik ve metafizik izler. Filozof, fizik ilimlerin öncüsü kabul edilen Aristo’nun Fizika ’sıyla birçok hususta paralel düşmediğini vurgulama ihtiyacı duyar. Matematik alanında takip etmeyi düşündüğü yol ise konunun anlaşılıp öğrenilmesini kolaylaştıracak bazı ilâve, açıklama ve çözümlemeler yanında esas alınan metinlerin sistematik biçimde özetlenmesidir. İbn Sînâ’nın bu alanda dayandığı kaynakların geometride Öklid’in Kitâbü’l-Üsṭuḳussât ’ı, astronomide Batlamyus’un Kitâbü’l-Mecisṭî ’si, aritmetikte Gerasalı Nicomachus’un Kitâbü’l-Medḫal fi’l-ḥisâb ’ı olduğunu yine kendisi söylemektedir. Filozof, matematiğin üçüncü fenni olan müzik hakkında yazdığı Cevâmiʿu ʿilmi’l-mûsîḳā adlı bölüm için kaynak adı vermez, fakat bu konuda giriştiği uzun ve zahmetli incelemelerden bahseder (eş-Şifâʾ el-Manṭıḳ [1] , s. 11). Gutas, eş-Şifâʾ nın bu fenninde Batlamyus’un Harmonikon ’undan yararlanıldığını kaydetmektedir (Avicenna , s. 102). Son olarak filozof bütün bölümleri ve yönleriyle metafiziği ele almış, bu arada ahlâka ve siyasete -daha sonra bu konularda müstakil ve kapsamlı bir eser yazacağı gerekçesiyle- metafizik içinde temas etmiştir. Dolayısıyla bu bölümde amelî felsefeye sadece metafizik temelleri itibariyle değinmiştir. İbn Sînâ’nın bu eserin, felsefe sanatıyla ilgili doyurucu bilgilerin yanı sıra başka kitaplarda kolayca rastlanmayacak türden özgün katkılar (ziyâdât) içerdiği yönündeki vurgusu dikkat çekicidir (eş-Şifâʾ el-Manṭıḳ [1] , s. 11).
Filozofun eş-Şifâʾ dan sonra bu kitaba bir şerhten, eserdeki temel ilkelerin açımlanması veya bir genişletme olmak üzere yazmayı planladığı Kitâbü’l-Levâḥıḳ adlı bir eserden söz etmesi, eş-Şifâʾ nın belli felsefî disiplinlerle ilgili hâlâ genişletilmeyi bekleyen bir eser şeklinde tasarlandığını akla getirmektedir. Nitekim eş-Şifâʾ nın kapsamının genişliğine rağmen hacminin küçük olduğunu özellikle belirtmektedir (a.g.e. , a.y.). Eserin tertibinde başlıklandırma sistemi “cümle, fen, makale, fasıl” biçiminde düzenlenmiş olup cümle terimi felsefenin dört ana dalını, fen ise tâli dalları ifade etmektedir. Bu cümleler sırasıyla mantık, fizik (tabîiyyât), matematik (riyâziyyât), metafiziktir (ilâhiyyât) ve hepsi birlikte Kitâbü’ş-Şifâʾ yı oluşturur (eserin genel planı için bk. Yahyâ Mehdevî, s. 132-169). eş-Şifâʾ nın cümleleri gibi kapsamlı, ancak ayrıntıya girmeyen eserlere Latinler’in “compendium” adını verdiği hatırlanırsa eş-Şifâʾ , felsefenin dört ana dalı hakkında yazılmış “compendium”lardan müteşekkil bir “compendia” sayılabilir. Bu açıdan bakıldığında eser için modern araştırmacıların kullandığı ansiklopedi kelimesi uygun düşmemektedir. Çünkü modern bir ansiklopedide her bir ana dal ve bilim dalı arasında iç bağlantıların tutarlı biçimde oluşturduğu organik birlik gözetilmez (Gutas, s. 103). eş-Şifâʾ ise İbn Sînâ’nın nitelemesiyle bir “mecmû‘”dur (eş-Şifâʾ eṭ-Ṭabîʿiyyât [1] , s. 4), bütüncül bir eser hüviyetindedir.
