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ESAD EFENDİ, Ebûishakzâde Skip to content (ö. 1166/1753)
Osmanlı şeyhülislâmı, şair ve müellif.
Zilkade 1096’da (Ekim 1685) İstanbul’da doğdu. Şeyhülislâm Ebû İshak İsmâil Efendi’nin oğlu ve Şeyhülislâm İshak Efendi’nin kardeşi olan Mehmed Esad önce babasının, daha sonra da Mutavvelci Mehmed Efendi’nin ve diğer bazı âlimlerin yanında iyi bir öğrenim gördü. Henüz küçük yaşta iken Şeyhülislâm Ebûsaidzâde Feyzullah Efendi’den mülâzemet aldı. 1710’da hâriç derecesiyle Galata Sarayı sâlisesi pâyesi verilerek öğretim görevine başladı. Babasının şeyhülislâmlığı sırasında mûsıle-i Sahn derecesindeki Abdüsselâm Medresesi’ne, Yenişehirli Abdullah Efendi’nin meşihatı esnasında da Sahn-ı Semân’dan birine müderris tayin edildi. Mekke ve Medine müfettişliği, fetva eminliği gibi hizmetlerde bulunduktan sonra Edirne pâyesiyle Selânik kadılığına getirildi. Bu sonuncu görevinden mâzul durumda iken 1733’te kendisine Medîne-i Münevvere pâyesi verildi. Ertesi yıl İstanbul pâyesiyle Mekke kadısı oldu. 1736’da başlayan Osmanlı-Rus ve Avusturya savaşları sırasında Mekke kadılığından azledilerek Anadolu kazaskerliği pâyesiyle ordu kadısı tayin edildi (14 Mart 1737). Bu savaşta Sadrazam ve Serdârıekrem Yeğen Mehmed Paşa ile arası açıldığı için azledilen, ancak Avusturya kuvvetlerinin hücumu karşısında ordunun yer yer bozguna uğraması üzerine yeniden seraskerliğe getirilmek istendiğinde kabule yanaşmayan Vidin Seraskeri İvaz Mehmed Paşa’yı, “Siz imtina ederseniz ben çatal destar ile serasker olup karşıya geçerim” sözleriyle ikna etti ve böylece Avusturyalılar’ın yenilgiye uğratılıp Adakale’nin fethedilmesinde (Ağustos 1738) dolaylı olarak önemli bir rol oynadı. Belgrad’ın zaptıyla ilgili barış müzakeresi için murahhas tayin edildi. Görüşmelerin bitiminden sonra da diğer murahhaslarla birlikte Belgrad’a gitti.
Belgrad Antlaşması’nın akdi sırasında kendisine Rumeli kazaskerliği pâyesi verilen Esad Efendi 13 Mart 1744’te bu makama bilfiil tayin edildi. On yedi ay kadar sonra azledildi, 29 Ekim 1746’da aynı göreve ikinci defa getirildi. Bu görevinden de normal süresi tamamlanmadan alındıktan kısa bir süre sonra 24 Receb 1161’de (20 Temmuz 1748) şeyhülislâm oldu. Kaynaklarda bu görevini dirayet ve doğrulukla yürüttüğü belirtilen Esad Efendi 27 Şâban 1162’de (12 Ağustos 1749) azledildi. Azil sebebi hakkında kesin bilgi bulunmamakla birlikte Sadrazam Abdullah Paşa’nın bunda rolü olduğu ileri sürülmektedir. Şem‘dânîzâde ise azil sebebini I. Mahmud’la aralarında geçen bir saat olayına bağlar (Müri’t-tevârîh , s. 148). Kendisi gibi bestekâr olan I. Mahmud’un isteğiyle bestelediği bir şarkıyı huzurda okuması üzerine çeşitli dedikodulara yol açacağı endişesiyle padişah tarafından görevinden alındığı şeklinde zayıf fakat yaygın bir rivayet daha vardır.
