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es-SİYERÜ’l-KEBÎR Skip to content Muhammed b. Hasan eş-Şeybânî’nin (ö. 189/805) İslâm devletler hukukuna dair eseri.
Hukuk tarihinde devletler hukuku meselelerini ele alan ilk kapsamlı eser olarak bilinir. Gerek bu tarihî önceliği gerekse içeriği ve ilgili literatüre etkisi dolayısıyla müellifi Şeybânî’ye devletler hukukunun kurucusu unvanını kazandırmış (Kruse, JPHS, III/4 [1955], s. 264; Yaman, s. 40; Taş, s. 46-47), Avrupalı bilim adamlarınca Shaybani Society of International Law adlı bir kurum açılmasını sağlamıştır (Kruse, Islamische Völkerrechtslehre, s. XVI; Serahsî, Şerḥu’s-Siyeri’l-kebîr, neşredenin girişi, I, 14; Muhammed b. Ahmed ed-Desûkī, s. 343-344).
Her ne kadar İslâm tarihinde Şeybânî’den önce devletler hukuku konularını kapsayacak bir içerikle “siyer” terimi kullanılmış ve bazı yönleri aynı isimle kitaplaştırılmışsa da (bk. SİYER) onun bu eseri, konunun bütün boyutlarını kuşatması ve sistematik bir tarzda ele alması dolayısıyla sadece fıkıh değil genel hukuk tarihinde de bir ilktir. es-Siyerü’l-kebîr, bu alanın ilk müellifi olarak takdim edilen Ebû Hanîfe’nin (Şeybânî, Kitâbü’s-Siyer, neşredenin girişi, s. 38, 55, 68; İbn Hacer el-Askalânî, s. 153; Muhammed Hamîdullah, s. 43, 65; Kruse, JPHS, III/4 [1955], s. 243) devletler hukukuna ilişkin ictihadlarını büyük ölçüde yansıtır. Yine Şeybânî’ye nisbet edilen es-Siyerü’ṣ-ṣaġīr de esasen Ebû Hanîfe’nin siyer kültürünü yansıtan, hatta bazı yorumlara göre bizzat ondan rivayet edilen bir eserdir (Ebû Yûsuf, neşredenin girişi, s. 4; M. Zâhid Kevserî, s. 62; M. Ebû Zehre, s. 241). Serahsî’nin ifadelerinden anlaşıldığı kadarıyla es-Siyerü’ṣ-ṣaġīr onun el-Mebsûṭ isimli geniş eserinin “Kitâbü’s-Siyer” bölümünde şerhedilmiştir (el-Mebsûṭ, X, 144).
Hocası Ebû Hanîfe’nin ictihadlarından Ebû Yûsuf kanalıyla ulaştıklarını “es-sagīr” diye nitelenen kitaplarında, herhangi bir aracı olmaksızın doğrudan Ebû Hanîfe’den aldığı hükümleri ise “el-kebîr” diye anılan eserlerinde derlediğini dile getiren yoruma göre (İbn Âbidîn, I, 16, 19) Şeybânî es-Siyerü’l-kebîr’i doğrudan Ebû Hanîfe’den almıştır. Fakat Şeybânî’nin Ebû Yûsuf aracılığıyla hazırladığı el-Aṣl (el-Mebsûṭ) ve el-Âs̱âr’ı “sagīr” diye nitelememesi bu yorumu zayıflatmaktadır. Diğer taraftan Hatîb el-Bağdâdî’nin verdiği bilgiye göre Şeybânî’nin eserleri içinde sadece el-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaġīr’de Ebû Yûsuf’un tesiri olmuş, diğerleri doğrudan kendi kaleminden çıkmıştır (Târîḫu Baġdâd, II, 180). Öyle anlaşılıyor ki Şeybânî eserlerini âdeta iki defa yazıyor, önce kaleme aldığı nisbeten küçük hacimli olanlarını daha sonra tekrar gözden geçiriyor ve ilâvelerle geliştiriyordu (Serahsî, el-Mebsûṭ, XXX, 287; krş. Muhammed