Cûzcânî’nin eş-Şifâʾ için yazdığı sunuşa bakılırsa talebeleri İbn Sînâ’dan artık ulaşılamaz hale gelmiş eserlerini yeniden yazmasını istemiştir. Filozof eskiden yaptığı gibi lafzî metin tahlilleri ve şerhiyle uğraşacak zamanı bulunmadığını, esasen böyle bir şeye gönlünün de yatmadığını, eğer zihninde hazır olanlarla yetinilirse kendince uygun gördüğü bir tertibe göre kapsamlı tek bir eser kaleme almayı tercih ettiğini belirtmiş ve fizik ilimlerinden başlayarak eş-Şifâʾ yı yazmaya koyulmuştur (eş-Şifâʾ , Cûzcânî’nin girişi, s. 2). Biyografisinde ise Cûzcânî’nin İbn Sînâ’dan Aristo’nun kitaplarına şerh yazmasını istediği, fakat hocasının böyle bir iş için boş vaktinin olmadığı cevabını vererek dilerse felsefî ilimlerde doğru bulduklarını, muhaliflerle tartışmaya girmeksizin ve reddetme gailesiyle uğraşmaksızın bir kitapta toplayabileceğini söylediği belirtilir. Bu iki metinde dikkat çeken ilk husus filozofun eş-Şifâʾ ile özgün bir eser ortaya koyma isteğidir. Dostu Ebû Ca‘fer el-Kiyâ’ya yazdığı mektupta eskilerin bütün ilimlerini kapsayan eş-Şifâʾ adlı büyük kitapta yaptığı çalışmayı şerh, tafsil ve tefrî‘ (ilkelere göre ayrıntılı hale getirme) biçiminde özetlemiştir (el-Mübâḥas̱ât , s. 374). Buradaki şerh, tafsil ve tefrî‘ terimleri felsefî ilimlerin açıklanmasına yönelik analiz yöntemlerini ifade eder. Filozofun eserinin metafizik bölümünde geçen “mantık ve fizikle ilgili şerhimizde” ifadesi de (eş-Şifâʾ el-İlâhiyyât [1] , s. 22) böyle anlaşılmalıdır. Çünkü İbn Sînâ, eş-Şifâʾ yı Aristo külliyatına daha önce yazılan şerhler dizisine eklenmiş sıradan bir halka gibi tasarlamamıştır. Nitekim Gutas’a göre filozof İskenderiye şârihlerinin yazdığı türden şerh tarzını kısmen terketmek istemiş, eş-Şifâʾ da kendi fikrî yaklaşımı içinde yeniden teşekkül etmiş haliyle felsefî ilimleri ortaya koymuştur. Bu karar, eş-Şifâʾ nın yanı sıra en-Necât ve Dânişnâme-i ʿAlâʾî ’nin telif tarzında da örneği görülen yeni bir tutumu ifade etmektedir (Gutas, s. 102). Cûzcânî’nin metinlerinde dikkati çeken ikinci husus, filozofun muhalif fikirler karşısında eleştirel tutumunu muhafaza etmekle birlikte yeni eserini sonu gelmeyen tartışmalara boğmadan kendi felsefî doğrularını öne çıkarma niyetidir. Nitekim bu niyeti, eş-Şifâʾ nın genel girişinde de vurguladığı gibi “meşrikī felsefe” hakkında yazdığı eserinde billûrlaşmıştır. Gutas (a.g.e. , s. 109-111), eş-Şifâʾ nın girişinden hareketle İbn Sînâ’nın Aristo ve “Meşşâî ortodoksi” karşısındaki tutumunu tartışmış, filozofun bu girişte olsun, orada sözünü ettiği el-Felsefetü’l-meşriḳıyye ’ye dair eserin girişinde olsun kendisini Aristocu geleneğin bilinçli bir reformcusu şeklinde takdim ettiğini yazmıştır.