Esad Efendi şeyhülislâmlıktan azledildikten sonra, halefi Halilefendizâde Mehmed Said Efendi’nin tavsiyesi üzerine Mekke’de ikamete mecbur tutulmak istendiyse de padişah onu Sinop’a gönderdi. Kısa bir süre sonra Gelibolu’ya nakledilerek üç yıl kadar burada oturdu. 4 Mart 1752’de İstanbul Boğaziçi’nde İncirköy’de satın aldığı yalıda oturmasına izin verildi. İstanbul’a döndükten sonra hastalandı. 10 Şevval 1166 (10 Ağustos 1753) Cuma günü vefat ederek babası Ebû İshak Efendi’nin İstanbul Çarşamba civarında yaptırdığı caminin hazîresine babasının ve ağabeyinin yanına defnedildi. Babasının, doğduğu evin yerine yaptırdığı ve bütün aile fertlerinin gömülü bulunduğu mezarlık sofasında bulunan kabrinin 2,10 m. uzunluğundaki mermer taşı üzerinde şu yazı yer almaktadır: “Hüve’l-bâkī, sâbıkā pîrâye-bahş-ı sadr-ı fetvâ merhum ve mağfûrun-leh Mehmed Esad Efendi ruhiyçün el-Fâtiha, fî sene 1166.”
Çarşamba’da babasının camii yanında medrese, mektep, şadırvan ve çeşitli ders odaları yaptıran Esad Efendi, Şeyhülislâm Mirzazâde Şeyh Mehmed Efendi’nin kızıyla evlenmiş, bu evlilikten bir oğlu ve bir kızı olmuştur. Oğlu Mehmed Şerif Efendi, kızı da şair Fıtnat Zübeyde Hanım’dır.
Eserleri. XVIII. yüzyılda yetişen Osmanlı âlimlerinin en değerlilerinden biri olan Esad Efendi üç dilde şiir söyleyen, lugat, tefsir ve mûsiki sahalarında eser veren önemli bir şahsiyettir. Başlıca eserleri şunlardır:
1. Lehcetü’l-lugāt . Türkçe’den Arapça ve Farsça’ya bir sözlük olan eser, Dîvânü lugāti’t-Türk ve Terceman gibi ilk devirlerde yazılmış lugatlardan sonra Türkçe kelimeleri esas alan ilk Türkçe sözlüktür. 1725-1732 yılları arasında hazırlanıp Sultan I. Mahmud’a sunulan eser 1210’da (1795) 851 büyük sayfa halinde İstanbul’da basılmıştır. Lehcetü’l-lugāt ’a madde başı olarak sadece Türkçe veya Türkçeleşmiş kelimeler alınmıştır. İlk bakışta Türkçe’den Arapça ve Farsça’ya bir sözlük gibi görünmekteyse de madde başı olan kelimelerin yer yer Türkçe açıklamalarının da yapılmış olması esere aynı zamanda Türkçe’den Türkçe’ye sözlük niteliğini kazandırmaktadır. Esad Efendi eseri hazırlarken kendinden önceki müelliflerden ayrı bir yol tutarak gerek Arapça ve Farsça gerekse Türkçe kelimeleri telaffuza dayalı bir imlâ ile yazmıştır (meselâ عباء [abâ] yerine آبه , شمعدان [şem‘dân] yerine شمدان , ديمك [dimek] yerine دمك gibi). Eserde madde başı olarak 3700 kadar kelime yer almaktadır. Bu kelimeler metinde üzerleri çizilerek belirtildiği gibi çerçeve dışına da kaydedilmiştir. Kelimeler Arap alfabesiyle bab ve fasıl esasına göre dizilmiştir; her harf meftûha, meksûre, mazmûme şeklinde üç baba, bablar da kendi aralarında alfabetik olarak fasıllara ayrılmıştır. Eserde hareke kullanılmayıp Türkçe kelimelere karşılık olarak verilen Arapça ve Farsça kelimelerin okunuşları hareke adları söylenerek tarif edilmiş, bu durum kitabın hacminin genişlemesine yol açtığı gibi okunmasını da güçleştirmiştir. Lehcetü’l-lugāt müellif tarafından Behcetü’l-lugāt adıyla ihtisar edilmiştir (İÜ Ktp., TY, nr. 202). Eserin Ali Kâşif el-Üsküdârî tarafından yapılan muhtasarında (İÜ Ktp., TY, nr. 2573) kelimeler harekelenmiş ve aslındaki Türkçe açıklamalarla Arapça darbımesellere yer verilmemiştir. Lehcetü’l-lugāt ’ın Tercümânü’l-lugāt adıyla iki cilt halinde basılan üçüncü muhtasarı (İstanbul 1871) üç sütun olarak düzenlenmiştir. Bu eser ilk sütunu Arapça-Türkçe, ikinci sütunu Farsça-Türkçe, üçüncü sütunu Türkçe-Arapça-Farsça olmak üzere üç ayrı sözlük halindedir. Lehcetü’l-lugāt üzerine Latif Beyreli tarafından bir yüksek lisans çalışması yapılmıştır (bk. bibl.).
