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ESBÂB-ı NÜZÛL Skip to content Tefsir ilminin âyet veya sûrelerin iniş sebeplerini araştıran dalı.
“Nüzûl sebepleri” anlamına gelen bu tabir, Hz. Peygamber’in risâlet döneminde vuku bulan ve Kur’an’ın bir veya birkaç âyetinin yahut bir sûresinin inmesine yol açan olayı, durumu ya da soruyu ifade etmek üzere kullanılır. Esbâb-ı nüzûl (esbâbü’n-nüzûl) sadece âyetlerle ilgili bir tabir olup Resûl-i Ekrem’in herhangi bir konuya dair açıklama yapmasına veya bir davranışta bulunmasına vesile olan özel sebeplere esbâbü vürûdi’l-hadîs denilmiştir.
Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’in bütün âyetleri muayyen ve müşahhas sebeplere bağlı olarak inmemiştir. Âlimler sadece 500 kadar âyetin bu şekilde iniş sebeplerinin bulunduğunu tesbit etmişlerdir. İbn Teymiyye, bunların dışında kalan ve önemli bir kısmı geçmiş peygamberlerin kıssaları ile âhirete dair haberlerden oluşan çok sayıdaki âyetin iniş sebeplerini herhangi bir dış olayda değil doğrudan doğruya bu âyetlerin kendi muhteva ve mânalarında aramak gerektiğini belirtir (Muḳaddime fî uṣûli’t-tefsîr , s. 10). Buna göre âyetlerin büyük bir kısmı özel bir olaya, konuya, dolayısıyla belirli bir sebebe bağlı olarak inmeyip genellikle insanları muhtaç oldukları hususlarda bilgilendirmek, eğitmek, aydınlatmak, yönlendirmek veya uyarmak maksadıyla vahyedilmiştir. Böylece aslında Kur’an’ın herhangi bir âyetinin sebepsiz ve hikmetsiz şekilde indiği düşünülemezse de esbâb-ı nüzûl tabiri özellikle belirli bir sebebe bağlı olarak inmiş bulunan âyetler için kullanılır.
Bir olayın nüzûl sebebi kabul edilebilmesi için onun nakledildiği rivayette hadis usulü açısından aranan şartlar yanında olayın Hz. Peygamber döneminde vuku bulduğunun tesbit edilmiş olması ve ilgili âyet veya sûrenin muhtevası ile münasebetinin bulunması gerekir. Şu rivayette bildirilen olay esbâb-ı nüzûl için bir örnek olarak zikredilebilir. Ashaptan âmâ bir zat olan İbn Ümmü Mektûm bir gün Hz. Peygamber’e gelerek ondan ısrarla kendisini irşat etmesini istemişti. Resûl-i Ekrem o sırada müşriklerin ileri gelenlerinden bazılarına İslâm’ı tebliğle meşgul olduğundan kendisiyle ilgilenmemiş, hatta ondan yüz çevirmişti. Bunun üzerine Abese sûresinin ilk âyetleri nâzil olmuş ve Hz. Peygamber’in bu davranışının Allah katında hoş karşılanmadığı bildirilmiştir (Tirmizî, “Tefsîrü’l-Ḳurʾân”, 73).
Tefsir âlimleri nüzûl sebepleriyle ilgili rivayetlerin sıhhatini tesbitte oldukça titiz davranmışlardır. Her şeyden önce esbâb-ı nüzûl tamamen rivayetle alâkalı bir disiplin olduğundan hadis usulünde hadislerin sıhhati için aranan genel şartlar bu konuda da geçerlidir. Zira herhangi bir âyetin nüzûl sebebi, âyetin iniş hadisesine şahit olmuş ve buna sebep olan durumu tesbit etmiş bir sahâbînin rivayetiyle bilinebilir. Bundan dolayı müfessirler sahih bir rivayete dayanmadan muhakeme, istidlâl ve ictihad gibi yollarla nüzûl sebepleri aramaya kalkışmayı doğru bulmamışlardır (bk. Vâhidî, s. 4).