Gutas, Cûzcânî’nin verdiği bilgileri eleştirel bir yaklaşımla değerlendirirken İbn Sînâ’nın eserini yazmaya Hemedan Emîri Şemsüddevle’nin vefatından hemen önce 411 (1020) yılı dolaylarında başladığını söylemektedir. Cûzcânî’nin metinlerinden çıkan kronolojiye göre eş-Şifâʾ nın yazılışı 411-418 (1020-1027) yılları arasında gerçekleşmiş, muhtemelen müellif kırk sekiz yaşındayken tamamlanmıştır. Buna göre eserin yazılışı filozofun telif hayatının orta dönemine denk gelmektedir (a.g.e. , s. 104-105, 145). Sık sık yanlış biçimde eş-Şifâʾ nın özeti olarak nitelenen, aslında filozofun eş-Şifâʾ dan önce kaleme aldığı bazı eserlerden derlenmiş olan Kitâbü’n-Necât ’ın yazılışı da bu sürecin son yıllarına rastlamaktadır (a.g.e. , s. 112-114). Kitâbü’n-Necât ’ta eş-Şifâʾ ya iki yerde atıf yapılmaktadır (s. 83, 131). Filozof son dönem eserleri olan el-İşârât (I, 483) ve el-Mübâḥas̱ât ’ta da (s. 92) eş-Şifâʾ ya göndermede bulunmuştur (İbn Sînâ’nın eserlerinin kronolojisi için bk. Gutas, s. 145; krş. Reisman, s. 304).
İbn Sînâ felsefesinin felsefe, kelâm ve tasavvuf üzerinde büyük bir etki yaptığı bilinmektedir. Bu etkiyi daha sonraki nesillere taşıyan eserler arasında eş-Şifâʾ nın önemli bir yeri vardır. Her ne kadar hakkında yazılan şerhler vasıtasıyla el-İşârât ve’t-tenbîhât ve nisbeten küçük hacmi sebebiyle Kitâbü’n-Necât yaygın biçimde okunmuşsa da eş-Şifâʾ , İbn Sînâ ile ilgili temel başvuru kaynağı olmuştur. Meselâ Gazzâlî’nin Tehâfütü’l-felâsife ’sinde ve Şehristânî’nin Nihâyetü’l-iḳdâm ’ında özellikle âlemin hudûsu ve kıdemi problemi tartışılırken çoğunlukla eş-Şifâʾ dan nakiller yapılmıştır. İbn Rüşd’ün Tehâfütü Tehâfüti’l-felâsife ’sinde gerek olumlayıcı gerekse eleştiri amaçlı nakillerde de aynı durum söz konusudur. Ayrıca İbn Haldûn’un Muḳaddime ’sinin çeşitli yerlerinde eş-Şifâʾ dan bahsedilmektedir. Nesefî’nin el-ʿAḳāʾid ’i, Teftâzânî’nin el-Maḳāṣıd ’ı, Îcî’nin el-Mevâḳıf ’ı ile bunlara yazılan şerh ve hâşiyeler verilen örneklere eklendiğinde eş-Şifâʾ nın yaygın bir çevrede okunduğu tahmin edilebilir (anılan eserlerde eş-Şifâʾ dan nakiller ve esere yapılan atıflar hakkında bk. eş-Şifâʾ , İbrâhim Medkûr’un mukaddimesi, s. 29-30). Bunun yanı sıra eş-Şifâʾ nın çeşitli cümle veya fenleri için yazılan şerh, hâşiye, ta‘lik ve telhisler de eserin etkisini yansıtır (Yahyâ Mehdevî, s. 172-174; ayrıca bk. Ergin, s. 93, 111-112). Bunlardan Sadreddin eş-Şîrâzî’nin eş-Şifâʾ nın el-İlâhiyyât ’ı için yazdığı ta‘lîkātla (Tahran 1305/1885 baskısının hâmişinde) Muhammed Mehdî en-Nerâkī’nin Şerḥu’l-İlâhiyyât min Kitâbi’ş-Şifâʾ sı (nşr. Mehdî Muhakkık, Tahran 1365/1986) özellikle anılmalıdır. eş-Şifâʾ nın günümüze ulaşan yazma nüshalarının çokluğu da bu hususta fikir verir. Bazıları eserin tamamını içeren, bazıları riyâziyyâtı dışarıda bırakan, bazıları bir veya iki disiplinden ibaret çok sayıda yazma dünya kütüphanelerinde mevcut olup bunlardan elliyi aşkın nüsha İstanbul kütüphanelerindedir (eş-Şifâʾ yazmalarının bir dökümü için bk. Anawati, s. 69-78; Yahyâ Mehdevî, s. 170-172). Türkiye’de bulunan eş-Şifâʾ yazmaları içinde Fâtih Sultan Mehmed’e sunulan 871 (1466-67) istinsah tarihli el-İlâhiyyât nüshası (Tire Necib Paşa Ktp., nr. NP/446 → Ankara: Vakıflar Genel Müdürlüğü Yayınları, 2005), Türk kültür tarihinde esere olan ilginin anlamlı bir göstergesidir.