2. Atrabü’l-âsâr fî tezkireti urefâi’l-edvâr . XVII. yüzyıl ile XVIII. yüzyılın ilk çeyreğinde yetişen bazı mûsikişinasların hal tercümesini ihtiva eder. Veled Çelebi (İzbudak) eseri sadeleştirip kısaltmış ve bazı ilâveler yaparak Mekteb Mecmuası ’nda neşretmiştir (sene III, sy. 1-7, 10, İstanbul 1894). Ayrıca Hüseyin Sadeddin Arel de eseri bugünkü Türkçe ile ve tarihî bilgiler dışındaki ifadeleri çıkararak Musiki Mecmuası ’nda yayımlamıştır (Kasım 1948 – Şubat 1950, sy. 9-24).
3. Divan . İstanbul kütüphanelerinde beş nüshası tesbit edilen eserin Muhammet Nur Doğan tarafından hazırlanan tenkitli metninde beş na‘t, yedi kaside, bir terkibibend, bir müsemmen, beş tahmîs, üç murabba, kırk yedi tarih, 206 gazel, otuz sekiz nazım, on beş kıta, on bir rubâî, on beş beyit, on dokuz lugaz ve yirmi beş muamma yer almaktadır. Sadettin Nüzhet Ergun şairin bir kaside, yirmi gazel, on iki kıta ve bir lugazını yayımlamıştır (Türk Şairleri , III, 1331-1335). Esad Efendi’nin divanında bulunan şiirlerinin dışında, çeşitli yazma mecmualarda meşhur bazı Arapça kasideleri tahmîs yollu manzumeleri ve kendi el yazısıyla olan mecmuada da (İÜ Ktp., TY, nr. 2934) “Lâmiyye”, “Mîmiyye” ve “Nûniyye” adlı üç Arapça kasidesi bulunmaktadır.
4. Hulâsatü’t-tebyîn fî tefsîri sûrei Yâsîn . Eserin çeşitli yazma nüshaları vardır (meselâ bk. İÜ Ktp., TY, nr. 700, 1753; Süleymaniye Ktp., Hamidiye, nr. 1461, vr. 47-151).
5. Tefsîr-i Âyetü’l-kürsî . Kütüphanelerde çeşitli nüshaları bulunan eser (meselâ bk. TSMK, Hazine, nr. 32; İÜ Ktp., TY, nr. 7296) İstanbul’da basılmıştır (ts.).
6. Tefsîrü’l-âyâti’l-muṣaddere bi-rabbinâ . Peygamberlerin dualarına dair âyetlerin Arapça tefsiridir (Murad Molla Ktp., Lala İsmâil Efendi, nr. 8).
7. Risâletü’n-nasriyye . Zaferle ilgili âyetlerin Türkçe tefsiri olup I. Mahmud adına telif edilmiştir (Süleymaniye Ktp., Hamidiye, nr. 1461, vr. 6-21; Esad Efendi, nr. 92/1, vr. 1-44).
8. İṭbâḳu’l-Aṭbâḳ . Zemahşerî’nin Aṭvâḳu’ẕ-ẕeheb adlı eserini tanzir eden Abdülmü’min b. Hibetullah el-İsfahânî’nin Aṭbâḳu’ẕ-ẕeheb ’ine nazîre olarak yazdığı Arapça bir eserdir (Süleymaniye Ktp., Hamidiye, nr. 1461, vr. 21-46; Reşâdiye, nr. 465, 26 varak; Âtıf Efendi Ktp., nr. 1999, 48 varak).