Nüzûl sebeplerine dair rivayetlerin muteber sayılabilmesi için bunların muttasıl bir senedle Hz. Peygamber’e isnat edilmesi gerekir. Bu da söz konusu haberin ya doğrudan doğruya sahâbîlerden veya onlardan bizzat duyma ve işitme (semâ ) yoluyla haberi alan tâbiîlerden rivayet edilmesiyle gerçekleşir. Eğer bir âyetin nüzûlüne şahit olan sahâbî olayı anlatırken kaynak olarak kendini göstermişse bu haber kabul edilir. Rivayet tâbiî vasıtasıyla geliyor ve bir sahâbîye nisbet ediliyorsa bu da sahih sayılır. Ayrıca sebeb-i nüzûle ait bir haberin senedinde onu rivayet eden sahâbînin ismi zikredilmemişse, mürsel hadis diye adlandırılan bu rivayetin muteber sayılabilmesi için bunun ya Mücâhid b. Cebr, İkrime, Saîd b. Cübeyr gibi sahâbeden hadis rivayet etmekle tanınan müfessir imamlardan birinin rivayeti olması veya başka bir mürsel rivayetle takviye edilmesi gerekir.
Bir âyetin nüzûl sebebi hakkında birden fazla rivayetin bulunması halinde önce bu rivayetlerin sıhhat dereceleri araştırılarak sahih olanı alınır. Sahih rivayetin birden fazla olması durumunda olayı bizzat görmesi veya rivayetin daha sahih bir yolla gelmesi gibi hususlar tercih sebebi sayılır. Bu şekilde tercihe elverişli bir sebebin de tesbit edilememesi halinde anlatılan olayların zaman bakımından birbirine yakın olmaları şartıyla rivayetlerin cem‘ ve telifi yoluna gidilerek âyetin her iki olaydan sonra ve ikisiyle ilgili olarak nâzil olduğu kabul edilir. Bu da mümkün değilse söz konusu âyetin ayrı ayrı zamanlarda meydana gelen olaylardan sonra mükerrer olarak indiğine hükmedilir.
Nüzûl sebepleriyle ilgili rivayetlerde bazı hususi lafızlar kullanılmaktadır. Bunlardan bir kısmı o rivayetin nüzûl sebebine ait olduğu hususunda kesinlik ifade eder. “Âyetin nüzûl sebebi şudur”; “Falan hadise vuku buldu, bundan dolayı şu âyet indi”; “Hz. Peygamber’e falan konuda bir soru yöneltilmişti, bunun üzerine şu âyet nâzil oldu” şeklindeki ifadeler böyledir. “Bu âyet şu konuda nâzil oldu” vb. ifadeler ise sebeb-i nüzûle delâlet edebileceği gibi izahı yapılan âyetin tefsiriyle ilgili olup âyetin alâkalı görüldüğü durum ve kimselere de işaret edebilmektedir.
Nüzûl sebebi bilinen âyetin lafzının umum ifade etmesi halinde bu âyetin hükmünün umumi mi, yoksa nüzûl sebebiyle sınırlı mı (hâs) olduğu hususu özellikle fıkıh usulü âlimleri arasında tartışma konusu yapılmıştır. Büyük çoğunluk, bu hususta sebebe değil lafzın ifade ettiği umumi mânaya itibar edileceğini, dolayısıyla âyetin hükmünün de özel sebeple sınırlı olmayıp umumi sayılması gerektiğini, yani âyetin hem nüzûlüne sebep olan hadisenin veya Hz. Peygamber’e sorulan sorunun hükmünü açıkladığını, hem de benzer durumlarda uygulanacak hükmü bildirdiğini kabul etmişlerdir. Meselâ birbirine yakın tarihlerde hanımlarına zina isnat edip de bunu dört şahitle ispat edemeyen Hilâl b. Ümeyye ile Uveymir b. Ebyaz hakkında nâzil olduğu rivayet edilen (Buhârî, “Tefsîr”, 24/1-3) liân âyetinin (en-Nûr 24/6) lafzı umumi olduğu için hükmü de eşine zina isnat eden herkese uygulanacaktır. Zira özel bir sebebe bağlı olarak gelen ilâhî hitapta şer‘î delil özel sebep değil şâriin lafzıdır ve bu lafzın umum ifade etmesi halinde hükmünün de umuma şâmil olacak şekilde icrası gerekmektedir. Bazı âlimler nüzûl sebebinin tahsis ifade ettiğini, bu sebeple âyet hangi kişi veya şey hakkında nâzil olmuşsa hükmünün de onunla sınırlı olduğunu, benzer durumlara uygulanmasının ancak kıyas yoluyla mümkün olabileceğini ileri sürmüşlerse de bu görüşe itibar edilmemiştir.