eş-Şifâʾ Latin Ortaçağı’nda genellikle Sufficientia , bazan da Sanatio adıyla tanınmıştır. Bu karşılıkların ilki Latince’de “yeterlik” anlamına geldiğinden isabetsizdir. Sanatio ise Latince’de “iyileşme” demektir ve eş-Şifâʾ nın anlamına uygundur. Gilson, Liber Sufficientia adının bilinçli şekilde eş-Şifâʾ nın eṭ-Ṭabîʿiyyât ’ına ait Latince bir tercümenin ismi olarak da kullanıldığına dikkat çekmektedir. Buna göre İbn Sînâ’nın fizik kitabının bu adı taşımasının sebebi, yanlışları reddetmekle vakit kaybetmeksizin fizik hakkındaki doğruları yeterli biçimde ortaya koyma amacıdır (History of Christian Philosophy , s. 192, 236). Eserin çeşitli cümle, fen, makale ve fasıllarına ait kısmî Latince tercümeleri farklı zamanlarda ve bazan yardımlaşarak başta Avendauth Israelite (İbn Dâvûd) ve Dominicus Gundissalinus olmak üzere Johannes Gunsalvi, Alfredus Sareshalensiss, Giraldus Lumbardus, Gehard de Cremona ve Michael Scotus gibi kişiler tarafından yapılmıştır. Avrupa’nın belli başlı kütüphanelerinde bu tercümelere ait 150’yi aşkın yazma nüshanın mevcut oluşu eş-Şifâʾ ya Ortaçağ Latin dünyasında verilen önemin bir göstergesidir (ayrıntılı bilgi için bk. Karlığa, s. 341-351).
Avrupa’da XII. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren başlayan eş-Şifâʾ tercümelerinin Latin Ortaçağ felsefe ve teoloji dünyasını etkilediği görülmektedir. İlk etkiler ise mütercimlerinin kendi eserlerinde görülmektedir. XII. yüzyılın sonlarına doğru, Liber de Anima adıyla eş-Şifâʾ nın en-Nefs ve Liber de philosophia prima sive scienia divina adıyla el-İlâhiyyât fenlerinden tercümeler yapan Dominicus Gundissalinus, De processione mundi ve De Anima adlı eserlerinde başka kaynakların yanı sıra İbn Sînâ’dan da yararlanmıştır. XIII. yüzyılın başlarında varlığı bilinen De causis primis et secundis adlı anonim eser de geniş ölçüde eş-Şifâʾ nın el-İlâhiyyât ’ından derlenerek yazılmıştır. XIII. yüzyıldan itibaren Paris Üniversitesi hocalarının İbn Sînâ’nın eserlerine vâkıf olduğu kaydedilmektedir. Oxford ve Cambridge’de ders vermiş olan Paris Üniversitesi hocalarından John Blund, eş-Şifâʾ nın en-Nefs tercümesindeki ana fikirleri izlediği De Anima adlı eserinde filozofun adını yirmi yerde zikretmiştir. eş-Şifâʾ nın fiziğinden madenlerle ilgili bölümü De Mineralibus adıyla tercüme eden Sareshalli Alfredus, Aristo’nun Meteorologica ’sına yazdığı şerhte İbn Sînâ’dan “büyük filozof” diye söz etmiştir. Bunun gibi Auvergneli William da De Anima adlı eserinde enerjisinin çoğunu en-Nefs ’teki fikirlere saldırmaya ayırmıştır. eş-Şifâʾ nın el-İlâhiyyât ’ından çeviriler içeren Liber de philosophia prima ’nın Avrupa Ortaçağ felsefesinde hareket noktası teşkil ettiği belirtilir. Özellikle iki büyük hıristiyan düşünürü Thomas Aquinas ve Duns Scotus’un metafiziklerinin şekillenmesinde bu eserin açık, kesin ve belirleyici etkileri olmuştur (Gilson, s. 236-238; Meranbon, II, 1003-1006; Butterworth – Kessel, s. 26-29, 44-45, 61-65).