Kaynaklar, Esad Efendi’nin Nevşehirli Damad İbrâhim Paşa adına kaleme aldığı Bülbülnâme adlı eserinden övgüyle söz ederlerse de bugüne kadar herhangi bir nüshasına rastlanmamıştır. Öte yandan yine Damad İbrâhim Paşa’ya ithaf edildiği belirtilen çiçekçiliğe dair Gülzâr-ı İbrâhîm adlı eseri de bugüne kadar ele geçmemiştir. Hâfız Mehmed Efendi Netîcetü’l-fetâvâ ’sında Şeyhülislâm Esad Efendi’nin yirmi kadar fetvasını bir araya getirmiştir.
Esad Efendi aynı zamanda Türk mûsiki tarihinin büyük şahsiyetlerinden ve devrinin tanınmış bestekârlarından biridir. Dinî ve din dışı sahalarda ilâhi, beste, nakış, semâi, kâr ve şarkı formunda birçok eser meydana getirmiştir. El yazması ve matbu mûsiki mecmualarında güftelerine rastlanan bestelerinin hemen hepsi unutulmuş, ancak birkaçı notaya alınabilmiştir. Güftesi şair Sâmî’ye ait olan kâr-ı nâtık unutulan eserleri arasındadır. Esad Efendi’nin zamanımıza ulaşan mûsiki eserleri şunlardır: Rast sofyan ilâhî, rast düyek ilâhi, nühüft saz semâisi, dügâh çenber beste, dügâh nakış sengîn semâi, dügâh nakış yürük semâi, arazbar nakış yürük semâi, hüseynî nakış yürük semâi. İsfahan nakış yürük semâi, hicaz peşrevi, hicaz saz semâisi, nühüft peşrevi I (ağır düyek), nühüft peşrevi II (düyek).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Sâlim, Tezkire , İstanbul 1315, s. 73.
Subhî, Târih , vr. 53b , 160b , 187b .
İzzî, Târih , vr. 3a , 175b , 206a , 262a .
Şem‘dânîzâde, Müri’t-tevârîh (Aktepe) , I, 133, 134, 143, 148, 174.
Râmiz, Âdâb-ı Zurefâ , Millet Ktp., Ali Emîrî, nr. 762, vr. 6.
Müstakimzâde, Devha-i Meşâyih-i Kibâr Zeyli , Millet Ktp., Ali Emîrî, nr. 721, vr. 96.
a.mlf., Terâcim-i Ahâlî-i Fetvâ (Resâil içinde), İÜ Ktp., TY, nr. 6699, vr. 87.
Vâsıf, Târih , I, 17.
Uzunçarşılı, Osmanlı Tarihi , IV/2, s. 476-479.
Ergun, Türk Şairleri , III, 1329-1335.
İbrahim Hakkı Konyalı, Alanya , İstanbul 1946, s. 423.
Muhammet Nur Doğan, Şeyhülislâm İshak Efendi, Hayatı, Eserleri ve Divan’ının Edisyon Kritiği (doktora tezi, 1987), İÜ Ed.Fak. Genel Ktp., THT, nr. 48, s. I-XCIV.
a.mlf., Lehcetü’l-luga ve Atrabü’l-âsâr Müellifi Şeyhülislâm Esad Efendi, Hayatı, Eserleri ve Divan’ının Tenkidli Metni (doçentlik tezi, 1990), İÜ Ed.Fak.
Latif Beyreli, Lehcetü’l-lugāt (yüksek lisans tezi, 1988), MÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
Hakkı Tekin, Şeyhülislâm Esad Efendi ve Atrabü’l-âsâr fî tezkireti urefâi’l-edvâr Adlı Eseri (yüksek lisans tezi, 1993), EÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
Cavid Baysun, “Es’ad Efendi”, İA , IV, 359-362.
Öztuna, BTMA , I, 265-267.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1995 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 11. cildinde, 338-340 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.