Bir âyetin ne zaman, nerede, hangi şartlar içinde ve hangi olayla ilgili olarak indirildiğini bilmek âyetin ilâhî maksada uygun şekilde yorumlanması, fıkhî hükümlerin çıkarılması, teşrî‘ hikmetinin kavranması, mübhemâtın, âyet ve sûreler arasındaki tenâsübün bilinmesi, âyette hasr veya tahsis bulunup bulunmadığının anlaşılması bakımından önem arzeder. Bundan dolayı konuya ilk dönemlerden itibaren ilgi gösterilmiş, hatta sahâbenin ve onlardan sonra gelen ilk nesillerin Kur’an’ı özellikle esbâb-ı nüzûl ile tefsir etmeleri sebebiyle bazı âlimler tefsir ilminin başlangıçta esbâb-ı nüzûlü bilmekten ibaret olduğunu söylemişlerdir. Bununla birlikte bu özel durum ve sebebin de Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’in bütünlüğü ve genel ilkeleri çerçevesinde değerlendirilmesi gerekir. Âyetleri esbâb-ı nüzûl kabul edilen özel olay ve tarihî şartlarla sınırlı olarak ele almanın ilâhî mesajı genel ve ebedî maksatlarından uzaklaştıracağı, yorum zenginliğine engel olacağı şüphesizdir. Ayrıca esbâb-ı nüzûlle ilgili rivayetlerin hadis tekniği açısından tereddüt doğurması veya rivayetler arasındaki tercihte farklı görüşlerin ortaya çıkması, rivayetlerin bazan senedsiz nakledilmesi, esbâb-ı nüzûlle ilgili gibi görünen fakat aslında âyetin yorumuyla alâkalı olan rivayetlerin esbâb-ı nüzûle dair rivayetlerden tefrik edilmesinin güçlüğü gibi bazı hususlar esbâb-ı nüzûlden faydalanma imkânlarını daraltmıştır. Âyetlerin daha doğru anlaşılmasında esbâb-ı nüzûlden yararlanma yolunun açık tutulmasında fayda bulunmakla birlikte İslâm âlimlerinin esbâb-ı nüzûl meseleleriyle gereğinden fazla meşgul olmalarının mesailerini verimsizleştirebileceği, Kur’an’a bakış ufuklarını daraltacağı, ilâhî mesajı daha kapsamlı ve çözüm üretici bir şekilde ele alma imkânlarını kısıtlayacağı, yeni problemleri Kur’an perspektifinden değerlendirme ve çözüme kavuşturma yolunu tıkayabileceği gibi sakıncalar da gözden uzak tutulmamalıdır. Nitekim bazı meşhur müfessirler bile her âyetin nüzûlüne muayyen bir hadisenin sebep olduğu vehmine kapılmışlar, bundan dolayı hem eserlerine esbâb-ı nüzûle dair pek çok zayıf rivayet almışlar, hem de bu rivayetler yüzünden Kur’an’ın mutlak, şümullü ve evrensel boyuttaki âyetlerini, yer yer kesinliği bile şüpheli olan nüzûl sebepleriyle sınırlama hatasına düşmüşlerdir (İbn Âşûr, I, 46). Şah Veliyyullah, anlaşılması iniş sebebine bağlı âyetler bakımından esbâb-ı nüzûlü bilmenin önemini benimsemekle birlikte müfessirler için esbâb-ı nüzûle dair bütün rivayetleri bilmenin şart olduğu yolundaki görüşü kabul etmemiş, ayrıca Allah’ın kitabı üzerinde düşünebilmek için mutlaka esbâb-ı nüzûle vâkıf olmak gerektiği şeklindeki kanaatin insanı Kur’an’dan alınabilecek “nasip”ten mahrum bırakacağını, Kur’an’ın ruhunu ve cevherini kavrama imkânını ortadan kaldıracağını belirtmiştir (el-Fevzü’l-kebîr , s. 66-67).