Neşirleri ve Tercümeleri. eş-Şifâʾ nın fizik ve metafiziği içeren ilk baskısı Tahran’da yapılmıştır (1305). Tamamı ise uzun süren bir proje kapsamında yirmi iki cilt halinde Kahire’de neşredilmiştir (1952-1983). Bu neşrin on cilt halinde Tahran’da (h. 1405, M. M. Âyetullah el-Uzmâ el-Mar‘aşî en-Necefî tarafından) ve Beyrut’ta (1992) tıpkıbasımları gerçekleştirilmiştir. eş-Şifâʾ nın bazı fenleri çeşitli Batı ve Doğu dillerine tercüme edilmiştir. Eserin tamamının -Arapça neşriyle karşılıklı olarak- Türkçe’ye çevrilmesi projesi Muhittin Macit’in editörlüğünde halen devam etmekte olup bugüne kadar dokuz fenninin tercümesi yayımlanmıştır (İstanbul 2004-2008). Anılan neşirlerle tercümelerinin dökümü eş-Şifâʾ nın özgün tertibine göre şöyledir:
A) el-Manṭıḳ . 1. el-Medḫal (nşr. İbrâhim Medkûr – Georges C. Anawati – Mahmûd el-Hudayrî – Fuâd el-Ehvânî, Kahire 1952; T trc. Ömer Türker, Mantığa Giriş, Medhal [İstanbul 2006]). 2. el-Maḳūlât (nşr. Georges C. Anawati – Mahmûd el-Hudayrî – Ahmed Fuâd el-Ehvânî – Saîd Zâyid, Kahire 1959). 3. el-ʿİbâre (nşr. Mahmûd el-Hudayrî, Kahire 1970; T trc. Ömer Türker, Yorum Üzerine , İstanbul 2006). 4. el-Ḳıyâs (nşr. Mahmûd el-Hudayrî, Kahire 1970; İng. trc. N. Shehaby, The Propositional Logic of Avicenna: A Translation from al-Shifâ: al-Qiyâs , Dordrecht 1973). 5. el-Burhân (nşr. Ebü’l-Alâ Afîfî, Kahire 1955; el-Burhân min Kitâbi’ş-Şifâʾ , nşr. Abdurrahman Bedevî, 2. bs., Kahire 1966; T trc. Ömer Türker, İkinci Analitikler , İstanbul 2006). 6. el-Cedel (nşr. Ahmed Fuâd el-Ehvânî, Kahire 1965; T trc. Ömer Türker, Topikler , İstanbul 2008). 7. es-Safsaṭa (nşr. Ahmed Fuâd el-Ehvânî, Kahire 1958; T trc. Ömer Türker, Sofistik Deliller , İstanbul 2006). 8. el-Ḫaṭâbe (nşr. Muhammed Sâlim Sâlim, Kahire 1954). 9. Fennü’ş-Şiʿr min Kitâbi’ş-Şifâʾ (nşr. Abdurrahman Bedevî [Arisṭoṭâlîs: Fennü’ş-Şiʿr içinde, s. 161-198], Kahire 1966; İng. trc. I. Dahiyat, Avicenna’s Commentary on the Poetics of Aristotle , Leiden 1974).
B) eṭ-Ṭabîʿiyyât . 1. es-Semâʿü’ṭ-ṭabîʿî (nşr. Saîd Zâyid, Kahire 1983; es-Semâʿü’ṭ-ṭabîʿî min Kitâbi’ş-Şifâʾ , nşr. Ca‘fer Âlü Yâsîn, Beyrut: Dârü’l-Menâhil 1416/1996; T trc. Muhittin Macit – Ferruh Özpilavcı, Fizik , I-II, İstanbul 2004-2005; Far. trc. M. Fürûgī, Fenn-i Semâʿ-i Ṭabîʿî , Tahran 1937, 1983). 2. es-Semâʾ ve’l-ʿâlem . 3. el-Kevn ve’l-fesâd . 4. el-Efʿâl ve’l-infiʿâlât (nşr. Mahmûd Kāsım, Kahire 1969; el-Kevn ve’l-fesâd ’ın T trc. Muammer İskenderoğlu, Oluş ve Bozuluş , İstanbul 2008). 5. el-Meʿâdin ve’l-âs̱ârü’l-ʿulviyye (nşr. Abdülhalîm Müntasır – Saîd Zâyid – Abdullah İsmâil, Kahire 1965). 6. en-Nefs (nşr. Georges C. Anawati – Saîd Zâyid, Kahire 1975; Avicenna’s de Anima, Being the Psychological Part of Kitâb al-Shifâ , nşr. Fazlurrahman, London 1959; en-Nefs min Kitâbi’ş-Şifâʾ , nşr. Âyetullah Hasanzâde Âmülî, Kum 1996; Far. trc. A. Dânâsareşt, Kitâb-i Revanşinâsî-yi Şifâʾ , Tahran 1929, 1985; Psychologie d’Ibn Sīnā [Avicenne], d’après son œuvre aš-Šifāʾ , nşr. ve Fr. trc. J. Bakoš, Prague 1956; Paris-Beyrut 1982 [Fr. trc. hariç]; Rusça trc. L. Xromov, Book of the Soul [M. Asimov, Ibn Sina, Izbranniye filosofskia proizvedeniya , Moskow 1980 içinde, s. 383-522]). 7. en-Nebât (nşr. Abdülhalîm Müntasır – Saîd Zâyid – Abdullah İsmâil, Kahire 1965). 8. el-Ḥayevân (nşr. Abdülhalîm Müntasır – Saîd Zâyid – Abdullah İsmâil, Kahire 1970).