b. Hasan eş-Şeybânî, neşredenin girişi, s. 57). Buna göre Ebû Hanîfe’nin kontrolü altında es-Siyerü’ṣ-ṣaġīr’i yazmış, Evzâî bunu tenkit amacıyla Siyerü’l-Evzâʿî’yi hazırlamış, Ebû Yûsuf er-Red ʿalâ Siyeri’l-Evzâʿî ile bu eleştirilere cevap vermiş, bütün bu tartışmalarla birlikte Hanefî mezhebinin siyer merkezli bakış açısını etraflıca yansıtmak amacıyla çok sonraları Şeybânî tarafından es-Siyerü’l-kebîr telif edilmiştir. Eseri şerheden Serahsî dahil olmak üzere çeşitli kaynaklarda Şeybânî’nin, es-Siyerü’ṣ-ṣaġīr’ini inceleyen Evzâî’nin kendisini küçümseyici bir tavır takınması üzerine es-Siyerü’l-kebîr’i yazdığı ve hükümleri hadis rivayetleriyle temellendirdiği için bu defa Evzâî’nin takdirine mazhar olduğuna dair bilgi (Şerḥu’s-Siyeri’l-kebîr, I, 3) Evzâî’nin vefat tarihi (157/774) ve eserin telif zamanı göz önüne alındığında şüpheli görünmektedir. Zira es-Siyerü’l-kebîr onun 180 (796) veya 187 (803) yılında tayin edildiği Rakka kadılığı sırasında yazılmıştır. Bu kitabın Şeybânî’nin kaleme aldığı en son eser olduğunu gösteren bir başka delil de es-Siyerü’l-kebîr’in, onun diğer bütün eserlerini rivayet edenler arasında yer alan Ebû Hafs el-Kebîr Ahmed b. Hafs tarafından rivayet edilmemiş olmasıdır (Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn, II, 1014; İbn Âbidîn, I, 17). Çünkü Ebû Hafs, hocası Şeybânî’nin son yıllarında Bağdat’tan ayrılmış olduğu için kitabın yazımına şahit olmamıştı (Heffening, s. 160; M. Ebû Zehre, s. 241-242; Muhammed el-Hudarî, s. 172, 220). Altmış ayrı defter halinde yazılan eser müellifi tarafından Halife Hârûnürreşîd’e takdim edilmiş, o zamana kadar böyle bir eser hazırlanmadığı için takdirlerini belirten halife, bizzat müellifinden okumalarını sağlamak üzere oğulları Emîn ile Me’mûn’u ona göndermiştir.
Eser ağırlıklı olarak devletler umumi hukuku kapsamına giren konuları ihtiva etmektedir. Bu çerçevede sınır boylarında ikamet etmenin ve serhadde askerlik yapmanın faziletine ilişkin rivayet ve yorumlarla başlayan kitap ordu kumandanlarının uyması gereken kuralları, asker sevketmenin esaslarını, bayrak ve flama kullanımını, savaşa fiilen başlamadan önce düşmana İslâm ve barış çağrısında bulunmayı, savaş sırasında geçerli olacak strateji ve hükümleri, eman ve diplomatik ilişkileri, fey-ganimet ve esirlere dair hükümleri, milletlerarası tahkim ve anlaşmaları ele almaktadır. Bununla birlikte yer yer yabancılar hukuku, kanunlar ihtilâfı ve vatandaşlık hukukunu ilgilendiren ayrıntılara da giren eser bu özelliğiyle kısmen devletler hususi hukuku konularını da içermektedir. Ayrıca kitapta irtidad, öşür ve cizye gibi siyer geleneğine özgü konulara değinilmekte, devletler hukukuyla doğrudan ilgisi bulunmayan bazı konuların da müstakil başlıklar altında incelendiği görülmektedir.