İslâm âlimleri esbâb-ı nüzûl konusunda II. (VIII.) yüzyıldan itibaren müstakil eserler yazmaya başlamışlardır. Bunlar arasında günümüze kadar intikal eden eserlerden bazıları şunlardır: İbn Şihâb ez-Zührî, Tenzîlâtü’l-Ḳurʾân (nşr. Selâhaddin el-Müneccid, Beyrut 1963); Vâhidî, Esbâbü’n-nüzûl (Kahire, ts.); İbn Teymiyye, et-Tibyân fî nüzûli’l-Ḳurʾân (Kahire 1323); Ca‘berî, Kitâbü Esbâbi’n-nüzûl (Süleymaniye Ktp., Fâtih, nr. 654/3); Ahmed b. Ali el-Hanefî, Sebebü’n-nüzûl fî teblîġi’r-Resûl (Süleymaniye Ktp., Hüsrev Paşa, nr. 26); Süyûtî, Lübâbü’n-nuḳūl fî esbâbi’n-nüzûl (Dımaşk, ts.; Tunus 1984); Sadreddîn-i Şîrâzî, Şeʾnü nüzûli âyâti’l-Ḳurʾân (Tahran 1334); Atıyyetullah b. Atıyye el-Üchûrî, İrşâdü’r-raḥmân li-esbâbi’n-nüzûl ve’n-nesḫ ve’l-müteşâbih ve tecvîdi’l-Ḳurʾân (Hacı Selim Ağa Ktp., nr. 35); H. Tahsin Emiroğlu, Esbâb-ı Nüzûl: Kur’an Âyetlerinin İniş Sebepleri ve Tefsirleri (I-XIV, Konya 1965-1983); Mukbil b. Hâdî el-Vâdiî, eṣ-Ṣaḥîḥu’l-müsned min esbâbi’n-nüzûl (Riyad 1400/1979); İbn Halîfe Uleyvî, Câmiʿu’n-nuḳūl fî esbâbi’n-nüzûl ve şerḥi âyâtihâ (I-II, Riyad 1404/1984). Şiî âlimleri, bazı âyetlerin Hz. Ali’nin faziletine ve dolayısıyla hilâfetine delâlet ettiğini ileri sürerek bu âyetler hakkında farklı nüzûl sebepleri rivayet ederler. Muhammed Bâkır el-Meclisî Biḥârü’l-envâr ’ında bu konuya geniş yer ayırmıştır (XXXV, 183-436; XXXVI, 1-192; Şîa’ya ait esbâb-ı nüzûlle ilgili bazı eserler için bk. Âgā Büzürg-i Tahrânî, II, 12; Aʿyânü’ş-Şîʿa , I, 128).
Esbâb-ı nüzûlle ilgili olarak Cum‘a Sehl, Mekke Ümmülkurâ Üniversitesi Şeriat Fakültesi’nde Esbâbü’n-nüzûl ve es̱erühâ fî tefsîri’l-Ḳurʾâni’l-Kerîm (1403/1983), Hasan Çelikkaya, Ankara Üniversitesi İlâhiyat Fakültesi’nde Din Sosyolojisi Açısından Âyetlerin İniş Sebepleri Üzerine Bir Araştırma (1983) ve yine aynı üniversitede A. Nedim Serinsu Kur’an’ın Anlaşılmasında Esbâb-ı Nüzûl’ün Rolü (1994) adıyla birer doktora tezi hazırlamışlardır (diğer bazı eski ve yeni çalışmalar için bk. Serinsu, s. 75-89).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Tirmizî, “Tefsîrü’l-Ḳurʾân”, 73.
Vâhidî, Esbâbü’n-nüzûl , Kahire 1379/1959, s. 3 vd.
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İbn Kesîr, Tefsîrü’l-Ḳurʾân, Beyrut 1385/1966 , VII, 211-213.
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Süyûtî, Lübâbü’n-nuḳūl fî esbâbi’n-nüzûl , Dımaşk, ts., s. 3 vd.
a.mlf., el-İtḳān (Beyrut), I, 61-73.
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İsmail Cerrahoğlu, Tefsir Usûlü , Ankara 1976, s. 115-121.
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Aʿyânü’ş-Şîʿa , I, 128.
M. Tâhir İbn Âşûr, et-Taḥrîr ve’t-tenvîr , Tunus 1984, I, 46-50.
Muhsin Demirci, Esbâbü’n-nüzûl ve Esbâbü’n-nüzûl’a Dair Müstakil Eserler (yüksek lisans tezi, 1984), MÜ İlâhiyat Fakültesi.
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Mennâ‘ el-Kattân, Mebâḥis̱ fî ʿulûmi’l-Ḳurʾân , Beyrut 1407/1986, s. 75-96.
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Ahmed Nedim Serinsu, Kur’ân’ın Anlaşılmasında Esbâb-ı Nüzûl’ün Rolü , İstanbul 1994.
Abdullah Aydemir, “Esbâbü’n-nüzûl”, Diyanet Dergisi , XI/1, Ankara 1972, s. 28-36.
M. Rızâ el-Hüseynî, “Esbâbü nüzûli’l-Ḳurʾân”, Türâs̱ünâ , I/4, Kum 1406, s. 19-67.
İshak Yazıcı, “Nüzûl Sebeplerini Bilmenin Kur’ân Tefsirindeki Önemi”, Ondokuzmayıs Üniversitesi İlâhiyat Fakültesi Dergisi , II, Samsun 1987, s. 117-128.
A. Rippin, “The Function of Asbāb al-Nüzūl in Qur’ānic Exegesis”, BSOAS , LI/1 (1988), s. 1-20.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1995 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 11. cildinde, 360-362 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.