C) er-Riyâżiyyât . 1. Uṣûlü’l-hendese (nşr. Abdülhamîd Sabra – Abdülhamîd Lutfî Mazhar, Kahire 1976). 2. el-Ḥisâb (nşr. Abdülhamîd Lutfî Mazhar, Kahire 1975). 3 . Cevâmiʿu ʿilmi’l-mûsîḳā (nşr. Zekeriyyâ Yûsuf, Kahire 1956; T trc. Ahmet Hakkı Türabi, Mûsikî , İstanbul 2004). 4. ʿİlmü’l-heyʾe (nşr. Muhammed Rızâ Medver – İmam İbrâhim Ahmed, Kahire 1980).
D) el-İlâhiyyât (I, nşr. Georges C. Anawati – Saîd Zâyid, Kahire 1960; II, nşr. Muhammed Yûsuf Mûsâ – Süleyman Dünyâ – Saîd Zâyid, Kahire 1960; T trc. Ekrem Demirli – Ömer Türker, Kitâbu’ş-Şifâ, Metafizik , I-II, İstanbul 2004-2005; Alm. trc. Max Horten, Die Metaphysik Avicennas: Das Buch der Genesung der Seele , Leipzig-New York 1907, Frankfurt 1961; Fr. trc. Georges C. Anawati, La Métaphysique du Shifâ’ , I-II, Paris 1978, 1985; İng. trc. ve nşr. Michael Marmura, The Metaphysics of The Healing: a Parallel English-Arabic Text , Provo, Utah 2005).
eş-Şifâʾ nın çeşitli fen ve bahisleriyle ilgili ilk Latince neşirler 1485-1495 yılları arasında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bunların içinde el-İlâhiyyât ’ın ilk bölümüne ait olan Metaphysica sive prima philosophia (Venedik 1495; Frankfurt 1966) özellikle zikredilmelidir. Daha sonra kısmî tercümelerden oluşan metinler ilk defa toplu halde Avicenē perhypatetici philosophi: ac medicorum facile primi opera in lucē redacta başlığıyla yayımlanmıştır (Venedik 1508). Bu neşrin Latince’deki İbn Sînâ araştırmacıları için önem arzeden tıpkıbasımı Marie-Thérèse d’Alverny’nin açıklamalarıyla birlikte Avicenna Latinus adıyla yapılmıştır (Frankfurt 1961). Anılan toplu neşir içinde: 1. Logica (el-Manṭıḳ, el-Medḫal ’den, vr. 2-12v ); 2. Sufficientia (es-Semâʿü’ṭ-ṭabîʿî ’den, vr. 13-36v ); 3. De caelo et mundo (es-Semâʾ ve’l-ʿâlem ’den, vr. 37-42v ); 4. De Anima (en-Nefs ’ten, vr. 1-28v ); 5. De Animalibus (el-Ḥayevân ’dan, vr. 29-64); 6. De Intelligentiis (Liber Avicenne in primis et secundis substantiis et de fluxu entis . Kısaca Fluxu entis adıyla da bilinen bu tercüme İbn Sînâ’nın bir eserine ait olmayıp filozofa nisbet edilmiştir, vr. 64v -67v ); 7. Alpharabius de intelligentiis (Fârâbî’nin Maḳāle fî Meʿâni’l-ʿaḳl ’ından, vr. 68-69v ); 8. Philosophia prima (el-İlâhiyyât ’tan, vr. 70-109v ) başlıklı metinler yer almaktadır. eş-Şifâʾ nın Latince tercümelerinin tahkikli neşri ise toplu halde yine Avicenna Latinus adıyla yapılmıştır (nşr. Simone van Riet, Leiden 1968-1992). Bu diziden çıkan ve -1983 tarihli olanı hariç- her birine Gérard Verbeke tarafından giriş yazılan neşirler şunlardır: 1. Liber de anima seu sextus de naturalibus , I-II-III (1972). 2. Liber de anima seu sextus de naturalibus , IV-V (1968). 