Şeybânî’nin zâhirü’r-rivâye eserleri içinde en fazla hadis, eser ve sahâbî kavli ihtiva edeni es-Siyerü’l-kebîr’dir. Onun diğer fıkıh eserlerine nisbetle burada rivayet malzemesine özel önem vermesi siyer alanının kendi iç özelliği ve kaynaklarıyla ilgili bir husustur. Gayri müslim toplumlarla ilişkilerde takip edilecek siyasî ve hukukî çerçeve özellikle Hz. Muhammed’in ve onun ardından Hulefâ-yi Râşidîn’in takip ettiği yoldan çıkarıldığı için bu alanda rivayet malzemesi özel bir önem taşımaktadır. Diğer taraftan hazırladığı kitabın devletler hukuku alanındaki ilk kapsamlı eser hüviyetini taşıyacağının bilincinde olan ve Iraklılar’a yöneltilen önceki eleştirileri hesaba katan Şeybânî’nin burada yer verdiği hükümleri delillendirme kaygısını taşıdığı sezilmektedir.
es-Siyerü’l-kebîr’de Hanefî mezhebinin dışında diğer bazı mezhep görüşlerine ve onların delillerine de yer verildiği tesbitiyle Irak, Hicaz ve Şam merkezli yaklaşımları mukayese eden müellifin bunlardan ikisinin birleştiği görüşü tek başına kalan ictihada tercih ettiği bilgisi (Necîb el-Ermenâzî, s. 45) tenkide açıktır. Bilindiği kadarıyla kitabın günümüze metin olarak ulaşmadığı dikkate alınınca mevcut şerhlerinin hangi cümlelerinin Şeybânî’ye, hangilerinin şârihe ait olduğunu, diğer mezheplere atıfların kimin tarafından yapıldığını belirlemek ve buradan hareketle kesin bir yargıya varmak mümkün değildir. Her ne kadar Serahsî’nin Şerḥu’s-Siyeri’l-kebîr’ini neşretmeye başlayan Selâhaddin el-Müneccid ile bunu tamamlayan Abdülazîz Ahmed metinle şerhi ayırma gayreti göstermişlerse de esasen şârihin, eserini hazırlarken böyle bir yöntem izlememesi dolayısıyla bu girişim de metin üzerinde kesin hüküm vermeye yetmemektedir. Ayrıca şerhin herhangi bir konu başlığının hemen altında asıl metin gibi sunulan satırlarda, “Biz bu konuyu Şerḥu’l-Muḫtaṣar’da genişçe ele aldık” cümlesiyle (meselâ bk. IV, 1425) Serahsî’nin diğer eseri el-Mebsûṭ’a yapılan göndermelere rastlanmakta, es-Siyerü’l-kebîr metninde Ebû Yûsuf’un adının hiç anılmadığı bizzat Serahsî tarafından beyan edildiği halde (I, 1) metin gibi öne çıkarılan birçok yerde Ebû Yûsuf’un isminin açıkça geçtiği görülmektedir. Evzâî’nin eski Arap telakkilerini, kabul görmüş Helenistik düşünceleri ve Akdeniz sahillerinde yaşayan örfe dayalı Emevî uygulamalarını temel almasına karşılık Şeybânî’nin de içinde bulunduğu Iraklı fakihlerin bunu reddedip Abbâsî uygulamalarını merkeze aldıkları yönündeki şarkiyatçı iddialarının (Schacht, s. 70-77, 204; Kruse, JPHS, III/4 [1955], s. 244-245) genelde fıkhın oluşum süreç ve kaynakları, özelde siyer literatürünün temel özellikleri ve kaynakları dikkate alındığında gerçeği yansıtmadığı görülmektedir.
Şeybânî’nin öğrencileri olan Ebû Süleyman el-Cûzcânî ile İsmâil b. Tevbe el-Kazvînî tarafından rivayet edilen, fakat asıl metin olarak günümüze ulaşmayan (krş. M. Zâhid Kevserî, s. 64) es-Siyerü’l-kebîr’in en erken izleri, Karahanlı dönemi fakihlerinden Şemsüleimme es-Serahsî’nin (ö. 483/1090 [?]) Şerḥu’s-Siyeri’l-kebîr adlı eseriyle takip edilebilmektedir. Serahsî’nin verdiği bilgiye göre (I, 5) eser biri hocası Şemsüleimme el-Halvânî, diğerleri Ebü’l-Hasan es-Suğdî ve Ebû Hafs Ömer b. Mansûr el-Bezzâr ile tamamlanan üç ayrı senedle kendisine ulaşmıştır. Şeybânî’nin eserlerini el-Kâfî ismiyle derlediği bilinen Hâkim eş-Şehîd’in (ö. 334/945) bu eserindeki siyer bölümü (vr. 188b -198a ), eseri el-Mebsûṭ adıyla şerheden Serahsî’nin bölüm sonundaki ifadesine bakılırsa (X, 144) es-Siyerü’l-kebîr değil es-Siyerü’ṣ-ṣaġīr’dir. Mahmûd Ahmed Gāzî’nin Kitâbü’s-Siyeri’ṣ-ṣaġīr adıyla yayımladığı (İslâmâbâd 1998) metin de esasen el-Kâfî’nin siyer bölümüdür. Leknevî’nin okuduğunu söylediği (el-Fevâʾidü’l-behiyye, s. 163) es-Siyerü’ṣ-ṣaġīr ve es-Siyerü’l-kebîr de muhtemelen bunların Serahsî tarafından yapılan şerhleridir. Serahsî’nin el-Mebsûṭ’tan sonra kaleme aldığı anlaşılan Şerḥu’s-Siyeri’l-kebîr (IV, 1425) asıl metnin bazı bölümlerini ihtiva etmemektedir. Meselâ Ehl-i kitap esirlerinin nesebinin ispatı bölümüyle dârülharpte had cezalarının uygulanması bölümü arasında kalan kısmı atladığını belirten Serahsî (V, 1850) bunu Şerḥu’z-Ziyâdât’ta etraflıca incelediğini söyler.
İlk defa 1335-1336 (1917-1918) yıllarında dört cilt halinde Haydarâbâd’da neşredilen Şerḥu’s-Siyeri’l-kebîr’in ikinci tam neşri ilk üç cildi 1957-1960 yıllarında Selâhaddin el-Müneccid, son iki cildi 1971’de Abdülazîz Ahmed tarafından olmak üzere Kahire’de yapılmıştır. Mustafa Zeyd’in tahkiki, Muhammed Ebû Zehre’nin giriş ve notlarıyla 1958’de Kahire’de başlayan bir üçüncü yayın ise ilk cildinden sonra devam etmemiştir. Bazı bölümleri Fransızca’ya çevrilip 1851-1853 yılları arasında Journal Asiatique’te tefrika edilen bu şerh (Necîb el-Ermenâzî, s. 46) II. Mahmud’un emriyle Türkçe’ye çevrilmiş, Mehmed Münîb Ayıntâbî tarafından yer yer genişletilerek yapılan çeviri, Arapça aslından doksan iki yıl önce Terceme-i Şerh-i Siyeri’l-kebîr ismiyle 1241’de (1825) iki cilt halinde İstanbul’da yayımlanmıştır. Alay müftüleri ve tabur imamları tarafından subaylara ve askerlere ders kitabı olarak okutulan eser, Osmanlı askerlerinin Avrupa devletleriyle savaşlarında uyacakları kurallar için temel kitap kabul edilmiştir (Taş, s. 48). Ayıntâbî’nin ayrıca Teysîrü’l-mesîr fî Şerḥi’s-Siyeri’l-kebîr adlı Arapça bir eseri daha vardır (Süleymaniye Ktp., Hüsrev Paşa, nr. 382, müellif hattı; Mihrişah Sultan, nr. 110; TSMK, Emanet Hazinesi, nr. 726; İÜ Ktp., AY, nr. 5867). Günümüz Türkçe’siyle yeniden tercüme edilerek İslâm Devletler Hukuku adıyla yayımlanan bu eserin (nşr. İbrahim Sarmış – M. Sait Şimşek, I-V, Konya 2001) UNESCO’nun isteğiyle Muhammed Hamîdullah tarafından yapılan Fransızca çevirisi Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı’nca neşredilmiştir (I-IV, Ankara 1989-1991). es-Siyerü’l-kebîr’in