3. Liber de philosophia prima sive scienta divina , I-IV (1977). 4. Liber de philosophia prima sive scienta divina , V-X (1980). 5. Liber de philosophia prima sive scienta divina , I-X (1983). 6. Liber Tertius naturalium de generatione et corruptione (1987). 7. Liber Quartus naturalium de actionibus de actionibus et passionibus qualitatum primarum (1989). 8. Liber Primus naturalium. Tractatus Primus de causis et principiis naturalium (1992). Bu dizide yer almayan el-Meʿâdin ve’l-âs̱ârü’l-ʿulviyye ’nin birinci makalesinden seçilmiş bölümlerin Alfredus Sareshalensis tarafından yapılmış Latince tercümesi de Arapça neşri ve İngilizce çeviriyle birlikte yayımlanmıştır (Avicennae de congelatione et conglutinatione lapidum, being sections of the Kitâb al-Shifâ’ , nşr. E. J. Holmyard – D. C. Mandeville, Paris 1927).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İbn Sînâ, eş-Şifâʾ el-İlâhiyyât (1) , s. 22.
a.mlf., eş-Şifâʾ el-Manṭıḳ (1) , s. 9-11; ayrıca bk. İbrâhim Medkûr’un girişi, s. 1-77; Ebû Ubeyd el-Cûzcânî’nin mukaddimesi, s. 1-4.
a.mlf., eş-Şifâʾ eṭ-Ṭabîʿiyyât (1) , s. 3-4.
a.mlf., el-İşârât , I, 483.
a.mlf., en-Necât (nşr. Mâcid Fahrî), Beyrut 1405/1985, s. 83, 131.
a.mlf., el-Mübâḥas̱ât (nşr. Muhsin Bîdârfer), Kum 1371/1413, s. 92, 374.
İbnü’l-Kıftî, İḫbârü’l-ʿulemâʾ (Lippert) , s. 413-426.
İbn Ebû Usaybia, ʿUyûnü’l-enbâʾ , s. 440-445.
G. C. Anawati, Müʾellefâtü İbn Sînâ , Kahire 1950, s. 29-31, 69-79.
Yahyâ Mehdevî, Fihrist-i Nüsḫahâ-yi Muṣannefât-ı İbn Sînâ , Tahran 1333 hş., s. 125-174.
E. Gilson, History of Christian Philosophy in the Middle Ages , New York 1955, s. 187-216, 235-245.
Osman Ergin, İbni Sina Bibliografyası , İstanbul 1956, s. 32-33, 93, 111-112.
D. Gutas, Avicenna and the Aristotelian Tradition , Leiden 1988, s. 101-114, 145, 188.
J. L. Janssens, An Annotated Bibliography on Ibn Sînâ: 1970-1989 , Leuven 1991, s. 3-13.
J. Meranbon, “Medieval Christian and Jewish Europa”, History of Islamic Philosophy (nşr. Seyyed Hossein Nasr – O. Leaman), London 1996, II, 1003-1006.
H. Daiber, Bibliography of Islamic Philosophy , Leiden 1999, I, 98-101, 472-473; II, 292-295.
D. C. Reisman, The Making of the Avicennan Tradition , Leiden 2002, s. 289-295, 304.
Charles E. Butterworth – B. A. Kessel, İslâm Felsefesinin Avrupa’ya Girişi (trc. Ömer Mahir Alper), İstanbul 2002, s. 26-29, 44-45, 61-65.
Bekir Karlığa, İslâm Düşüncesi’nin Batı Düşüncesi’ne Etkileri , İstanbul 2004, s. 339-361.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2010 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 39. cildinde, 131-134 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.