ayrıca Halvânî, Ebü’l-Hasan es-Suğdî ve Mahmûd b. Ahmed el-Hasîrî tarafından şerhedildiği bazı kaynaklarda belirtilmiş olmakla birlikte (Kureşî, II, 567; III, 433) bunlar günümüze ulaşmamıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Muhammed b. Hasan eş-Şeybânî, Kitâbü’s-Siyer ve’l-ḫarâc ve’l-ʿuşr min kitâbi’l-Aṣl el-maʿrûf bi’l-Mebsûṭ (nşr. Mecîd Haddûrî), Karaçi 1417, neşredenin girişi, s. 38, 55, 57, 68; a.mlf., Kitâbü’s-Siyeri’ṣ-ṣaġīr (nşr. Mahmûd Ahmed Gāzî), İslâmâbâd 1998; Ebû Yûsuf, er-Red ʿalâ siyeri’l-Evzâʿî (nşr. Ebü’l-Vefâ el-Efgānî), Kahire 1357, neşredenin girişi, s. 4; Hâkim eş-Şehîd, el-Kâfî, Süleymaniye Ktp., Süleymaniye, nr. 580, vr. 188b -198a ; İbnü’n-Nedîm, el-Fihrist (Flügel), s. 203-204; Hatîb, Târîḫu Baġdâd, II, 180; Serahsî, el-Mebsûṭ, X, 144; XXX, 244, 287; a.mlf., Şerḥu’s-Siyeri’l-kebîr (nşr. Selâhaddin el-Müneccid – Abdülazîz Ahmed), Kahire 1958-71, I, 1, 3, 5; IV, 1425; V, 1850; ayrıca bk. neşredenin girişi, I, 9-28; İbn Hallikân, Vefeyât (Abdülhamîd), III, 184; İbn Hacer el-Askalânî, Tevâli’t-teʾsîs li-meʿâlî Muḥammed b. İdrîs (nşr. Ebü’l-Fidâ Abdullah el-Kādî), Beyrut 1406/1986, s. 153; Kureşî, el-Cevâhirü’l-muḍıyye, I, 48; II, 567; III, 433; İbn Kutluboğa, Tâcü’t-terâcim , s. 54; Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn, I, 107; II, 1014; Muhammed b. Ahmed ed-Desûkī, el-İmâm Muḥammed b. Ḥasan eş-Şeybânî ve es̱eruhû fi’l-fıḳhi’l-İslâmî, Katar 1987, tür.yer.; İbn Âbidîn, Mecmûʿatü’r-resâʾil, I, 16-19; Leknevî, el-Fevâʾidü’l-behiyye, s. 163; Osmanlı Müellifleri, II, 34-35; W. Heffening, Das Islamische Fremdenrecht, Hannover 1925, s. 160; Necîb el-Ermenâzî, eş-Şerʿu’d-devlî fi’l-İslâm, Dımaşk 1930, s. 45, 46; M. Zâhid Kevserî, Bulûġu’l-emânî, Kahire 1355, s. 9, 35-39, 62, 64; Brockelmann, GAL Suppl., I, 288-291; Sezgin, GAS, I, 430-431; J. Schacht, The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence, Oxford 1967, s. 70-77, 204, 306-310; M. Ebû Zehre, Ebû Ḥanîfe, Kahire 1977, s. 233-245; Muhammed Hamîdullah, İslâmda Devlet İdaresi (trc. Kemal Kuşcu), Ankara 1979, s. 43, 65; H. Kruse, Islamische Völkerrechtslehre, Bochum 1979, s. XVI; a.mlf., “The Foundation of Islamic International Jurisprudence”, JPHS, III/4 (1955), s. 243-245, 264; Muhammed el-Hudarî, Târîḫu’t-teşrîʿi’l-İslâmî, Beyrut 1983, s. 172, 220; Ahmet Yaman, İslam Hukukunda Uluslararası İlişkiler, Ankara 1998, s. 37-42; Mehmet Özşenel, Sünnet ve Hadisi Değerlendirme ve Anlamada Ehl-i Rey ve Ehl-i Hadis Yaklaşımları ve İmam Şeybânî (doktora tezi, 1999), MÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, s. 141-152; Aydın Taş, İmam Muhammed’in Hukuk Anlayışı (doktora tezi, 2003), EÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, s. 44-50; Ahmet Özel, Hanefi Fıkıh Alimleri , Ankara 2006, s. 18, 40; Osman b. Cum‘a Damîriyye, “es-Siyerü’l-kebîr li’l-İmâm Muḥammed b. Ḥasan eş-Şeybânî”, el-Beyân, sy. 6, Riyad 1988, s. 36-47; sy. 10 (1988), s. 33-43.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2009 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 37. cildinde, 327-329 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.